The Social Protection Index - Asian Development Bank

The Social Protection Index

Assessing Results for Asia and the Pacific

The Social Protection Index

Assessing Results for Asia and the Pacific

? 2013 Asian Development Bank

All rights reserved. Published in 2013. Printed in the Philippines

ISBN 978-92-9254-139-2 (Print), 978-92-9254-140-8 (PDF) Publication Stock No. BKK135675-2

Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Asian Development Bank The social protection index. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013. 1. Social protection. 2. Asia and the Pacific. I. Asian Development Bank.

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Contents

Tables, Figures, and Boxes

v

Abbreviationsvi

Forewordviii

Acknowledgmentsix

Executive Summary

xi

The Social Protection Index

xii

General Results

xiii

Program Results

xiv

Main Subcomponents

xv

Depth and Breadth of Coverage

xvi

Poverty Impact

xvii

Gender Impact

xviii

General Results and Implications

xix

Chapter 1: Overview of the Social Protection Index

1

What Is Social Protection?

1

Basic Features of the Social Protection Index

2

How Is the Social Protection Index Constructed?

6

Disaggregating the Social Protection Index by Depth

and Breadth, by Poverty, and by Gender

9

Chapter 2: Social Protection Index Results for Asia

and the Pacific

13

General Results

13

Relationship between a Country's Social Protection Index

and its GDP Per Capita

16

Social Protection Index Results by Income Category

17

Social Protection Index Results by Region

20

General Findings

24

Chapter 3: Social Protection Index Results by

Social Protection Program

25

Asia and the Pacific

25

By Region

27

By Income Group

36

iv The Social Protection Index

Chapter 4: Social Protection: Depth and Breadth of Benefits 39

Introduction

39

Depth and Breadth across Regions

40

Relationship between Depth or Breadth and GDP Per Capita 45

Chapter 5: Social Protection Programs: Important

Subcomponents

48

Subcomponents of Social Insurance

48

Subcomponents of Social Assistance

54

Subcomponents of Labor Market Programs

61

Chapter 6: Poverty Impact of Social Protection

64

Introduction

64

The Relative Impact on the Poor and the Nonpoor

64

Social Protection Indices for the Poor and the Nonpoor

66

Disaggregating the Social Protection Indices for the Poor

and the Nonpoor

68

Chapter 7: Gender Dimensions of Social Protection

73

Introduction

73

Social Protection Indices by Gender and by Program

76

Gender Equity and Income Per Capita

78

Chapter 8: Summary of Results and Implications

81

Dominance of Social Insurance

82

Impact of Social Assistance

84

Limited Role of Labor Market Programs

87

Gender Impact of Social Protection

88

Conclusions

89

Appendixes

1 Calculating the Social Protection Index and Its Components 91

Basic Structure of the Social Protection Index

91

Modifications in the Original Social Protection Index

95

2 Social Protection Index Country Reports

98

3 Tables

102

References124

Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Tables

1.1 Social Protection Programs and Their Subcomponents

5

2.1Social Protection Index, Social Protection Expenditures as

Percentage of GDP, and GDP Per Capita, 2009

13

3.1Unweighted and Weighted Social Protection Index

by Program, 2009

25

5.1Combined Shares of Total Social Protection: Labor Market,

Health, and Programs for the Elderly (%)

55

6.1Unweighted Ratios of the Poor Relative to 25% GDP

Per Capita, 2009

69

Figures

2.1 Social Protection Index and GDP Per Capita, 2009

17

2.2 Social Protection Index by Income Group, 2009

19

2.3 Social Protection Index by Region, 2009

20

3.1Unweighted Social Protection Index by Category and

Region, 2009

27

3.2Unweighted Social Protection Index by Category and

Income Group, 2009

37

4.1 Depth of the Social Protection Index by Program

41

4.2 Breadth of the Social Protection Index by Program

43

4.3Breadth of the Social Protection Index and GDP Per Capita,

200946

5.1Share of Social Protection Expenditures by Program and

Major Components, 2009

49

5.2Share of Social Protection Beneficiaries by Program and

Major Components, 2009

49

6.1 Social Protection Index by Poverty Status and Program, 2009 66

7.1 Social Protection Index by Gender and Program, 2009

78

7.2 Social Protection Index for Women and GDP Per Capita, 2009 79

Boxes

1.1. How Data Were Gathered for the Social Protection Index 3

1.2. Use of Poverty-Line Expenditures

8

1.3. How Intended Beneficiaries Were Defined

10

vi The Social Protection Index

3.1. National Health Insurance System in the Republic of Korea 29

3.2. Mahalla Social Assistance in Uzbekistan

31

3.3. Central Provident Fund of Singapore

32

3.4.Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Act of India

34

5.1.Pension Systems in Central Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan,

and Uzbekistan

51

5.2. Jamkesmas Social Health Insurance in Indonesia

52

5.3.Program of Unemployment Benefits in the Republic

of Korea

53

5.4. Conditional Cash Transfers in the Philippines

56

5.5. Disaster Relief Programs in Bangladesh

58

5.6. Food-for-Work Program in Afghanistan

62

6.1.Minimum Living Security System in the People's Republic

of China

67

6.2.Chek Chuay Chaat Program in Thailand: Cash Transfers

for the Poor

71

7.1. Benazir Income Support Program in Pakistan

74

7.2. Social Pensions for Elderly Women in Bangladesh

75

Abbreviations

ADB FY GDP ILO LMP OECD

PRC SA SI SP SPI SPInp SPIp SPIm SPIw TA

? Asian Development Bank ? fiscal year ? gross domestic product ? International Labour Organization ? labor market program ?Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development ? People's Republic of China ? social assistance ? social insurance ? social protection ? Social Protection Index ? Social Protection Index for the nonpoor ? Social Protection Index for the poor ? Social Protection Index for men ? Social Protection Index for women ? technical assistance

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