M1773 E C ROLLS, 1835–1884 the introduction for …

M1773 EASTERN CHEROKEE CENSUS ROLLS, 1835?1884

Jerry Clark provided the descriptive material and the introduction for this microfilm publication.

National Archives and Records Administration Washington, DC 2005

United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Eastern Cherokee census rolls, 1835?1884.-- Washington, DC :

National Archives and Records Administration, 2005.

p. ; 23 cm.-- (National Archives microfilm publications. Pamphlet describing ; M 1773)

Cover title.

1. Cherokee Indians ? Census ? Records and correspondence ? Microform catalogs. I. Title.

INTRODUCTION

On the three rolls of this microfilm publication, M1773, are reproduced census and other rolls listing names of Cherokee Indians, primarily of the Eastern Band of that tribe. These census rolls are among records relating to "Removal" or forced migration of most of the Cherokee Nation in the years 1835?1839 (the so-called "Trail of Tears"). Some of the rolls were made well after the removal period, but they have been maintained in this series, Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835?1884, which is part of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group (RG) 75.1

These 23 volumes and unbound papers include original rolls, partial rolls, extra copies of rolls, and name indexes for the rolls. Since Cherokees constitute one the most numerous of Native peoples in America, with a long history of relationships with other Indians, Europeans, and Africans, the various rolls in this series are frequently used as sources of genealogical information about persons with Cherokee lineage. This pamphlet describes the several Cherokee rolls in this series and identifies other Cherokee rolls, providing historical context for the creation of each one.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

When the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto first encountered them in 1530, the Cherokees were a numerous and warlike people (speaking a language related to that of the Iroquois) and inhabiting southern Appalachia, an area of highlands now encompassing parts of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Cherokees were one of five Native populations that occupied much of territory that is now the southern United States. The Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Seminoles adopted many aspects of European culture, customs, and technology, and became known as the "Five Civilized Tribes." Over time, many Cherokees intermarried with non-Cherokee Indians, Europeans, and Africans resulting in many persons of mixed-blood ancestry. Sometimes persons with Cherokee lineage became separated from tribal authority (and the subsequent jurisdiction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs) and thus may have left little trace in either tribal or government records. However, many family traditions of Cherokee ancestry may find confirmation among information provided by the various census rolls of the series Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835?1884.

From the time of President Thomas Jefferson's administration, Federal Government policy sought to persuade the Cherokees and other southern Indian tribes to voluntarily give up their lands and emigrate west of the Mississippi River. Some Cherokees moved to Arkansas Territory after 1817 and to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) after 1828 and were known as "Western Cherokees" or "Old Settlers." Another band of Cherokees went to Texas (then a Spanish possession), but after 1839 was expelled

1 For a brief description of this series, listed as Entry 219, and of related series, see Edward E. Hill, comp., Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Vol. I. PI 163 (National Archives, Washington, DC: 1965).

1

by the Lone Star Republic, and became merged with the "Old Settlers" in Indian Territory.

Several events in 1828 sealed the fate of the Cherokees and the other "Civilized Tribes." In that year, gold was discovered on Cherokee lands in Georgia (accompanied by America's first "Gold Rush"), the Georgia legislature asserted its jurisdiction over the Cherokee lands, and Andrew Jackson won reelection as President, in part, on a platform of Indian removal.

Later, by authority of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the administrations of Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren applied both governmental and military means to force the five southern Indian nations from their homelands. From 1831 to 1840, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles, and Cherokees were forced to migrate to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), in a process then called "Indian Removal," but now better known as "The Trail of Tears." This was done despite a decision of the United States Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), in which the Indian Removal Act was declared unconstitutional. President Jackson ignored this ruling and was said to have remarked, "Justice Marshall has rendered his decision, now see how he enforces it."

In the fall of 1835, officials of the Office of Indian Affairs were sent into the Cherokee Nation to enumerate the Indians in order to determine the number of Cherokees to be removed by the government. This 1835 Census of Cherokees Living East of the Mississippi River is sometimes called the "Henderson Roll," and is included as part of the series Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835?1884, even though most of those listed on this census roll were subsequently sent westward to Indian Territory.

The Cherokees were the most numerous of the Five Tribes and the last to be removed. This removal occurred in stages and involved various categories of Cherokees, with each category resulting in separate documentation. One group of Cherokees, led by a tribal leader named "Major Ridge," cooperated with the removal policy, and became known as the "Treaty" or "Ridge" faction. Members of this group signed a treaty of dubious legality with the United States Government at the Cherokee town of New Echota on December 29, 1835, despite lacking proper authority to give away tribal lands. Principal Chief John Ross led the majority portion of the tribe that was opposed to removal, and they were called the "National" or "Ross Party." Despite the opposition of the Ross faction, the treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on May 23, 1836.

