Equations: - Weebly



Equations:

Force = Mass x Acceleration Newton = 1 kg

Momentum = Mass x Velocity Acceleration = Force / Mass

Grams to Kg Mass = force / acceleration

Speed = distance / time Gravitational pull of earth 9.8 m/s

Galilean Satellites:

The satellites discovered by Galileo with his small telescope form a small, `mini' solar system around Jupiter. They each have special characteristics related to their formation process, but have the following traits in common:

1)all orbit Jupiter

2) they all are tidally locked to Jupiter

3) they all have radii larger than our Moon

4) the inner moons have densities higher than outer moons (implies that Jupiter was much warmer in the past, such that the moons formed near Jupiter have less of the volatile elements such as CO2 and H2O)

Birds

|There are over 8,000 species of birds. Birds have 3 major differentiating characteristics: wings for flight, feathers, and a beak rather than teeth. |

|Birds have adapted their vertebrate skeleton for flight. Their bones and skull are very thin, making their bodies extremely light. |

|To support flight also required other changes to their skeleton. Obvious changes are the addition of wings. |

|Other changes are less obvious. The claws and muscles of a bird's foot are designed to lock and hold onto a perch even while the bird is sleeping. |

|A bird's respiratory system is also adapted to make it easier to breathe at high elevations, where air is thinner. |

| |

Santa Ana Winds

• Specifically located in southern California

• Winds originate out of a high pressure over the

Great Basin and blow through California towards

the Pacific Ocean

• Winds forced down mountains so they are

generally very dry and low in humidity

– Southern California has a lot of narrow valleys and

Hills

El Nino

• Refers to the shift in pressure systems and

surface ocean temperatures in Pacific Ocean

• Happens every Christmas off the coast of Peru

• Severe episodes of El Nino have global

consequences with a recurrence interval of 3 to 5

years but may be 2 to 12 years

Weather Measurements

Anemometer Wind velocity or speed is measured by a cup anemometer, an instrument with three or four small hollow metal hemispheres set so that they catch the wind and revolve about a vertical rod. An electrical device records the revolutions of the cups and calculates the wind velocity. The word anemometer comes from the Greek word for wind, "anemos."

Wind & Weather Computer "Wicom"In 1986, the first wind computer "Wicom" was born.

Barometer Barometer - Pronunciation: [b u rom´ u t u r] - a barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. The barometer was invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

Hygrometer A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or any gas.

Rain Gauge A rain gauge measures how much rain has fallen.

Thermometer Thermometers measure temperature by using materials that change in some way when they are heated or cooled. The first thermometers were called thermoscopes, and while several inventors invented a version of the thermoscope at the same time, Italian inventor Santorio Santorio was the first inventor to put a numerical scale on the instrument. In 1724, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer.

Clouds Englishman, Luke Howard (1773-1864) gave clouds their common names. Measuring liquid is difficult for students.  Practice makes students more proficient, but not experts.  It takes experience and skill to measure when using a graduated cylinder.

Graduated Cylinder

  

Discuss the divisions of measurement on your graduated cylinder.  A graduated cylinder measures in milliliters, which is a measure of volume.  The English system equivalent is pints, quarts, and gallons.  It is much easier to measure in milliliters, because it is already divided into the decimal system for you.  Just as students measured using metric with the left side of the decimal point centimeters and the right millimeters, the same is true for metric volume.

 

Measuring with a graduated cylinder is complicated somewhat by a meniscus.  A meniscus is the curvature of the surface of the water.  Water "sticks" to the walls of the graduated cylinder, but only on the sides and not the middle.  When students look at the surface, the water level is not straight.  Measurement should be at the lowest point (see figure to the right).  Students need to read the meniscus at eye level in order to get an accurate reading.  Students should place the graduated cylinder on the table and then lower their heads to be able to read the meniscus at eye level.

Different Types of Science

Natural science is the science that people usually think of when they hear the term. Those studying it use the scientific method to understand nature and the physical world. Natural science and its subdisciplines are sometimes referred to as “hard sciences” by their proponents. Natural science includes biology, chemistry, geology, and physics.

Social science is the study of societies and the interactions within them, be they on a group or individual basis. Social science is sometimes referred to as a “soft science” by detractors. Social science includes anthropology, psychology, and sociology.

Each broad scientific category contains many disciplines and subdisciplines with specific research foci. A few of these types of science for each category are:

Formal Science Disciplines

Computer Science. This type of science focuses on the processing of information in computers and other computational devices. Computer scientists develop new algorithms to process data, improve computer programming languages, and work with many other aspects of computers and programs that modern societies deal with daily.

Mathematics. This is a type of science devoted to the representation and processing of quantities. While the mathematical expression “1 + 1 = 2” may seem simple, it is actually a complex concept filled with semantics. Aspects of mathematics are used by all of the other types of science.

Statistics. Statistics is the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. While it can be used to find patterns, disprove theories, and make predictions, the science of statistics itself is not focused on any individual real world idea. Instead, the theories and laws in statistics can be applied to any properly formatted data. A Q-Test, for instance, can be used on data gathered from a chemistry, biology, or psychology experiment.

Natural Science Disciplines

Biology. Biology is the scientific study of life. This study can be very broad, such as how different species might have evolved over millions of years; or it can be very specific, such as what a specific animal eats. Biology has many subdisciplines including botany, entomology, and zoology.

Chemistry. This science studies matter, its states, and how it changes. What individual components things are made of, how they change when exposed to different temperatures, how they can be broken down, and how they can be rebuilt are all questions chemists often ask and try to solve. Subdisciplines of chemistry include biochemistry, food chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry.

Physics. Physics is the study of matter, forces, and interactions. It can be studied on a very large or small scale. The study of how planets and other stellar bodies interact is an example of physics done on a very large scale; the study of subatomic particles represents physics on a small scale. Astronomy, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics are all subdisciplines of physics.

Social Science Disciplines

Anthropology. Anthropology is the study of the origins, development, and uniqueness of human beings. Anthropology borrows from many other disciplines in this study. Branches include archeology, cultural anthropology, and physical anthropology.

Psychology. This is the scientific study of thought and behavior. Understanding why people make the choices they do, how they deal with stress, and predicting what choices they will make in the future are all aspects of psychology. Analytical, behavioral, cognitive, and gestalt are all different schools of psychological thought and theory.

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