Ringwood Public Schools
Cardiovascular System - The Heart and Blood VesselsIntroduction _______________________________circulation – delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste_______________________________ circulation – eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway) Structure of the HeartHeart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist). Located in the ___________________________________ (space between lungs, backbone, sternum), between the 2nd rib and the 5th intercostal space. The distal end of the heart is called the __________________________Coronary Arteries - supply blood to the heart itself, located on the surface of the heart.Fibrous Pericardium encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers -___ __________________ & __________________Wall of the Heart: ______________________________________ – outer layer, reduces friction_________________________________ – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle________________________________ – thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart5057775685800Blood Flow in the HeartYour heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit: Pulmonary – blood travels to the ___________________ and then backSystemic – blood travels to the _______________ and then back againHeart has 4 chambers: 2 Atria – upper chambers receive blood returning to the heart through ____________ 2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above them, then pumps blood out of the heart through _________________________________________________– separates the right and left sides of the heartValves of the Heart – allow one-way flow of blood 4 total (2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV) & 2 Semilunar valves) Left Atrioventricular valve – also called ______________________________ or ________________________________Right Atrioventricular valve – also called ____________________________________________ _________________________________________ Between the left ventricle and the aorta ___________________________________________Between the right ventricle and the aortaThe flaps of the valves are called ________________________________________The valves are anchored to the ventricle by cords called the _________________________________ which are anchored to ____________________________ muscles. What is a septal defect? Pathway of Blood Flow: Left ventricle → Aorta (largest blood vessel in the body) → throughout the body → superior & inferior vena cava → right atrium→ right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → Left Atrium → Left VentricleLabel the heart and trace the flow of blood. External Anatomy of the Heart68199047625 Heart ActionsCardiac Cycle: The contraction of a heart chamber is called _________________the relaxation of a chamber is called __________________ During ventricular systole, the aortic valve _________________ During diastole, the aortic valve __________________Blood pressure cuffs measures the ___________________________________ in the vessels. ?During __________________, this force is the greatest, on a blood pressure reading, this is the first, larger number.Diastole is the smaller number, when the ______________________________ relaxes.Average (Normal) Blood Pressure = ___________ What tool is used to measure blood pressure? _________________________What systolic pressure is considered dangerous and you should seek medical care? _____________________What factors can affect blood pressure (4)?Heart Sounds - the “lub dub” sound of the heart is actually the opening and closing of the ______________________What instrument is used to measure heart sounds? ______________________________________What is the normal range for heart rate ________________________ ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the __________________ events (changes) during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat). 4486275209550 P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole) QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole) T Wave – Repolarization of the ventriclesAnalyzing ECG’sTachycardia Bradycardia ArrhythmiaCardiac Conduction System: Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses. 1. Sinoatrial (S-A) Node – “Pacemaker.” generates rhythmic impulses which spread through the myocardium. 2. Junctional Fibers – carries impulses into the A-V Node. 3. Atrioventricular Node (A-V) – conducts impulses from the atria through the septum, to the ventricles. 4. A-V Bundle – within the interventricular septum. A right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of the ventricles.5. Perkinje Fibers – Branch throughout the walls of the ventricles and carry impulse rapidly, stimulating contractionRegulation of the Cardiac Cycle – controlled by the _________________________________________ within the medulla oblongata. Increases of decreases in response to changes in state, maintaining _____________________________ Can your heart continue to beat if your cerebrum is not functioning? BLOOD VESSELS577088042545Arteries : strong elastic vessels which carry blood moving away from the heart. Arteries → ___________________________ → capillariesVeins: Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood toward the heart. Veins → ___________________________ → capillariesCapillaries: Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are composed of a single layer of squamous cells – very thin. Critical function: ______________________________________________Control of Blood Flow:Precapillary sphincters – circular, valve-like muscle at arteriole-capillary junction._______________________– narrowing blood vessel | ___________________ – expanding blood vesselBlood flow through veins – not very efficient. Important factors include: 1. Contraction of the diaphragm. 2. Pumping action of the skeletal muscles. 3. Valves in the veins.Factors affecting blood pressure: Average is 120/80 (higher number is the systolic pressure) Cardiac Output | Blood volume | Blood viscosity | Peripheral ResistanceMajor Blood VesselsAorta - Ascending Aorta, Aortic Arch, Descending Aorta, Abdominal Aorta. The aorta is the largest artery. Pulmonary Trunk – splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs (leaves left ventricle)Pulmonary Veins – return blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)Superior and Inferior Vena Cava – return blood from the head and body to the heart (connects to right atrium)4305300838200Branches of the Aorta Right and Left Coronary Arteries - supply blood to the heart Brachiocephalic Artery → Right Subclavian (arms) & Right Common Carotid (neck, head) Left Common Carotid (bicarotid) - supplies blood to the head Left Subclavian Artery – supplies blood to the left armsHeart Malfunctions430530063500Draw the aorta and its branchesDraw the aorta and its branchesWhat is SADS / SIDS ? What is a defibrillator? What is CPR? How is it performed?MVP - mitral valve prolapse. Heart Murmurs Mitral RegurgitationMyocardial Infarction Aneurysm Atherosclerosis (Arteriosclerosis) Stenosis Hypertension Ventricular Septal Defect ................
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