The "Ridge" faction of Cherokees removed themselves to the west, either individually or in several Government-run detachments, between 1835 and 1838, in the first phase of the removal. The second stage of removal occurred when other Cherokees (mostly those residing in Georgia) were rounded up by troops commanded by Gen. Winfield Scott in the spring of 1838 and sent to Indian Territory, using boat transportation via the Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas Rivers. The third phase is the one most often identified as "The Cherokee Trail of Tears." In the fall and winter

2

of 1838?39, most remaining Cherokees migrated to Indian Territory under the leadership of Chief Ross and traveled in 1 boat detachment and 12 large wagon trains (each with about 1,000 persons). Since there are few Federal Government records about this entirely Cherokee-run migration under Chief Ross, documentation about this portion of the Removal must be sought elsewhere. The nearly 13,000 Cherokees who removed to the west between 1835 and 1839 were called "Eastern" or "Emigrant" Cherokees. After 1838 they merged with the "Old Settlers" to form the Cherokee Nation West.

Perhaps 1,500?2,000 Cherokees remained behind and became known as "The Eastern Band." These are the people listed by the various rolls in this series. In the decades after removal, the Office of Indian Affairs compiled a number of other census or payment rolls for those Indians remaining in North Carolina, as well as some residing in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Washington, DC.

A group of Cherokees remaining in North Carolina were at first known as the "Oconalufty Band" and were joined by various other groups of Cherokees on their reservation in that state, called the "Qualla Boundary." This land had been purchased by William Holland Thomas for use of the Cherokees in North Carolina. A few persons of Cherokee ancestry living in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee were included in various rolls for the "Eastern Band of North Carolina." These rolls constitute the remaining rolls among those in this series.

RECORDS DESCRIPTION

Each of the Eastern Cherokee census rolls was compiled for different administrative reasons, had a different format, and contained different amounts of information. Most of the rolls were made to determine eligibility for payments due under provisions of the 1835 treaty, or were receipt rolls for per capita payments made to tribal members. Some of the rolls are copies that were used by enrolling agents to assist them in their work. Most of the rolls are arranged by geographical location of residence, and most include alphabetical indexes of the names of persons enrolled. There are extra copies of some rolls (some annotated by later enrolling agents) and name indexes for most (but not all) of the census rolls. A much more detailed description of these rolls and their historical context can be found in Gaston Litton, "Enrollment Records of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians," The North Carolina Historical Review XVII, 3 (July 1940): 199?231.

1835 Census of Cherokees Living East of the Mississippi River ("Henderson Roll")

The 1835 Census of Cherokees Living East of the Mississippi River is sometimes called the "Henderson Roll." During the fall of 1835, the Superintendent of Cherokee Removal, Benjamin F. Curry, appointed officials to enumerate all Cherokees residing within the original Cherokee homelands to determine the number of Indians and value of their property in preparing plans for the removal of the tribe. The enumerators were George W. Underwood and Col. Charles H. Nelson to count Cherokees living in Georgia; Gen. Nathaniel Smith for North Carolina (later appointed

3

Superintendent of Cherokee Removal); Rezin Rawlings for Alabama; and Daniel Henderson for Tennessee. Chief John Ross instructed his fellow Cherokees to cooperate with the enumeration. Since the Tennessee portion of the Census enumerated by Daniel Henderson appeared first, the entire roll has been misidentified by some as the "Henderson Roll." The Census was submitted to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on December 12, 1835, and listed 16,542 Indians, 201 intermarried whites, and some 1,592 black slaves, with a total of 18,335 persons in the Cherokee Nation. The so-called "Henderson Roll" is the definitive listing of the inhabitants and property for the entire tribe (excepting "Old Settlers") on the eve of removal, and serves as a benchmark for most subsequent Cherokee rolls.

This roll is a large leather-bound volume of 66 pages, consisting of information written across 2 facing pages counted as a single page. The roll is arranged by state and thereunder by location (usually along a river valley or near a Cherokee settlement). Locations are identified by Cherokee names or with state and county designations. Each page is divided into 37 columns with entries for each family:

1. Name of head of Cherokee family 2. Number of males under 18 years 3. Number of males over 18 years 4. Number of females under 16 years 5. Number of females over 16 6. Total number of Cherokees in

family 7. Number of male slaves 8. Number of female slaves 9. Total number of slaves 10. Number of whites connected by

marriage 11. Number of farms 12. Number of acres in cultivation 13. Number of houses 14. Number of bushels of wheat

raised 15. Number of bushels of corn raised 16. Number of bushels of wheat sold 17. Number of bushels of corn sold 18. Value of corn sold 19. Number of bushels of corn bought

20. Value of corn bought 21. Number of mills 22. Number of ferry boats 23. Number of farmers over 18 years 24. Number of mechanics over 18

years 25. Number of readers in English 26. Number of readers in Cherokee 27. Number of full bloods 28. Number of half bloods 29. Number of quadroons 30. Number of mixed-Catawba 31. Number of mixed-Spanish 32. Number of mixed-Negroes 33. Number of weavers 34. Number of spinsters [i.e.,

spinners] 35. Number of reservees 36. Number of descendants of

reservees 37. Total number of reservees and

descendants of reservees

Column number 1 lists the names of heads of Cherokee families. Many of those named were intermarried whites or mixed-bloods (such as Principal Chief John Ross) with English names. Some names were English translations of Cherokee names (e.g., "The Going Snake") or transcriptions of Cherokee names using English letters (e.g., "Uchilla"). Some Cherokees also adopted surnames taken from native names, such as Charley Tehee ("tee-hee" means "killer"). The spelling of names is often inconsistent or even eccentric.

