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Frankie OddoJonathan NyquistTucker OlsenJacqueline?LlamasAndy Kuang?Jordan CathermanEzekiel SerranoAlex Perez-PelayoDr. MurphyEnglish 1C7th May 2017Academic Research Exercise - May 7th 2017Overall Group Topic: The Ethics of Scientific ProgressFrankie Oddo1.Lin, Patrick, Maurer, Markus, J. Christian Gerdes, Barbara Lenz, and Hermann Winner.?“Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects.”Berlin: Springer Open, vol.1 20l6. p. 69-70. Print.“To start, let me offer a simple scenario that illustrates the need for ethics in autonomous cars. Imagine in some distant future, your autonomous car encounters this terrible choice: it must either swerve left and strike an eight-year old girl, or swerve right and strike an 80-year old grandmother [33]. Given the car’s velocity, either victim would surely be killed on impact. If you do not swerve, both victims will be struck and killed; so there is good reason to think that you ought to swerve one way or another. But what would be the ethically correct decision? If you were programming the self-driving car, how would you instruct it to behave if it ever encountered such a case, as rare as it may be? Striking the grandmother could be the lesser evil, at least to some eyes. The thinking is that the girl still has her entire life in front of her—a first love, a family of her own, a career, and other adventures and happiness—while the grandmother has already had a full life and her fair share of experiences. Further, the little girl is a moral innocent, more so than just about any adult. We might agree that the grandmother has a right to life and as valuable a life as the little girl’s; but nevertheless, there are reasons that seem to weigh in favor of saving the little girl over the grandmother, if an accident is unavoidable. Even the grandmother may insist on her own sacrifice, if she were given the chance to choose. But either choice is ethically incorrect...” (Lin)--Explanation--Patrick Lin, the author of this exert from “Autonomous Driving: Technical, Legal and Social Aspects” is stating that autonomous vehicles do not have a moral compass and lack basic rules of ethics. In the explanation given, it is basically explaining that autonomous cars, even though they are high tech and computer operated they do not have the basic moral understanding of life. 2.Jean-Francois Bonnefon “Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?” Toulouse School of Economics. 2015. p.2. Print. “Not all accidents will be avoided, though, and accidents involving driverless cars will create the need for new kinds of regulation—especially in cases where harm cannot be entirely avoided. On the legal side, since the control algo- rithm ultimately makes the decision to hit a pedestrian, passer-by, or wall, it is not obvious whether the passenger should be held legally accountable for this outcome. Some argue that liability must shift from the driver to the manufacturer, because failure to anticipate decisions. (Bonnefon).--Explanation—The author of this article is stating that even if autonomous cars become legal. Accidents will not be avoided and that the likely hood of them being avoided is inevitable.3.Myers Joe, Formative Content. "The ethics of self-driving cars – what would you do?"?World Economic Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2017.4.Nusca, Andrew. "Can You Crash An Autonomous Car Ethically?"?Self-Driving Car Ethics: Can You Program an Accident? Should You? | . Fortune, 16 Nov. 2016. Web. 08 May 2017.5.Simon, Matt. "To Make Us All Safer, Robocars Will Sometimes Have to Kill."?Wired. Conde Nast, 13 Mar. 2017. Web. 08 May 2017.6.Ackerman, Evan. "People Want Driverless Cars with Utilitarian Ethics, Unless They're a Passenger."?IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. IEEE Spectrum, 23 June 2016. Web. 08 May 2017.Tucker OlsenBarrat, James.?Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era. New York, N.Y: Thomas Dunne, 2015. Print.Barrat argues against the advancement of artificial intelligence to the level of super intelligent AI because of the destruction it can cause humanity itself. This source can be useful because it argues the other side of the argument of how we shouldn’t reach the point of super intelligent AI. When arguing a point, it is always good to show both sides of the argument. This source does this without slandering the argument for the progression of AI. Yampolskiy, Roman V. Artificial Superintelligence a Futuristic Approach. