Political Science 220: Introduction to International Relations



Seoul National University

Graduate School of International Studies

UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

(Draft to be updated)

Fall 2020 (Wednesday 14:00 – 17:00)

Prof. Seongho Sheen

Email: ssheen@snu.ac.kr

Tel: 02-880-5810

Office Hours: Zoom, Wed. 17:00-18:00 or by appointment

TA: Ms. Kim, Chae-Hyun (Rm. 616)

Course Objective

The course discusses national and international security affairs in contemporary world politics. For this, first, the course will explore theoretical and historical literature concerning the role of force and national security affairs. And second, it will examine basic concepts, theories, and historical cases in international security, with particular attention on security dynamics in East Asia and beyond. The course aims to provide students with basic knowledge and training in analyzing and planning national security policies. It is also designed to enhance students’ understanding of contemporary security dynamics in the 21st century international relations and East Asia.

* This is a prerequisite course for East Asian National Security Strategy in spring semester.

**All classes will be online with Zoom except mid-term quiz

Course Requirements

1. Class participation (20%)

2. Mid-term exam (30%)

3. Group presentation (25%)

4. An Executive Briefing (25%)

Guidelines

• Attendance will be important for keeping up with class. Please be advised that questions for mid-term exam will be based on lecture given in class, not textbook. Good attendance and active participation will be reflected in grade. Missing more than one third of class will result F grade according to school regulation.

• The mid-term exam will be a short quiz for discussion of major concepts and theories that are examined in lecture. No make-up will be arranged. Please note the exam schedule and plan ahead for it.

• In their presentation, students would discuss national security strategy of six countries in Northeast Asia; South and North Korea, China, Japan, Russia and the United States. For this presentation team should define the national security interest of each country based on David Baldwin’s seven criterions; whose security, which values, how much security, from what threats, through what means, at what cost and in what time span. Specially to define the cost, the presentation should compare the defense spending and social security (welfare) budget of each country. Students would form a country team of their choice and answer the following questions. First, what is the most important national security interest of each country? Second, what is the trend of defense and social security/welfare spending for last ten years? Third, is each country spending too much or too little for their national security, in terms of their increasing social welfare demand? Finally, policy recommendation for each country’s national security strategy. For this each team is advised to refer resources from SIPRI yearbook, IISS Military Balance, Jane’s Defense Annuls, CIA World Fact Book, Country Report by the Economist Intelligence Unit, defense white papers, government documents and data on demography and social welfare spending of each country. Each team will be given 60 minutes for oral presentation including Q&A. Please note that the content of presentation, not the format, is more important (i.e. do not spend too much time on preparing the Power Point).

• Each student should submit an executive briefing discussing a topic given by the end of the semester.

• Students are always welcome to ask instructor for clarification during or after class when you feel confused. Yet, if you miss a class, please do not come to instructor for explanation or the lecture note of the missed class. You may contact other students for this. Power Point lecture presentation will be posted on the school web site after each class.

• All students must exhibit professionalism in and out of classroom. Students are required to uphold an honor code regarding “academic standards, cheating, plagiarism, and the documentation of written work,” and be aware of the responsibility. . And no checking email, SNS chat and internet browsing during the class.

•

Class Schedule and Reading Assignment

Week 1(Sep 7): INTRODUCTION

- Course overview

- Self-introduction

- Q&A

Q. How to best understand making of national security strategy? Who and how to do it

Week 2 (Sep 14): DEFINING SECURITY

- Conceptual definition of security

- Traditional approaches

- Post-Cold War approaches

Readings:

David Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies (January 1997), pp. 5-26

Arnold Wolfers, “’National Security’ as an Ambiguous Symbol,” Robert Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics 2nd ed. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1985), pp. 42-53

Joseph Nye, “Conflicts After the Cold War,” Washington Quarterly (Winter 1996), pp. 5-23.

• Bernard Brodie, War & Politics, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973) pp. 341-374.

• Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies (London: Cambridge University Press, 2009), Ch. 1 Defining International Security Studies, pp. 8-20.

