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Name: FORMTEXT ?????Date: FORMTEXT ?????School: FORMTEXT ?????Facilitator: FORMTEXT ?????5.05 Notes Guide “Foreign Policy Impact”Answer the 5.05 Notes Guide as you review the lesson. Submit your completed work to the?5.05 Notes Guide Dropbox at the end of the lesson. Introduction: Analyze the photograph. What are the first three words that come to your mind when you see this image? What is one way America was changed by the attack? FORMTEXT ?????Tab 1: Foreign PolicyWhat is Foreign Policy?A nation’s FORMTEXT ????? includes national goals and plans to deal with other nations and the techniques used to achieve them. In this lesson, you will examine the role and consequences of foreign policy decisions. We will also evaluate the financial, political, and social costs of national security. FORMTEXT ?????, which is one aspect of foreign policy, is designed to protect the independence and the political and economic integrity of the United States.Foreign Policy GoalsThe State department has established several foreign policy goals:Preserve national securityPromote world peace and a secure global environmentEstablish free and open tradePromote democratic values and human rightsWork with allies to solve international problemsU.S. foreign policy is sometimes based on FORMTEXT ????? and sometimes based on FORMTEXT ?????—and often on a mixture of both.Whenever possible, diplomacy is the preferred the foreign policy tactic. FORMTEXT ????? involves the nation’s external relationships and is an attempt to resolve conflict without resort to arms.Foreign AidThe U.S. provides more FORMTEXT ?????, or money (approximately 500 billion dollars to other countries since the end of WWII), than any other country. The motives are often to serve a specific foreign policy objective. The foreign aid has often served as both moral idealism and political realism. For example, the U.S. has spent billions of dollars to rebuild Iraq but we are the reason that the country needs rebuilt.Foreign aid played a crucial role in our communist containment policies during the Cold War. This same program is playing a crucial role in the goal of promoting American ideals to prevent terrorism and nuclear proliferation. Many complain about the amount of money we spend overseas but every administration, whether democrat or republican, has pursued these policies.Role of the Government in Foreign PolicyThe “Foreign policy” is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; however, the Constitution is clear that the President is in charge of America’s official relationship with other countries around the world.The policymaking process, with foreign and domestic policy alike, is initiated when policymakers become aware of a problem that needs to be addressed by the legislature and the president. The process of policymaking includes five steps:agenda buildingpolicy formulationpolicy adoptionpolicy implementationpolicy evaluationThe President and Foreign PolicyThe President is the driving force behind U.S. foreign policy. The President is the chief diplomat to other countries and can enter into executive agreements. The President also has the right to enter into treaties (with Congressional approval) and may often appeal to the public to pressure the Congress.The President has access to every government department. This information allows the President to make a better decision. This allows the public to place more foreign policy trust in the word of the President than any other member of government. The President selects each department head (with Congressional approval) and oversees each function of government.The State Department and Foreign PolicyThe Secretary of State is the President’s right hand in all foreign policy matters. The secretary ranks first among all cabinet members. The secretary oversees the FORMTEXT ????? and all of the divisions within that department. It is essential that the President and the Secretary of State see eye to eye on policy matters. The secretary will meet and negotiate with other ambassadors and will pursue the general and specific ideas of the President.The State Department oversees big issues and small ones as well. For example, every American that travels abroad must have a passport issued by the State Department. Furthermore, in every country that has a diplomatic relationship with the U.S., an FORMTEXT ????? is set up and an ambassador is selected to head the embassy. The position of FORMTEXT ????? is a prestigious one that coordinates with and answers to the Secretary of State.The Defense Department and Foreign PolicyThe President serves as commander in chief of the armed forces and coordinates all defense policy positions with the Secretary of Defense. The FORMTEXT ????? oversees the largest budget of any government department. The headquarters of our nation’s defense is at the Pentagon. The U.S. Military includes the following branches: FORMTEXT ????? is the oldest and largest branch of the military. The army is essentially a land invasion and protection force and is the backbone of our nation’s defense. Department of the Navy is essentially a sea invasion force and sea protection force. U.S. Marine Corp operates within the U.S. Navy and is often the first to launch invasions in battle. Department of the Air Force is the newest and possibly most important branch of the military in modern warfare.The National Security CouncilThe FORMTEXT ????? serves under the President but the chairman is the President. It meets at the President’s request to advise him mainly on foreign policy matters. However, the National Security Council is also there to advise the President on any matter, foreign, domestic, or military, that affects the nation’s