4

Column numbers 35?37 are concerned with some 330 "reservees" and their descendants. "Reservees" were persons provided with 640-acre tracts of land (called "reservations") under terms of treaties in 1817 and 1819. This microfilm publication contains the following extant versions of the 1835 census:

1. Original version of the Census Roll (with some fragments) 2. Copy (with Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee; North Carolina missing) 3. Working handwritten copy used by government clerks

1848 Mullay Roll

This roll was compiled by John C. Mullay, a clerk employed by the Office of Indian Affairs, who was instructed to determine "the number and names of individuals and families that remained in North Carolina," that is, those Cherokees who did not join the removal of the rest of the tribe after 1835. Mullay based his roll on information provided by an earlier (non-government) roll compiled in 1840 by a private citizen of North Carolina named William Holland Thomas, a white merchant who acted as agent and attorney for Cherokees in that state. For a time, Thomas served as the elected chief of the Eastern Band.2 Thomas listed names of North Carolina Cherokees who perished during the Removal, and whose heirs were due payment under terms of the Treaty of New Echota.

The Mullay Roll lists payments to Cherokees authorized by an act of Congress of July 19, 1848 (9 Stat. 264), and became the basis for subsequent rolls of the Eastern Band. The original roll is a leather-bound ledger or daybook of 60 pages, with information written on facing pages. It is arranged in strict numerical order (1?1557), with an enrollment number assigned to each person and names grouped by towns or settlements in North Carolina. The format for the roll contains these columns:

1. Roll number 3. Age

2. Name

4. Remarks

The Mullay Roll is the first Cherokee roll to list the names of all members of Cherokee families (the 1835 Census listed only the name of the head of a family). The name of the head of family is shown first, followed by the names of the wife and other family members. The Remarks column sometimes includes annotations about blood degree (e.g., "? blood"); family relationships, such as "former wife of Jim Woodpecker" (with Woodpecker's Mullay roll number); or personal information, such as "died August, 1836 in the camps." Some annotations are quite detailed, such as the "woman killed by falling tree in Tennessee, in route to Arkansas, 1838." Most of the names are either translated (e.g., "Peckerwood"), or transcribed (e.g., "Junaluska") from the Cherokee language to English letters, while many are listed only with common

2 A typed copy of the Thomas roll is part of the series Miscellaneous Correspondence of the Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission, 1925?1928, in the Records of the Bureau Indian Affairs, RG 75. A microfilmed copy of the roll is among records of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution.

5

English first names, such as "Betsy" or "Charley." The Mullay Roll was officially submitted to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in July 1849. This microfilm publication contains the following extant versions of the 1848 Mullay Roll:

1. Original roll (in two parts) 2. Partial Copy (part 1) 3. 1868 copy

4. 1871 copy 5. 1884 copy (annotated by Joseph G. Hester)

1851 Siler Roll

This roll was prepared by David W. Siler, special agent of the Office of Indian Affairs. The roll was written into a canvas-bound journal or ledger volume with 130 pages. Each page is divided into the following columns:

1. Roll number 2. Name 3. Age 4. Relationship

5. Sex 6. Blood (Indian or white) 7. Remarks

The roll is arranged by state (North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Washington, DC), and thereunder by town or county. Names are also grouped by families, with each family being given a separate consecutive number. Each family member has his or her own enrollment number running consecutively (1?1557). The remarks include information about family relationships, whether a person was Indian or white, and can include such comments as "the grandchildren in this family are illegitimate" or "married to a Catawba [Indian]." At the end of the roll are names of some persons whose Cherokee status was disputed. This is a list of persons who had been enrolled by Mullay and who were still living (or their descendants). After a number of complaints, the Siler roll was shown to not have counted a number of North Carolina Cherokees. Thus it became necessary for additional rolls to be made (the 1852 Chapman and the 1854 Act of Congress Rolls). The Siler Roll was submitted on September 17, 1851, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. This microfilm publication contains the following extant versions of the 1851 Siler Roll:

1. Original roll 2. Copy

1852 Chapman Roll

This roll was prepared by Alfred Chapman, special agent of the Office of Indian Affairs, as a list of per capita payments made between December 1851 and January 1852 for Cherokees residing in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and two individuals in Washington, DC. The original roll is a leather- and clothbound volume of 51 pages. Each page is divided into columns containing the following information:

1. Roll number 2. Name

3. Amount 4. Signature/receipt of payment

6

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download