Chapter 29 – Nationalism and Revolution Around the World. (1910-1939 ...

Chapter 29 ? Nationalism and Revolution Around the World. (1910-1939).

(1) Struggle for Change in Latin America. (2) Nationalist Movements in Africa and Middle East. (3) India Seeks Self-Rule. (4) Upheavals in China. (5) Empire of the Rising Sun.

Pancho Villa.

Ataturk.

Gandhi Salt Protest. Mao Long March.

_____________________________________________________________________________

1916.

1923.

1930.

1934.

(1) Struggle for Change in Latin America.

Setting the Scene. The desire for lands, better wages, and democratic reforms leads to Mexican Revolution. A century after Miguel Hidalgo (1810) "cry of Dolores" a revolution makes way for reform. The Mexican Revolution. 1910. Porfirio Diaz is dictator. In power 35 years. Reelected president again and again.

Diaz welcomes foreign investors who develop mines, build railroads, drill for oil. Sources of Discontent. Prosperity benefits wealthy landowners, But most Mexicans are peasants in dire poverty. 1911. Diaz resigns. Leaves Mexico.

Francisco Maderno, liberal reformer (more education), becomes president. 1913. Maderno is murdered. A Complex Upheaval. New leaders emerge: Pancho Villa (from north). Emiliano Zapata (from south). Fighting flares across Mexico for a decade, killing as many as a million people. Reforms in Mexico. 1917. Venustiano Carranza , a conservative, is elected president.

Carranza approves a constitution that is in force to this day. Constitution of 1917 is on three issues: land, religion, and labor. *Breakup of large estates with restrictions on foreigners owning land. *Allow nationalization or government takeover of natural resources. *Seize Church land as "property of the nation." 1920s. Support of labor unions. Combat illiteracy. Open schools, libraries. 1929. Government leaders organize PRI or Institutional Revolutionary Party. 1938. Government nationalizes foreign oil holdings (to reduce foreign influence). Rising Tide of Nationalism. Mexico's move to reclaim foreign oil fields aims to end influence from likes of USA. 1929. Great Depression in USA spreads around world. Latin American exports dry up. Rise of economic nationalism is emphasis on domestic control of economy. 1930s. Rise of cultural nationalism is pride in one's own culture. Murals. Diego Rivera. Good Neighbor Policy. After WWI investments by USA in Latin America soar as British influence declines. USA plays a role as "international policeman" in order to protect interests under threat. 1930s. FDR takes new approach to Latin America with policy of "good neighbor." USA withdraws troops in Haiti and Nicaragua. Opens way for independent Cuba.

(2) Nationalist Movements in Africa and Middle East.

Setting the Scene. Following WWI nationalism contributes to many changes in Africa and Middle East. Resistance to Colonial Rule. In Kenya, Rhodesia (examples) white settlers force Africans off best land (coffee, sisal). Africans work on cash crops, pay taxes to colonial government, depend on Europe goods. Resistance. Africans who lose land become squatters, or settle illegally on Europe-owned plantations. Workers start labor unions even though they are illegal under colonial-imposed law code. Western-educated Africans trained for professional careers find best jobs go to Europeans. Some read Lenin claim imperialism is final stage of corrupt and dying capitalist society. Kenya. Protests are common over loss of land, forced labor, heavy taxes, hated ID cards. Nigeria. Ibo "Women's War" denounce British policy threat to women traditional control. Rise of Nationalism. Pan-American Congress.

Pan-Africanism is movement about unity of Africa and Africans around the world. 1914. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), Jamaican, founds Universal Negro Improvement Assn.

Garvey preaches "Africa for Africans." Never visits Africa. But is inspirational! 1919. W.E.B. DuBois (1888-1963), organizes first Pan African Congress in Paris.

DuBois is civil rights leader in USA and cofounder of NAACP. Negritude. Negritude is esthetic and ideological concept affirming independence of Black culture. Senegal. Poet. Leopold Senghor. Poem "Black Woman." Becomes first president. Egyptian Independence. 1922. Britain agrees to declare Egypt independent but remain power behind King Faud.

Notably, British troops stay in Egypt to guard the Suez Canal. 1930s. Young Egyptians are attracted to Muslim Brotherhood that rejects western culture. Modernization in Turkey and Iran. Ottoman empire collapses in 1918. Britain and France divvy up Arab lands. Exceptions. Turkey. 1923. Mustafa Kemal, Turk nationalist, ousts sultan. Declares Turkey independent.

