The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S ...
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S.
Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:
Document Title:
A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex
Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts, Final
Report
Author:
Michael Shively, Ph.D., Kristina Kliorys, Kristin
Wheeler, Dana Hunt, Ph.D.
Document No.:
238796
Date Received:
June 2012
Award Number:
2008-IJ-CX-0010
This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice.
To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federallyfunded grant final report available electronically in addition to
traditional paper copies.
Opinions or points of view expressed are those
of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
the official position or policies of the U.S.
Department of Justice.
A National
Overview of
Prostitution and
Sex Trafficking
Demand Reduction
Efforts
Final Report
Grant # 2008-IJ-CX-0010
April 30, 2012
Prepared for:
The National Institute of
Justice
Office of Justice Programs,
U.S. Department of Justice
810 Seventh Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20531
Submitted by:
Michael Shively, Ph.D.
Kristina Kliorys
Kristin Wheeler
Dana Hunt, Ph.D.
Abt Associates Inc.
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not
been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
National Overview of Demand Reduction Efforts
Grant #2008-IJ-CX-0010
A National Overview of Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Demand Reduction
Efforts
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. i
Project Background and Objectives .............................................................................................. i
Purpose and Structure of this Report ............................................................................................ i
Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ ii
Key Findings ............................................................................................................................... iv
Findings from Literature Review ..................................................................................... iv
Findings from National Assessment Data Collection ..................................................... viii
History of Demand Reduction Approaches Pursued in the U.S. ....................................... x
Key Innovations............................................................................................................... xii
Costs of Interventions ..................................................................................................... xiv
Need for Improved Access to Information ...................................................................... xv
Other Key Findings ........................................................................................................ xvi
Additional Information Available on .............................................. xvi
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... xvii
1.
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
2.
Prostitution, Sex Trafficking, and Demand ............................................................................. 3
Illegal Commercial Sex Markets.................................................................................................. 5
Demand: Men¡¯s Decisions to Buy Sex ............................................................................. 6
Prostitution, Sex Trafficking, and Harm ...................................................................................... 9
Stratification of the Commercial Sex Industry ................................................................ 10
Human Trafficking and Prostitution ................................................................................ 11
Vulnerable Women and Girls Drawn Into Prostitution ................................................... 11
Impact on ¡°Providers¡± ..................................................................................................... 12
Impact on ¡°Consumers¡±................................................................................................... 15
Impact on Communities................................................................................................... 16
Abt Associates Inc.
Contents ¨„pg. i
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not
been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
National Overview of Demand Reduction Efforts
Grant #2008-IJ-CX-0010
Burden on Law Enforcement and Other Public Services ................................................ 17
Challenges in Constraining Supply & Distribution ................................................................... 18
3.
Tactics Used to Combat Demand in the United States ......................................................... 21
A Typology of Demand Reduction Programs and Practices...................................................... 21
The Prevalence and First Known Use of Demand Reduction Tactics in the United States ....... 24
Public Education & Awareness Programs ................................................................................. 29
Reverse Stings ............................................................................................................................ 37
Street-Level Reverse Stings............................................................................................. 37
Web-Based Reverse Stings .............................................................................................. 47
Shaming ..................................................................................................................................... 48
¡°Dear John¡± Letters.................................................................................................................... 53
Vehicle Seizure .......................................................................................................................... 55
Driver¡¯s License Suspension ...................................................................................................... 57
Geographic Restraining (¡°SOAP¡±) Orders ................................................................................ 57
Neighborhood Action................................................................................................................. 58
Surveillance Cameras................................................................................................................. 60
Community Service ................................................................................................................... 60
John Schools .............................................................................................................................. 61
Generic John School Logic Model .................................................................................. 62
Targeting the Educational Intervention ........................................................................... 63
Prevalence of John School Programs .............................................................................. 64
Community Impact Panels............................................................................................... 69
John School Curriculum Items ........................................................................................ 70
Common Misconceptions about John Schools ................................................................ 72
Additional Observations about John Schools .................................................................. 76
4.
Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 78
Description versus Evaluation ................................................................................................... 78
Demand-Reduction is Primary Prevention................................................................................. 78
Abt Associates Inc.
Contents ¨„pg. ii
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not
been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
National Overview of Demand Reduction Efforts
Grant #2008-IJ-CX-0010
Combating Demand: Major Needs and Opportunities ............................................................... 80
Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 84
Appendix A:
Bibliography
Appendix B:
Research Method
Appendix C:
Data Collection Instruments
Appendix D:
Prostitution, Sex Trafficking, and the Military
Appendix E:
Summary of Demand Tactics Employed in Each City and County
Appendix F:
Sample ¡°Dear John Letters¡± from Raleigh
Appendix G:
Portland Prostitution Exclusion Zone Ordinance
Appendix H:
Documents from Indianapolis/Marion County ¡°Red Zone¡± Program
Appendix I:
Summary of John School Program Traits
Appendix J:
Organizations Addressing Demand and Supporting Survivors
Abt Associates Inc.
Contents ¨„pg. iii
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not
been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
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