security. The NSC is made up of the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, director of the CIA, and other top military, foreign affairs, and intelligence officials. The FORMTEXT ????? serves as the main military advisors to both the President and Secretary of Defense. These advisors are military leaders. They have a chairman, vice chairman and four leaders from each branch of the military. Intelligence Agencies and Foreign PolicyThe FORMTEXT ????? (CIA) serves under the National Security Council. The CIA gathers intelligence for all government agencies, analyze the data received, and to report to the President any pertinent information.The CIA also partakes in clandestine operations separate from the other branches but often in coordination with the military branches. Espionage plays an important role in information gathering. This process takes the CIA from the use of individual spies to spy satellites and the use of unmanned aerial operations. Department of Homeland SecurityThe FORMTEXT ????? (DHS) became a Cabinet-level department when Congress passed the Homeland Security Act in November 2002. It serves to coordinate and unify national homeland security efforts to safeguard our country against threats.The DHS absorbed many other federal agencies or departments in order to better protect the homeland including: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Coast Guard, Citizenship and Immigration Services, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U.S. Secret Service, and Transportation Security Administration.History of IsolationismSince the founding of the country the U.S. policy of foreign relations can often change from administration to administration. For over 150 years after the founding of our country, the U.S. followed a policy of FORMTEXT ?????, or a foreign policy of remaining neutral and avoiding involvement or alliances with other countries. With the exception of President Monroe’s Doctrine and President Teddy Roosevelt’s Corollary and “big stick” policy, most U.S. Presidents avoided getting involved in international affairs and focused on domestic problems at home.Isolationism to InternationalismThe U.S. even tried to maintain neutrality during the “Great War”. The naval war between Germany and Great Britain eventually drew the U.S. into the war. However, the Congress did not allow the U.S. to join Wilson’s League of Nations. Opinions started to change, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. joining the war against the Axis Powers. The American people began to realize that isolationism did not keep the U.S. out of wars. The idea of FORMTEXT ?????, which included joining and leading the world community, became the new philosophy that was to be embraced. Containment during the Cold WarAfter WWII, The U.S. and Russia; at the time known as the United Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), became rivals and enemies. The FORMTEXT ????? did not involve an actual war between the two countries. It was a battle of ideas and a battle to spread these ideas which did lead to U.S. involvement in numerous military conflicts. The two most famous examples are the Korean War and the Vietnam War.In 1947 President Truman issued the Truman Doctrine. This policy stated the U.S. believed in spreading and supporting democracy and containing the spread of communism. The U.S. economy was a capitalist system and the U.S.S.R. had a communist system. President Eisenhower believed in the FORMTEXT ?????; if one state falls to communism then more “dominos” would fall. The U.S. pursued a policy of FORMTEXT ????? to stop the spread of communism. Policy of DétenteBoth the Korean and Vietnam wars saw the U.S. try to contain the spread of communism. As the U.S. involvement in Vietnam finally came to a close, President Nixon pursued a policy of FORMTEXT ?????, or a relaxing of tensions with the Soviet Union and China, in an attempt to improve relations. Nixon and his advisor Henry Kissinger made visits to both nations to secure the SALT I which limited the number of nuclear weapons built by each nation.Multilateralism in a Global SocietyIn our modern global society, FORMTEXT ?????, or multiple countries working together on issues, has played a major role in international relations. Multilateralism is more complicated than unilateralism or bilateralism because it requires several countries to work together to make decisions and reach a consensus rather than just one or two countries. This approach to international relations benefits weaker nations in particular. There are several well-known post WWII examples of multilateralism including the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.Global multilateralism has its opponents, especially concerning trade issues. A more regional rather than global approach to trade has been the trend, for example, the European Union and NAFTA. Tab 1: Foreign PolicyThe War on TerrorUnited States foreign policy is now dominated by preventing and fighting terrorism. The U.S. waged FORMTEXT ????? after 9/11 or the FORMTEXT ????? terrorist attacks.In October 2001, President George W. Bush launched an invasion of Afghanistan, with heavy international support, to defeat FORMTEXT ?????, the terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden, and the Taliban government that protected them. President Bush also announced what became known as the FORMTEXT ?????, making it known that the U.S. would carry out military operations on countries that harbor terrorists and would act FORMTEXT ????? if necessary.War in IraqThe first test of the Bush Doctrine occurred in 2003 when the U.S. led a small international force in Iraq called FORMTEXT ?????. U.S. intelligence determined that Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq, had stockpiles of chemical weapons. These weapons had been banned by the international community since the end of WWI. In a preemptive action the U.S. invaded Iraq to prevent the weapons from falling into the hands of terrorists. After the successful invasion Saddam Hussein was captured, put on trial for war crimes, including chemical weapons attacks on his own people, and executed for his crimes. Although most nations believed that Iraq had chemical weapons, no weapons were found. The situation in Iraq worsened from 2004 to 2007. President Bush announced a FORMTEXT ?????, or increase, of U.S. troops which improved the situation; however, he rejected announcing a withdrawal date.Continued Threat in IraqAfter a long and controversial operation in Iraq, President Obama withdrew the last troops U.S. troops from Iraq in December 2011. However, the war on terror required U.S. intervention in Iraq once again by 2014. Without protection from U.S. forces, the Iraqi government was unable to protect cities throughout Iraq that the U.S. had previously fought for and gained. By the spring of 2014, the Al Qaeda operative, ISIL or FORMTEXT ?????, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, terrorized citizens and regained many cities throughout Iraq. President Obama ordered U.S. airstrikes in Iraq and Syria in the fall of 2014 in an attempt to stop the terrorist organization ISIS from gaining control in Iraq. Nuclear ProliferationThe war on terror is further complicated by the need to prevent FORMTEXT ?????, or the growth and spread of nuclear weapons. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, there has been a loss of control over its nuclear arsenal along with efforts of other nations to gain nuclear warheads. Some Russian scientists have sold nuclear technology to many isolated countries (N. Korea and Iran). This poses a threat to U.S. national security in the form of direct attack or supplying these weapons to hostile groups. Efforts such as the Non-Proliferation Treaty has been signed by approximately 189 countries including the five nuclear-weapons states, U.S. Russia, Great Britain, France, and China. Four others are known to have nuclear weapons, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. The U.S. also uses foreign aid (money) as a tool or incentive to prevent nuclear proliferation.Costs of National SecurityConsidering the impact of the war on terrorism, what are the financial, political, and social costs of national security? There is no simple answer to this question due to the multitude of factors and perspectives involved. Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, a significant amount of our nation’s resources have been allocated to improving national security. The attacks led directly to the U.S. war in Afghanistan. In addition, the war on terrorism led to preemptive action and the Iraq war. Sources in 2014 estimated the cost of the two wars had surpassed $5 trillion. Financial CostsBefore 9/11, the economy of New York City surpassed the national average although it was slowing down. Following 9/11, the city's economy severely constricted. The terrorists strategically hit the heart of America’s financial market. However, the initial attack was just the beginning of the financial costs for our country. The FORMTEXT ????? involved in protecting Americans from another attack are almost impossible to calculate and could include everything from military costs and new security measures to foreign aid for countries that cooperate in the war on terrorism. Social CostsThe political and FORMTEXT ????? of national security have fluctuated over the years since the 9/11 attacks. The social costs are often followed by political changes and vice-versa. America, along with both Republican and Democratic Presidents, has enjoyed great national unity in times of crisis and in times of victory like the capture of Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. However, we have also seen a sharp increase in our national debt which has led to an economic decline that directly impacts the everyday lives of Americans. Furthermore, traditional domestic priorities like education and civil liberties often take a backseat to the need to focus on national security measures to protect Americans. Political Costs for RepublicansThe political climate concerning foreign policy and national security also seems to fluctuate. For example, immediately following 9/11, President George W. Bush led a unified America through one of her most difficult periods in history. For several years after 9/11, he had high approval ratings and was re-elected based on policies that greatly prioritized spending on national defense and security while putting less of an emphasis on social welfare and other domestic spending. Yet, by the time he left office, the wars had taken a toll on Americans and his approval ratings fell sharply. Political Costs for DemocratsOn the other hand, President Barak Obama promised to end the war in Iraq when elected in 2008. He was extremely popular in his first term and was easily re-elected in 2010. His agenda focused on sharp spending increases in social welfare and domestic spending and cuts to the defense and national security budgets. However, like President Bush, President Obama experienced a steep decline in popularity during his second term evident by the republican sweep of Congress in the 2014 mid-term elections. Obama, like Bush, faced the disapproval of a majority of Americans late in their second terms. So, will the FORMTEXT ????? of national security and the war on terror negatively impact the legacy of these Presidents? Only time can tell. ................
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