Takes name `Ataturk' (`father of the Turks'). Westernizes. New Industry. Replaces Islamic law with new law. (Separates religion from government.) Replaces Arabic script with western (Latin) alphabet. Discards Muslim calendar in favor of Christian calendar in western tradition. Moves day of rest from Friday (Muslim custom) to Sunday (Christian practice). Women no longer have to wear veil and are allowed to vote. Polygamy, custom that allows men to have more than one wife, is banned. Iran. 1925. Reza Khan, army officer, ousts shah. Becomes shah. Sets up Pahlavi dynasty. Modernizes Iran. Replaces Islamic law. Adopts western alphabet. Western garb. Wins better terms from Britain which controls its oil industry. Oil is major item.

European Mandates and Arab Nationalism. 1920s. Pan-Arabism emerges on shared heritage and language of Arabs in Middle East.

Arabs are outraged by betrayal at Paris Peace Conference. Allies carve up Arabia. 1930s. Antisemitism in Europe forces Jews to seek safety in British mandate of Palestine.

Balfour Declaration (1917). Britain supports idea of `national home for Jews.' Arab nationalists battle Zionists over land Arabs call Palestine and Jews call Israel.

(3) India Seeks Self-Rule.

Setting the Scene. Mohandas Gandhi and the Congress Party leads the drive for independence in India. April 13, 1919. Amritsar. British open fire on peaceful crowd. Kill 379. Wound 1100,

Moves Toward Independence. 1885. Congress party presses for self-rule within the British empire. 1918. British promise Indians (battlefield) greater self-government after WWI. 1919. Amritsar massacre is turning point. India now wants full independence.

Mohandas Gandhi. 1914. Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) returns to India.

Native Hindu. Off to England (age 19) to study law. Practices in South Africa. Fights racial prejudice. Laws discriminate against Indians in South Africa. Adopts non-violent (passive) resistance. Calls it `satyagraha' or `soul force.' He believes in civil disobedience (like Thoreau), the refusal to obey unjust laws.

Gandhi Sets An Example. Gandhi abandons western dress. Wears dhoti, simple white garment of villagers.

1920s. Calls for boycotts of British goods, especially textiles. Urges Indians to wear only cotton grown and woven in India. Restores pride in traditional Indian industry. Makes spinning wheel a symbol.

Through his example Gandhi inspires Indians to "get rid of our helplessness." Protests however lead to riots. Gandhi gets upset. He starts to fast in response.

The Salt March. 1930. Gandhi sets out with 78 followers on 240-mile march to sea to scoop up salt.

Natural salt is available in sea. But Indians are forbidden to touch it. Gandhi sees government salt monopoly as symbol of British oppression. April 6. Gandhi gets lump of salt "shaking the foundations of British empire." Gandhi is arrested and jailed. Politicos start selling salt to get arrested as well. Gandhi's campaign takes force. Tens of thousands of Indians are imprisoned.

Gandhi's policy of non-violence slowly forces Britain to hand over some power. But complete independence for India is not achieved until 1947.

Looking Ahead. As India comes closer to independence Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increase. Many Muslims dig Gandhi. But tensions between Hindus and Muslims erupt violently.

A Separate Muslim State. 1930s. The Muslim League gains an able leader in Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Jinnah is from middle class family and studies law in England. Like Gandhi. Jinnah first represents Muslim interests within the Congress Party. Later supports a separate state for Muslims: Pakistan, `land of the (ritually) pure.' World War II. 1939. India is moving toward independence when a new world war explodes. Britain outrages India by postponing independence and getting India into war.

(4) Upheavals in China.

Setting the Scene. Civil war and foreign invasions plague new Chinese republic after Qing dynasty collapse. China goal to `catch the powers, east and west' is stalled by civil war and foreign invasion.

The Chinese Republic. 1911. Qing dynasty (Manchu) collapses. Sun Xian hopes to rebuild China. Unsuccessful. Internal Problems. 1912. Sun Xian (Sun Yat-sen) `father of Revolution' steps down as president of republic