• Vincent Boulanin, “Cybersecurity and the arms industry,” SIPRI Yearbook 2013 (Stockholm: SIPRI, 2013), pp. 218-223.

UNDP, Human Development Report 1994 Ch.2 “New Dimensions of Human Security,” pp. 22-46.

- Lucas Kello, “The Meaning of the Cyber Revolution: Perils to Theory and Statecraft,” International Security Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013),

pp.7-40.

Q. How to define each countries’ security interest in Northeast Asia?

• No Class on September 9

Week 3 (Sep 21): WAR

- What is war? Clausewitz and Sun-Tzu

- Realism and causes of war

- Macro vs Micro cause of war

- Offense & Defense dynamics

- International system structure

Readings:

• Sun-Tzu, The Art of War (New York: The Modern Library, 2000), pp. 71-123.

• Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 75-126, 577-610.

• Bernard Brodie, War & Politics, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973) pp. 276-340.

• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Understanding International Conflicts (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005), pp. 12-20.

• John J. Mearsheimer, “The Causes of Great Power War, “ in The Tragedy of Great Power Politics(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001), pp. 334-402

• Nuno P. Monteiro, “Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is not Peaceful,” International Security Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/2012), pp.9-40.

• William C. Wohlforth, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Politics 61, no. 1 (January 2009), pp.28-57.

• Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” in The Use of Force, pp. 44-69

• Graham Allison, “The Thucydides Trap: Are the US and China headed for a war,” The Atlantic September 24 2015 , pp.1-18

- Zheng Bijian, “China’s “Peaceful Rise” to Great-Power Status,” Foreign Affairs, September 2005, pp.18-24

- US DOD, “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019” (Office of the Secretary of Defense)

- David Kang, “International Relations Theory and the Second Korean War,” International Studies Quarterly (2003) 47, pp.301–324

Q. What could be a possible cause of war in East Asia?

Week 4 (Sep 28): STRATEGY

- National Security and Strategy

- The National Security Decision-making process

- Executive branches, legislature, intelligence, the military

- Civil-military relations

Readings:

• B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy (A Meridian Book, 1954), pp. 319-360.

• Bernard Brodie, War & Politics, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973) pp. 433-496.

• Paul Kennedy, “Grand Strategy in War and Peace: Toward a Broader Definition,” in Grand Strategy in War and Peace, ed. Paul Kennedy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), pp.1-7

• Hal Brands, What Good is Grand Strategy? (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014), pp.1-16.

• Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994), Ch. 1, pp. 1-23

• Hew Strachan, “The Lost Meaning of Strategy,” Survival Vol. 47, No. 3, Autumn 2005, pp. 33-54

• White House, National Security Strategy (February 2015), pp.1-29

• Eliot A. Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New York: The Free Press, 2002), pp. 1-51.

• Hew Strachan, “Strategy or Alibi? Obama, McChrystal and the Operational Level of War,” Survival, Vol 52, No. 5, pp. 157-182.

Q. What is National Security Strategy of East Asian Countries?

Week 5 (Oct 5): ALLIANCE

- Means of security

- Collective Security

- Collective Defense

Alliance

Readings:

• Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 129-161

• Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), pp. 1-49, 262-286

• Randall L. Schweller, Deadly Imbalances (New York: Colombia University Press,1998), pp. 1-91.

• Thomas Christensen and Jack Snyder, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks,”, pp.137-168

• Stephen M. Walt, “Alliances in a Unipolar World,” World Politics, 61, no. 1 (January 2009), pp. 86-120.

• James L. Cook, “Military Alliances in the 21st Century: Still Relevant after all These Years?” Orbis. (Fall 2013), pp.559-573.

• Michael Beckley, “The Myth of Entangling Alliance: Reassessing the Security Risks of US Defense Pacts,” International Security , Vol. 39, No. 4 (Spring 2015), pp. 7-48

• Robert Dujarric, “US Military Presence and Northeast Asian Regional Stability: Comparative Perspective between US-Japan Alliance and US-Korea Alliance and the Future of the Alliances,” Byung-Kie Yang ed. Korean Peninsula: From Division toward Peaceful Unification (The Korean Political Science Association, 2005), pp. 97-115.

