Peters Township School District
____________________________________7th Grade Social Studies U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 66—Death of George Washington November 25, 2019Focus: Read the article you picked up about bloodletting and then answer the following questions:What types of ailments did doctors bleed for?What image still exists today as a symbol of bloodletting?What is a lancet?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Student Objectives:1. I will analyze bloodletting as a feasible medicinal practice of the 1700 and 1800s. 2. I will reenact the death of George Washington.Homework:-Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 1 pgs. 266-269 stop @ Marbury v. Madison (Due 12/3)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 1 pgs. 269-270 start @ Marbury v Madison; (Due 12/4)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 2 pgs. 272-277; (Due 12/5)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 278-280 stop @ Conflict in the West (Due 12/10)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 280-282 start @ Conflict in the West & stop @ Call for War (Due 12/11)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 282-283 start @ Call for War; (Due 12/12)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 4 pgs. 284-286 stop @ G.B. on the Offensive (Due 12/13)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 4 pgs. 286-287 start @ G. B. on the Offensive; (Due 12/17)-Chapter 8 Test Thursday 12/19Handouts:BloodlettingI. Practice of bloodlettingII. George Washington’s deathKey terms/ideas/ people/places:BloodlettingLancetGeorge WashingtonMartha WashingtonDr. James CraikDr. Gustavus Richard BrownDr. Elisha Cullen DickBy the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:When did Washington die?Why did bloodletting not help Washington?BloodlettingPhlebotomy, or bloodletting, is the longest-running tradition in medicine. It originated in the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Greece, persisted through the Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment periods, flourished in Arabic and Indian medicine, and lasted through the second Industrial Revolution. The practice continued for 2,500 years until it was replaced by the techniques of modern medicine. Doctors bled patients for every ailment imaginable. They bled for pneumonia and fevers, back pain and rheumatism, headaches and melancholia; even to treat bone fractures and other wounds. Yet there never was any evidence that phlebotomy did any good.Bloodletting was based on an ancient system of medicine in which blood and other bodily fluid were considered to be "humors" whose proper balance maintained health. Sick patients were thought to have an imbalance of their humors, which bloodletting was thought to restore. Most bloodletters would open a vein in the arm, leg or neck with small, fine knife called a lancet. They would tie off the area with a tourniquet and, holding the lancet delicately between thumb and forefinger, strike diagonally or lengthwise into the vein. (A perpendicular cut might sever the blood vessel.) They would collect the blood in measuring bowls, exquisitely wrought of fine Venetian glass.Bleeding was as trusted and popular in ancient days as aspirin is today. The Talmudic authors laid out complex laws for bloodletting. Medieval monks bled each other several times a year for general maintenance of health. Doctors devised elaborate charts indicating the most favorable astrological conditions for bleeding.It wasn't until well into the 19th century that people began to question the value of bloodletting. Scientists such as Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch showed that germs, not humors, were responsible for disease. Furthermore, medical statisticians tracking case histories began to collect evidence that bloodletting was not effective. Eventually the practice died, although it continued in some parts of rural America into the 1920s.Phlebotomy is almost never used anymore, except for certain rare conditions. One is hemachromatosis, a genetic condition affecting 600,000 to 1,000,000 Americans in which the body stores too much iron. One way to treat this is to periodically drain some of their iron-rich blood, which restores the mineral's proper balance.Not Your Typical BarberDuring the Middle Ages a new category of medical practitioner emerged. The Pope had banned the clergy from performing bloodletting (although they were welcome to receive it), and physicians were discouraged by the fact that feudal lords could have them executed in cases of malpractice. So bloodletting and other minor procedures moved into the hands of barber-surgeons. More craftsmen than medics, they established their own guilds and competed for respectability with apothecaries and physicians. They advertised with a symbol that endures to this day -- a red and white striped pole. The pole represents the stick patients would grab while being phlebotomized; the white stripes represent the bandages and the red stripes, the blood.OuchBleeders used an impressive array of hardware. Their mainstay was the lancet, a small, sharp, two-edged knife. Wielding the lancet took quite a bit of skill; a false cut could slice a nerve or a tendon. To make the job easier a Viennese inventor produced a spring-loaded lancet, called a "Schnapper" in German or a phleam in English. It consisted of a case about two inches long with a spring-loaded blade emerging from the top. The bleeder would cock the blade, press the Schnapper against the skin and push a release, causing the blade to snap down and across. The Schnapper had the safety feature of not cutting beyond a certain depth.Sometimes phlebotomists would use a scarificator -- a spring-loaded box containing anywhere from twelve to eighteen blades. This tool was often used in conjunction with "cupping" to relieve local inflammation. The bleeder would place a glass cup against the skin and warm it with a torch. The heat would create a vacuum strong enough to raise a large blood-filled blister. The bleeder would pull off the cup, spring the scarificator, and then reapply the cup to draw out more blood.LeechesMost people today regard leeches as loathsome, but for centuries these blood-sucking creatures were a mainstay of medical care. Derived from the Anglo-Saxon word loece, to heal (Medieval doctors called themselves leeches), the leech was used as an adjunct to bloodletting, in places too sensitive or confined for the lancet or other blood-letting instruments. Physicians applied leeches to areas such as "the gums, lips, nose, fingers," or even "the mouth of the womb," according to a medical text from 1634. The common medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinals, produces natural anti-coagulants and anesthetics in its saliva, so patients bleed readily and generally feel nothing during the procedure. Traditionally used in a minority of cases, leeches became popular in the 19th century -- so much so that the species became endangered in Europe. In 1833 alone, French doctors imported 41,500,000 leeches. Eventually the procedure was largely abandoned, along with other forms of bloodletting.____________________________________7th Grade Social Studies U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 67—Field Trip November 26, 2019Homework:-Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 1 pgs. 266-269 stop @ Marbury v. Madison (Due 12/3)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 1 pgs. 269-270 start @ Marbury v Madison; (Due 12/4)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 2 pgs. 272-277; (Due 12/5)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 278-280 stop @ Conflict in the West (Due 12/10)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 280-282 start @ Conflict in the West & stop @ Call for War (Due 12/11)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 3 pgs. 282-283 start @ Call for War; (Due 12/12)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 4 pgs. 284-286 stop @ G.B. on the Offensive (Due 12/13)- Read and take notes on Chapter 8, Section 4 pgs. 286-287 start @ G. B. on the Offensive; (Due 12/17)-Chapter 8 Test Thursday 12/19 ................
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