in favor of powerful general, Yuan Shikai, to restore order and strong government. Yuan instead tries to set up a new dynasty with him as emperor. Military says no. 1916. Yuan dies. China has been a divided nation. It goes into deeper disorder. Local warlords seize power. Rival armies battle for control. Warlords tax peasants. Constant fighting ravages the land. Economy collapses. Famine. Attacks by bandits. Foreign Imperialism. 1915. Japan presents Yuan Twenty-One Demands to Yuan: China as Japan protectorate. 1919. Paris Peace Conference. Allies give Japan control of German possessions in China. May Fourth Movement. 1919. May 4th. Student protests erupt in Beijing. Spread to cities across China. Students organize boycotts of Japanese goods. Reformers want to learn from West and use knowledge to end foreign dominance. Reject Confucian traditions. Turn to western science and ideas of nationalism. Appeal of Marxism. 1920s. Russian Revolution offer models of how political party can topple a government. Some Chinese turn to revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. Communist Party. Leaders for a New China. 1921. Sun Xian and his Nationalist Party establishes a government in south China. Sun plans to raise an army, defeat warlords, spread his rule over all of China. West snubs Sun. Sun turns to Soviet Russia as his `one real and genuine friend.' Jiang Jieshi. 1925. Sun dies. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) is young officer who takes charge. Jiang had received his military training in Japan. He wants to smash warlords, and reunite China. But he has no interest in either democracy or communism. 1927. Jiang's Nationalists slaughter Communist party members. Anger fuels civil war. Mao Zedong. Mao is young revolutionary peasant who escapes the 1927 slaughter. 1934. The Long March. Mao and 100,000 flee Nationalists in epic retreat. Maoists trek 6,000 miles next year. Only 20,000 survive. Symbolic heroism. Communists set up new base (at end of march) in remote area of northern China Japanese Invasion. 1931. Japan invades Manchuria in northeastern China. Jiang (Nationalists) and Mao (Communists) unite to fight Japanese. 1937. Japan strikes again. Airplanes bomb Chinese cities. Troops overrun eastern China, including Beijing. December 13. Japanese troops march into Nanjing, a former Nationalist capital. Japanese kill hundreds of thousands in atrocity called the "rape of Nanjing." Looking Ahead. 1941. Bombing of Pearl Harbor brings USA in war with Japan and alliance with China. USA backs Nationalists to prevent more civil war. But Communists are victors.

(5) Empire of the Rising Sun.

Setting the Scene. By 1930s the Japanese military dominates government bent on imperialist expansion. 1926. Hirohito (1901-1989) starts 63 years as emperor. Nationalism. Expansionism.

Liberal Changes of the 1920s. During 1920s Japan moves toward greater democracy. Political parties grow stronger. Elected members of the Diet ? the Japanese parliament ? exert their power. 1925. All adult men have won the right to vote. (Women get suffrage in 1947.) Economic Growth. During WWI Japan enjoys big growth. Exports to Allies. Expands influence in East Asia. 1920s. Powerful business leaders known as zaibatsu influence politics through donations.

Zaibatsu push for policies to favor international trade that benefits them. Japan (world peace in mind) signs pact with USA and Britain to limit size of navy. Serious Problems. 1920s. Economy grows more slowly in years after WWI. City people have enjoyed prosperity. But peasants have not enjoyed prosperity. Younger people adopt western fads and fashion, thus revolt against tradition. Military officers criticize government corruption, especially zaibatsu payoffs. The Nationalist Reaction. 1929. Great Depression rips across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force. International trade suffers. Unemployment in cities soar. Peasants starve. A Worsening Crisis. Extreme nationalists, ultranationalists, condemn politicians for agreeing with western demands to stop expansionism. Western industrial powers had grabbed huge empires. Japan has a tiny empire in comparison ... and should have more. Nationalists demand renewed expansion. Eye Manchuria. Natural resources. The Manchurian Incident. 1931. Japanese army officers provoke an incident for an excuse to seize Manchuria. The officers set explosives and blow up tracks on a Japanese-owned rail line. Japanese claim Chinese did it and then `in self-defense' attack the Chinese. Japanese military conquers Manchuria without consulting Japanese government. Japanese set up puppet state in Manchuria. League of Nations condemns Japan for its aggression against China. Japan simply withdraws from League in response. Politicians object to military highhandedness. Public opinion sides with military. Militarists in Power. 1930s. Ultranationalists are winning popular support for foreign conquests. Members of `patriotic' parties assassinate politicians and business leaders who oppose expansionism. Military leaders plot to overthrow government. 1936. Military leaders briefly occupy the center of Tokyo. Traditional Values Revived. 1937. Civilian government (that survives) is forced to accept military domination. Government cracks down on socialists, ends most democratic freedoms. Government revives ancient warrior values and builds cult around emperor. Renewed Expansion. 1939. Japan joins Germany and Italy in the alliance known as the Axis Powers. The alliance turns World War II into a conflict over many continents.

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download