• Gui Yontao and Yuichi Hosoya, “Will Japan’s Plan to Exercise Its Collective Self-Defense Right Make Asia More or Less Secure?” Global Asia, vol8, No. 4. Winter 2013, pp. 46-52.

• Travis Sharp, John Speed Meyers, and Michael Beckley, “Will East Asia Balance against Beijing?” International Security (Winter 2018/19), Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 194–197

• Tongfi Kim, Keren Yarhi-Milo, Alexander Lanoszka, and Zack Cooper, “Arms, Alliances, and Patron-Client Relationships” International Security (Winter 2017/18), Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 183–186

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- White House, “Joint vision for the alliance of the United states of America and the Republic of Korea,” June 2009, pp.1-2

Q. Will the US-ROK Alliance Survive in the 21st Century?

Week 6 (Oct 12): USE OF FORCE

- Defense, Deterrence, Compellence, Swaggering

- Preemption vs prevention

- Coercive diplomacy

Readings:

• Robert Art, “The Four Functions of Force,” in Robert Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics 5th ed. (New York: Longman, 2000), pp. 156-168.

• Alexander L. George, “Coercive Diplomacy,” in Art and Waltz, The Use of Force, pp. 70-76.

• Bruce W. Jentleson and Christopher A. Whytock, “Who ‘Won’ Libya? The Force-Diplomacy Debate and Its Implications for Theory and Policy,” International Security Vol. 30, No. 3 (Winter 2005/06), pp. 47-86.

• Robert Art, “The Fungibility of Force,” in Art and Waltz, The Use of Force, pp. 3-22

• Daniel W. Drezner, “Military Primacy Doesn’t Pay (Nearly As Much As You Think)” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Summer 2013), pp.52-79.

• Crisis Group Report, “North Korea: The Risk of War in the Yellow Sea,” (December 23, 2010), pp.1-37

Q. How to manage crisis on the Korean peninsula?

Week 7 (Oct 19): NUCLEAR DETERRENCE

- Use of the Atomic Bomb

- Three debate: nuclear deterrence, missile defense, nuclear terrorism

- US extended deterrence and Korea

Readings:

• Thomas C. Reed and Danny B. Stillman, The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation (Zenith Press, 2009), pp. 8-53.

• Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1966), pp. 1-51.

• Bernard Brodie, War & Politics, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973) pp. 375-432.

• Louis Morton, “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” in The Use of Force, pp. 165-180

• Kenneth N. Waltz, “Nuclear Myths and Political Realities,” in The Use of Force, pp. 102-118

• , “Missile Defense and the Multiplication of Nuclear Weapons,” in The Use of Force, 6th ed., pp. 347-352

• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003), pp. 46-124.

• Graham Allison, “How to Stop Nuclear Terror,” Foreign Affairs January/February 2004, pp. 64-74

• Nuno P. Monteiro and Alexandre Debs, “The Strategic Logic of Nuclear Proliferation,” International Security Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp.7-51.

• John Mueller, Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2010), pp.1-70.

• Kenneth N. Waltz, “Why Iran Should Get the Bomb,” Foreign Affairs, Vol 91, No. 4, July/August 2012, pp. 2-5.

• M. Taylor Fravel and Evan S. Medeiros, “China’s Search for Assured Retaliation: The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp.48-87.

• Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press, “The New Era of Counterforce; Technological Change and the Future of Nuclear Deterrence,” International Security, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Spring 2017), pp. 9-49.

• Thomas Karako, “The Future of Missile Defense in the Asia Pacific,” The Foreign Policy Initiative, May 31, 2017, pp.1-8



• The U.S. Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review, February 2018, pp.1-75,

• Scott D. Sagan, “The Korean Missile Crisis: Why Deterrence Is Still the Best Option,” Foreign Affairs, (November/December 2017), pp. 72-82

• Emma Chanlett-Avery, “North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation,” CRS Report for Congress (July 27, 2018), pp.1-34

Q. Will deterrence work against North Korea’s nuclear weapons?

Week 8 (Oct 26): MID-TERM EXAM

Week 9 (Nov 2): MORALITY AND WAR

- Morality and Just War

- Sovereignty and intervention

- Ethical issues and humanitarian intervention

• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Understanding International Conflicts (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005), pp. 20-28.

