Example #1 - Tuscaloosa County School District



Literary Devices NOTESSetting---is the environment in which a story or event takes place.?---can include specific information about time and place or can simply be descriptive.Symbolism---the use of?symbols?to signify ideas and qualities by giving them?symbolic?meanings that are different from their literal sense.?---can take different forms generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Imagery---to use?figurative language?to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.Allegory---is a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events.1. “Animal Farm”, written by George?Orwell, is an allegory that uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW I. The actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the revolution. It also describes how powerful people can change the ideology of a society. One of the cardinal rules on the farm for the animals is:“All animals are equal?but a few are more equal than others.”The animals on the farm represent different sections of Russian society after the revolution.For instance, the pigs represent those who came to power following the revolution; “Mr. Jones” the owner of the farm represents the overthrown Tsar Nicholas II; while “Boxer” the horse, represents the laborer class etc. The use of allegory in the novel allows Orwell to make his position clear about the Russian Revolution and expose its evils.Genre---means the type of art, literature or music characterized by a specific form, content and style. Literature has five main?genres; PoetryDramaDictionNon-fictionProseTone---is an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience.Example #1Father: “We are going on a vacation.”Son: “That’s great!!!”–?The tone of son’s response is very cheerful.Writing Style---The style in writing can be defined as the way a writer writes and it is the technique which an individual author uses in his writing.----It varies from author to author and depends upon one’s?syntax, word choice, and tone. ---It can also be described as a?voice?that readers listen to when they read the work of a writer.Four Styles of Writing:Expository or Argumentative styleExpository writing style is a subject-oriented style. The focus of the writer in this type of writing style is to tell the readers about a specific subject or topic and in the end the author leaves out his own opinion about that topic.Descriptive styleIn descriptive writing style, the author focuses on describing an event, a character or a place in detail. Sometimes, descriptive writing style is poetic in nature in, where the author specifies an event, an object or a thing rather than merely giving information about an event that has happened. Usually the description incorporates sensory details.Persuasive stylePersuasive style of writing is a category of writing in which the writer tries to give reasons and justification to make the readers believe his?point of view?. The persuasive style aims to persuade and convince the readers.Narrative styleNarrative?writing style is a type of writing where the writer narrates a story to. It includes short stories, novels, novellas, biographies and poetry.Point of View DefinitionPoint of view is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem,?essay?etc.Point of view is a reflection of the opinion an individual from real life or?fiction?can have. Examples of point of view belong to one of these three major kinds:1. First person point of view involves the use of either of the two pronouns “I” and “we”.Example:“I?felt like?I?was getting drowned with shame and disgrace.”First-person?point of view is in use when a character narrates the story with?I-me-my-mine?in his or her speech. The advantage of this point of view is that you get to hear the thoughts of the narrator and see the world depicted in the story through his or her eyes. However, remember that no narrator, like no human being, has complete self-knowledge or, for that matter, complete knowledge of anything. Therefore, the reader's role is to go beyond what the narrator says.2. Second person point of view employs the pronoun “you”.“Sometimes?you?cannot clearly discern between anger and frustration.”Second-person?point of view, in which the author uses?you?and?your, is rare; authors seldom speak directly to the reader. When you encounter this point of view, pay attention. Why? The author has made a daring choice, probably with a specific purpose in mind. Most times, second-person point of view draws the reader into the story, almost making the reader a participant in the action3. Third person point of view uses pronouns like “he”, “she”, “it”, “they” or a name.“Mr. Stewart?is a principled man.?He?acts by the book and never lets you deceive?him?easily.”Third-person?point of view is that of an outsider looking at the action. The writer may choose?third-person omniscient,?in which the thoughts of every character are open to the reader, or?third-person limited,?in which the reader enters only one character's mind, either throughout the entire work or in a specific section. Third-person limited differs from first-person because the author's voice, not the Plot analysisExpositionRising ActionClimaxFalling ActionResolutionThemes of BreadwinnerEducationExample:“Most people in Afghanistan could not read or write. Parvana was one of the lucky ones. Both of her parents had been to university, and they believed in education for everyone, even girls. “(1.12)Can you imagine a country that is mostly illiterate? Think about what our society would be like if most of our citizens couldn't read or write. Parvana is one of the lucky ones because she has educated parents, but this isn't the case for most kids.Freedom and ConfinementExample:“She wasn't supposed to be outside at all. The Taliban had ordered all the girls and women in Afghanistan to stay inside their homes. They even forbade girls to go to school. Parvana had had to leave her sixth grade class and her sister Nooria was not allowed to go to her high school. Their mother had been kicked out of her job as a writer for a Kabul radio station. “(1.3)One of the Taliban's first items of business is to take away women's rights—no school, no work, and no roaming the streets without a man. This is particularly hard for the women in Parvana's family because they are raised to value their education and independence. In general, though, restricting women's freedom is the Taliban's way of keeping them submissive.GenderExample:"I decide what we're going to sell, not you. There's no longer any use for it, unless you're planning to go parties you haven't bothered to tell me about."Parvana knew there was no point arguing. Ever since she had been forced out of her job, Mother's temper grew shorter every day. “(2.31)Parvana really isn't too keen on selling her shalwar kameez, but she knows she's lost the battle with Mother—her tone and sarcasm show how miserable she is since she lost her job and has been confined to the apartment. She was once a successful writer who was raising children to be educated and independent, and now that has changed—here she's grabbing for the little bit of control she can.SufferingExample“I need this girl to help me walk," her father would tell any Talib who asked, pointing to his leg. He had lost the lower part of his leg when the high school he was teaching in was bombed. His insides had been hurt somehow, too. He was often tired.” (1.6)Father has had a hard life. His mind still seems sharp, but his body has been through the ringer, and he's old and fragile. What makes him want to keep fighting? Wouldn't it be easier if he just stayed at home and let someone else do the work for him?WarfareExample“At first it was the Soviets who rolled their big tanks into the country and flew war planes that dropped bombs on villages and the countryside.Parvana was born one month before the Soviets started going back to their own country."You were such an ugly baby, the Soviets couldn't stand to be in the same country with you," Nooria was fond of telling her.” (1.26-1.28)Parvana has literally never known anything but life during wartime; Nooria hasn't either, and neither have their younger siblings. CourageExample"The lesson here, my daughters," he looked from one to the other, "is that Afghanistan has always been the home of the bravest women in the world. You are all brave women. You are all inheritors of the courage of Malali." (2.61)Father so badly wants his daughters to be courageous, so he tells them the story of Malali. He wants them to understand that bravery isn't attained with age or gender or even race, and that if Malali can inspire the Afghan soldiers to defeat the British, imagine what they can do.Family Example:"Dear Niece," Parvana read. "I am sorry I am not able to be with you at the time of your wedding, but I hope this letter will get to you in time. It is good to be in Germany, away from all the fighting. In my mind, though, I never really leave Afghanistan. My thoughts are always turned to our country, to our family and friends I will probably never see again." (7.27)When a woman gets married, she agrees to leave her family and start a new one, very often with a husband she's never met, which can be upsetting for those she leaves behind.HopeExample"Mrs. Weera!" Nooria exclaimed. Relief washed over her face. Here was someone who could take charge, who could take some of the responsibility off her shoulders. (5.35)Nooria has been in charge since Father was kidnapped and Mother got depressed, and frankly, it's been quite stressful—food and money are scarce, and the little ones are hungry and lethargic. So when Mrs. Weera arrives, she saves the day. Sure it's a huge help to have another adult around, but she's a breath of fresh air, and her lively spirit in the apartment makes everyone feel like the family might be okay. ................
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