Residential Wiring - Craftsman Book Company

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Residential

Wiring

to the 2011 NEC ?

E

by Jeff Markell

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Revised by

Rob Adair

&

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Dan Atcheson

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National Electrical Code? tables are reprinted with permission from NFPA 70?-2011, Copyright ? 2010,

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. This reprinted material is not the complete and official

position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety.

National Electrical Code? and NEC ? are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.,

Quincy, MA 02169.

Production Manager, Christine Bruneau; design, layout and photographs, Joan Hamilton; image conversion,

Lori Boon; cover photos, Ed Kessler Studios.

PL

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Special thanks to Greg Haukap, LLC, Venice, Florida

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First edition ? 1984 by Reston Publishing Company, Inc.

ISBN 0-8359-6661-5

Second edition ? 1987 by Craftsman Book Company

ISBN 0-934041-19-9

Third edition ? 1993 by Craftsman Book Company

Fourth edition ? 1996 by Craftsman Book Company

Fifth edition ? 1999 by Craftsman Book Company

Sixth edition ? 2002 by Craftsman Book Company

Seventh edition ? 2004 by Craftsman Book Company

Eighth edition ? 2008 by Craftsman Book Company

Ninth edition ? 2012 by Craftsman Book Company

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electrical Energy. . . . . . . . . . . .

7

7

8

11

12

14

15

17

18

20

23

26

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??Historical Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .

?? The Composition of Matter . . . . . . .

?? Formation of Molecules . . . . . . . . . .

??Static Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Current Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Ohm¡¯s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Watt¡¯s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Electrical Measurements. . . . . . . . .

?? Basic Electrical Circuits. . . . . . . . . .

?? Effects of Electrical Energy. . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

of

2?Distribution

Alternating Current. . . . . . . .

??DC Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Magnetic-Mechanical Generation. .

?? Induction and AC Generation . . . . .

?? Power in an AC Circuit. . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

4

Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

??Wire Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Wire Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Insulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Color Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Ampacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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CONTENTS

29

29

30

35

45

48

Tools and Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

?? Conventional Hand Tools. . . . . . . . .

?? Electrician¡¯s Hand Tools . . . . . . . . .

??Power Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Test Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Basic Wiring Techniques . . . . . . . . .

??Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

54

57

60

63

67

77

83

84

86

90

91

93

5

Grouped Conductors . . . . . . . . 95

6

Electrical Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

??Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable. . . . . .

??Service Entrance Cable . . . . . . . . . .

??Underground Feeder Cable . . . . . . .

??

Armored Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Flexible Metal Conduit. . . . . . . . . . .

??Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit. .

??Rigid Metal Conduit. . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Electrical Metallic Tubing . . . . . . . .

??Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit . .

??Surface Metal Raceways. . . . . . . . . .

??Surface Nonmetallic Raceways . . . .

??

Multioutlet Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Metal Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Single-Gang Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? 4-Iinch Square Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Multiple-Gang Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Cut-In Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Octagon Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Weatherproof Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . .

95

97

98

100

101

102

103

105

106

107

108

108

109

111

112

115

116

117

117

118

120

122

122

124

128

7?Wiring Switch Circuits

and Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

131

137

140

145

150

153

Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? A Residential Plan Set. . . . . . . . . . .

?? Types of Plans and their Uses. . . . .

?? Floor Plan Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Design of the Electrical System. . . .

??Convenience Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Lighting Requirements . . . . . . . . . .

??Branch Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Cable Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Wiring Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??TR/GFCI Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Service Load Computation. . . . . . . .

?? Sizing the Service Entrance. . . . . . .

?? Estimating Electrical Costs. . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

155

155

157

159

160

160

165

172

190

192

202

203

206

210

210

213

9

215

215

219

220

221

222

224

227

228

230

244

246

246

249

253

254

255

11?Finish Wiring of New Work. .

257

257

261

262

266

269

272

273

????

????

????

????

????

????

????

Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light Bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Breaker Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12?Additions and Alterations

to Old Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

???? Framing Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

????Concealing Additions/Alterations . .

????Exposed Additions/Alterations . . . .

???? Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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??Switch Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Wiring Switch Circuits. . . . . . . . . . .

?? Wiring 3-Way Switch Circuits . . . . .

??Switch/Outlet Combinations. . . . . .

??Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

????Flexible Metal Conduit . . . . . . . . . .

????Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit. .

????Electrical Metallic Tubing. . . . . . . .

???? The Conduit Bender . . . . . . . . . . . .

???? Surface Raceways . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

???? Identifying Rough Wiring. . . . . . . .

???? Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E

??Plastic Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??

NEC Box Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Number of Conductors Permitted. .

??Entrance of Conductors into

Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Service Entrance . . . . . . .

?? Overhead Service Entrance. . . . . . .

??Underground Services . . . . . . . . . . .

??Meter Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Breaker Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Grounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?? Grounding Electrode System. . . . . .

?? Overcurrent Protective Devices. . . .

??Fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Circuit Breakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

??Combination Arc-Fault

???Circuit-Interrupter Breakers. . . . .

??Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

231

234

Rough Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

????Nonmetallic Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

????BX Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

275

280

288

292

13?Troubleshooting and

Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

????

????

????

????

????

????

????

????

Safety First. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shorts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Checking New Wiring . . . . . . . . . . .

Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

295

296

299

305

306

309

315

318

14?Supplementary Systems. . . . .

321

???? Signaling and Warning Systems. . . 321

???? Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

???? Entertainment and

????? Computer Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

???? Home Elevators and

????? Stairway Chairlifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

???? Residential Standby and

????? Optional Power Systems . . . . . . . . 333

???? Home Electrical Vehicle

????? Charging Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

???? Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Answers to Chapter Questions. . . 339

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

INTRODUCTION

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his book was written for anyone who intends to make a living wiring residential buildings. If you can understand and follow the instructions in this

manual, you should have no trouble installing safe, modern, efficient electrical

systems in homes and apartments.

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As an electrician, you need to know how to use a wide variety of tools and

materials. This manual describes the tools that should be in every electrician¡¯s tool

box, and suggests how they can be used to best advantage. I¡¯ll also explain what

you should know about electrical materials: wire, cable, conduit, fixtures, boxes,

switches, breakers and panels. There¡¯s a correct tool and a right material for every

purpose. Sometimes selecting the right tools and materials isn¡¯t easy. After reading this book, you should have little trouble choosing both the tools and materials

appropriate for the work you do.

This manual isn¡¯t a book of electrical theory. But every professional electrician

needs some background on how electricity is generated and distributed. And, of

course, you should know how Ohm¡¯s Law and Watt¡¯s Law are used to design electrical systems. The first two chapters cover these important subjects.

If you¡¯ve worked as an electrician for some time, you know that nearly everything an electrician does is governed by the National Electrical Code?, also referred

to as NFPA 70?, published by the National Fire Protection Association? (NFPA?),

and the International Code Council (ICC) Electrical Code. For our purposes, the

only right way is the code way. Until you¡¯re comfortable with the NEC?, doing

everything the code way can be a nuisance. Once you understand the code and the

reasons for code requirements, you may have a different perspective. Experienced

electricians agree that the NEC protects everyone (including electricians and

electrical contractors) and is a good guide to professional practice and should be

followed ¡ª even if the building inspector didn¡¯t spot a problem or enforce it.

And here¡¯s yet another reason to strictly adhere to the code. If ever there¡¯s a

problem with the wiring in a building, such as an electrical fire, as long as you¡¯ve

done the installation to code, you¡¯re probably off the hook. But if they find you

haven¡¯t, they¡¯re going to hang you on it.

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