• George Kennan, “Morality and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 64 (Winter 1985/1986), pp. 205-218

• Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), Preface, pp.1-46.

• International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law: Answer to Your Question, pp. 1-100

• ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001, XII, pp.1-108



• Barry Posen, “Military Responses to Refugee Disasters,” in Art and Waltz, The Use of Force, pp. 415-435

- Leslie H. Gelb and Justine A. Rosenthal, “The Rise of Ethics in Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs May/June 2003, pp. 2-7.

- Karin von Hippel, Democracy by Force: US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 1-26.

- Michael Smith, “Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of Ethical Issues,” Joel Rosenthal ed., Ethics and International Affairs (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, 1999), pp. 63-79

Q. How to deal with North Korean human rights issues?

Week 10 (Nov 9): TERRORISM AND NEW SECURITY

- Prevalence of Low Intensity Conflicts

- WMD and proliferation

- Terrorism

- Preemption/Prevention

Readings:

• Robert Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy,” The Atlantic Monthly (February 1994)

• Brian M. Jenkins, “International Terrorism,” in The Use of Force, 6th ed., pp. 77-84

• David Rapoport, “Sacred Terror: A Contemporary example from Islam”, in Walter Reich ed. The Origins of Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1990), pp. 103-130.

• Walter Laquer, “The Changing Face of Terror,” in The Use of Force, 6th ed., pp. 450-457

• Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism,” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), pp. 30-58

• The White House, “President Bush Visits National Defense University, Discuss Global War on Terror,” (Washington, D.C. West Point, New York, October 23, 2007)

• Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President at the National Defense University,” (National Defense University, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. May 23, 2013)

• Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan, NY Times, August 21, 2017

• Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993), pp. 22-49

Q. Is terrorism still a serious threat?

Week 11 (Nov 16): THE 21ST CENTURY SECURITY DYNAMICS

- Changing nature of war

- Power Shift and Great Power War

- Rise of China and US Pivot

- Northeast Asian Geopolitics

- The Korean Peninsula Question

Readings:

• Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991,) pp. 192-223.

• “Special Report: The Future of War,” The Economist, January 27, 2018, pp. 3-16.

• Richard J. Harknett and Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Is Deterrence Possible in Cyberspace?” International Security, Volume 42 |Issue 2 |Fall 2017 p.196-199

• The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (December 2017), pp.1-55

• PRC, The State Council, “China’s National Defense in the New Era (July 2019),

• Office of Prime Minister, Government of Japan, “National Security Strategy,” December 17, 2013, pp.1-37 ()

• Office of the Resident, “Russia’s National Security Strategy to 2020,” The International Relations and Security Network, ISN, ETHZ ()

• Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, “Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea,” International Security, Vol 35, No. 1 (Summer 2010), pp. 44-74

• Andrew S. Erickson, Evan Braden Montgomery, Craig Neuman, Stephen Biddle, and Ivan Oelrich, “Correspondence: How Good Are China's Antiaccess/Area-Denial Capabilities?” International Security (Spring 2017), Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 202–213

Q. What will be the future war in Northeast Asia?

Week 12 (Nov 23): GROUP PRESENTATION AND DEBATE

(THE U.S., CHINA)

Week 13 (Nov30): GROUP PRESENTATION AND DEBATE

(JAPAN, RUSSIA)

Week 14 (Dec 7): GROUP PRESENTATION AND DEBATE

(NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA)

Week 15 (Dec 14): TAKE HOME EXECUTIVE BRIEF

COUNTRY TEAM FOR PRESENTATION

THE UNITED STATES:

CHINA

SOUTH KOREA

JAPAN

RUSSIA

NORTH KOREA

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