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2016. Print..In his book, Yampolskiy takes the side of being for the advancement of AI to extreme levels no matter the dangers. This is the argument I am attempting to convey that the risks are worth the reward. Roman explains the process of advancing AI and the steps we must take to ensure the technology is safe. Hibbard, Bill.?Super-Intelligent Machines. N.p.: n.p., 2012. Print. Hibbard explains the exact capabilities that a super intelligent AI would possess and this would be helpful because it makes the dangers and benefits a reality. Mu??ller, Vincent C.?Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence. Cham: Springer International, 2016. Print.Mu??ller, Vincent C.?Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. Print.Domingos, Pedro.?The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. London: Penguin, 2015.Allen, Kate. "Uber Taps Toronto for Driverless Car Research." Toronto StarMay 08 2017. ProQuest. Web.?8 May 2017?.This source applies to the topic in that it underlines the benefits of autonomous cars. This article discusses the way the benefits of these cars are being perceived by major corporations such as Uber as well as the police.The article also briefly mentions the reduction in traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emission. The author is suggesting that major companies are beginning to research driverless cars due to their benefits in increased safety and effect on the environment.Reynolds, Matt. "Pedestrians Signal to Stop Driverless Cars." New Scientist, vol. 233, no. 3113, 18 Feb. 2017, p. 16. EBSCOhost.This source explains new technology in increasing safety of autonomous cars. The author is arguing that the days of awkward and misunderstood hand gestures are over due to new technology. The pedestrians can be told by the car via LEDs that they are seen and safe to cross and the pedestrians may now communicate my hand motions that they are not crossing, then allowing the car to continue forward.Blazina, Ed. "COMMUTER TRENDS ADDRESSED CITY'S EMBRACE OF SELF-DRIVING TECH PUTS IT AT FOREFRONT OF URBAN PLANNING SUMMIT." Pittsburgh Post - GazetteMay 08 2017. ProQuest. Web.?8 May 2017?.This article details an upcoming event in Pittsburgh, PA involving designers from all over America who work in urban planning.Kirkpatrick, Keith. "The Moral Challenges of Driverless Cars." Communications of the ACM, vol. 58, no. 8, Aug. 2015, pp. 19-20. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1145/2788477.Annotated BibliographyOmohundro, Steve. “Autonomous Technology and the Greater Human Good.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 3, 2014, pp. 303–315., doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.895111. Military and economic pressures are driving the rapid development of autonomous systems. Systems are likely to behave in anti-social and harmful ways unless they are carefully designed. Designers will be motivated to create systems that act approximately rationally and rational systems exhibit universal drives towards self-protection, resource acquisition, replication and efficiency. The current computing infrastructure would be vulnerable to unconstrained systems with these drives. Song, Jiong, et al. “2011 6th Ieee Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference.” Implementing Autonomous Shaping by Critical States, 2011, pp. 276–279.Shaping is a powerful method for speeding up reinforcement learning, but the major drawback that shaping reward depends on external observer limits its application and requires significant effort. Autonomous shaping reinforces learning a method by making an agent discover autonomously critical states from prior experience and use them to shape later learning. Che-Hung Lin, et al. “Common Driving Notification Protocol Based on Classified Driving Behavior for Cooperation Intelligent Autonomous Vehicle Using Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Technology.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 5–21., doi:10.1515/jaiscr-2015-0016.Classified driving behavior for intelligent autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles have a common language to exchange more detail driving decision information of various driving situations, decrease the identification time for one vehicle to identify the driving decisions of other vehicles before or after those driving decisions are performed. Hughes, R. B. "The Autonomous Vehicle Revolution And The Global Commons." SAIS Review of International Affairs, vol. 36 no. 2, 2016, pp. 41-56. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/sais.2016.0019This article discusses the impact that the US-led autonomous revolution on the global commons domains of sea, sky, space, and cyberspace. The first section discusses the origins and evolution of the global commons concept. The second section discusses the autonomous vehicle revolution within the global commons. The article concludes by arguing global governance scholar-practioners should indeed begin to think more earnestly about how the autonomous vehicle revolution will profoundly alter the course of commons and autonomous vehicles. Hughes, R. B. "The Autonomous Vehicle Revolution And The Global Commons." SAIS Review of International Affairs, vol. 36 no. 2, 2016, pp. 41-56. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/sais.2016.0019Driverless cars pose a quandary when it comes to safety. These autonomous vehicles are programmed with a set of safety rules, and it it is not hard to construct a scenario in which those rules come into conflict with each other. Suppose a driverless car must either hit a pedestrian or swerve in such a way that it crashes and harms its passengers. What should it be instructed to doJung, Hwa Yol. “A CRITIQUE OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGY.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, vol. 12, no. 2, 1985, pp. 31–47., stable/23262586.Annotated BibliographyRussell, Stuart J., and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Boston: Pearson, 2016. 1995. Web. 8 May 2017.Stuart and Peter identify and define AI as a subject from an intellectual standpoint. They digress into the foundations and history of Artificial Intelligence with intense detail by first presenting the ideas of philosophy, mathematics, psychology, computer engineering, and linguistics and their degree of prevalence in constructing beneficial AI. Each core value is given a brief introduction and history of how they became important to progress in artificial intelligence. The chapters separate key concepts of the design of artificial intelligence, which range from knowledge and reasoning to learning. Worrall, Simon. "How Artificial Intelligence Will Revolutionize Our Lives." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 03 May 2017. Web. 08 May 2017.The author talks about how machine learning is an integral part of our individual lives, however the implications of it are not being understood by the general public.McCarthy, J., and P.J. Haves. "Readings in Artificial Intelligence." Google Books. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., n.d. Web. 08 May 2017.The authors discuss the idea of philosophy and its importance to artificial intelligence. In-depth discussion about intelligent machinery and formalizing concepts of situation, action, strategy, and knowledge are within the text. Questions of a serious yet beneficial machine that actively works for mankind come into play when the progress of artificial intelligence is seen as imminent. Direct examples of real-life scenarios are prevalent in the article.Budryk, Zack. "Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Hospitals." FierceHealthcare. Questex, 10 Feb. 2016. Web. 08 May 2017.The author discusses healthcare and how it is directly dependent on artificial intelligence. Self-learning machinery will be in the hands of healthcare providers and will provide extraordinary results for diagnosing patients and medicinal care.Keshavarz, Jonli. "Implications of Artificial Intelligence Should Not Be Overlooked."Acalanes Blueprint. Acalanes Blueprint, 22 Feb. 2017. Web. 08 May 2017.Jonli discusses the perhaps inevitable downfall of artificial intelligence. However, the article fails to identify any current example or scenario where it exists, and instead relies on "probable" examples.Jones, M. Tim. Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Print.The author discusses the emerging field of artificial intelligence, and how the building tools and focal point of AI will be the rise of it. He also discusses the constrained applications of artificial intelligence, and how this will be something that will change in the near future. Historical evidence of artificial intelligence is presented in the beginning of the book, and the importance of uninformed vs informed searches. Annotated BibliographyArimoto, Suguru, Sadao Kawamura, and Fumio Miyazaki. "Bettering Operation of Robots by Learning."?Journal of Field Robotics?(1984): n. pag. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company, 13 Mar. 2007. Web. 08 May 2017.The authors of this article came together and researched the development of robot intelligence. They were curious about the learning of machines. By using previous knowledge from past generations of robots, scientists are able to create overall, smarter robots and incorporate the past knowledge. The group could use this source to support arguments for the increasing intelligence in robots and autonomous beings.Dietsch, Jeanne. "People Meeting Robots in the Workplace [Industrial Activities]."People Meeting Robots in the Workplace [Industrial Activities] - IEEE Xplore Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2017.Jeanne is trying to uncover whether or not people will accept robots in the workplace. In her article, she talks about how robots are able to conform to the workplace and then adapt. She also goes on about how in the future, robots will take over the workplace and human interaction will be less important. People in our group can use this source to implement counter arguments about the benefits of AI.Kondo, N., M. Monta, and T. Fujiura. "Fruit Harvesting Robots in Japan."?Advances in Space Research?18.1-2 (1999): 181-84. Web.The authors of this article are describing robots in Japan that are harvesting fruits for humans. This is the beginning of robots taking over human labor. We can use this as an argument FOR AI or against. There are benefits to using robots as workers as well as drawbacks.Nareyek, Alexander. "AI in Computer Games."?Queue. ACM, 2004. Web. 08 May 2017.Can use this source to support arguments about how AI is getting smarter.Zeff, Robbin Lee, and Bradley Aronson. "Advertising on the Internet."?ACM Digital Library. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. Web. 08 May 2017.Can use this source to extend argument about smart AI and algorithms. Companies use search histories/etc to track users and give smart advertising.Raibert, Marc H.?Legged Robots That Balance. London: MIT P., 2000. Print.People in our group can benefit from this book, specifically by using its arguments to support the benefits of AI., 2005Jacqueline LlamasEnglish 1CProfessor Ryan MurphyMay 8, 2017Annotated Bibliography“House Science, Space, and Technology Subcommittee on Space Hearing:[5]”.Congressional Documents and Publications; Lanham. June 15, 2016.In this article, it is essentially a testimony from Jeffrey Kahn who is a Professor of Bioethics and Public Policy. He is “Chairman, Committee on the Ethics Principles and Guidelines for Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflights, Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academics of Sciences.” He essentially provides recommendations that could be used for the protection and the sustainability of the astronaut’s life. He talks about how the ethical codes of space exploration are not up to date because back then, space missions were only meant to be a couple hour thing. With the evolution of technology and curiosity growing, new ethics must be put in place in order to satisfy the parameters of long term space exploration that provide protection to not only the astronaut’s life, but to the rest of the galaxy.“Space Technologies Must Benefit all Counties, Fourth Committee Told, as it Concludes Debate on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space”. US Fed News Service, Including US State News; Washington, D.C.. Oct 19, 2005.This article happens between a bunch of government officials around the world. As a result of the galaxy technically not belonging to any one country in particular, so space is considered neutral ground. This was a meeting where they talked about the prevention of the militarization of space. Since space is considered neutral, only peaceful explorations are meant to be performed for fear of starting another space race/ war.Some leaders asked for it to be completely neutral and asked that the more advanced countries share their knowledge of their technologies that pertain to space exploration. In order for all this to happen, we as a world must come together to discuss the ethics that must be followed when space missions happen in any area of the world.“International Space Exploration Conference 2007: Europe Defines the Future of Space Exploration”, UPI Space Daily: Washington, Nov 1, 2007.Hunter, Sarah, Astronauts: A Space Discovery Guide/Garbage in Space: A SpaceDiscovery Guide/Mars Missions: A Space Discovery Guide/Private Space Travel: A Space Travel: A Space Discovery Guide. The Booklist; Chicago. 2017“Coalition for Space Exploration; Coalition for Space Exploration Salutes AmericanHeart Month”. Editorial. Medical Device Law Weekly; Atlanta. P. 197. Feb 22, 2009Stine, Deborah D. “U.S. Civilian Space Policy Priorities: Reflections 50 Years after Sputnik*”. Journal of Magnetohydronamics and Plasma Research; Hauppauge. V.16 I. 3/4 P. 297-315. 2011Shaky MLA Format throughout; document is not collaborative; quality and quantity of sources and annotations are adequate, but a major part of the assignment was assembling a polished academic document; this has none of the necessary polish (21/30) ................
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