Genital inflammation undermines the effectiveness of ... - NATAP
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? 2018 Nature America, Inc., part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
Genital inflammation undermines the effectiveness of tenofovir gel in preventing HIV acquisition in women
Lyle R McKinnon1?3,9, Lenine J Liebenberg1,3,9, Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma1, Derseree Archary1,3, Sinaye Ngcapu1,3, Aida Sivro1?3, Nico Nagelkerke2, Jose Gerardo Garcia Lerma4, Angela D Kashuba5, Lindi Masson1,6, Leila E Mansoor1, Quarraisha Abdool Karim1,7, Salim S Abdool Karim1,7 & Jo-Ann S Passmore1,6,8
Several clinical trials have demonstrated that antiretroviral (ARV) drugs taken as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can prevent HIV infection1, with the magnitude of protection ranging from -49 to 86% (refs. 2?11). Although these divergent outcomes are thought to be due primarily to differences in product adherence12, biological factors likely contribute13. Despite selective recruitment of higher-risk participants for prevention trials, HIV risk is heterogeneous even within higher-risk groups14?16. To determine whether this heterogeneity could influence patient outcomes following PrEP, we undertook a post hoc prospective analysis of results from the CAPRISA 004 trial for 1% tenofovir gel (n = 774 patients), one of the first trials to demonstrate protection against HIV infection. Concentrations of nine proinflammatory cytokines were measured in cervicovaginal lavages at >2,000 visits, and a graduated cytokine score was used to define genital inflammation. In women without genital inflammation, tenofovir was 57% protective against HIV (95% confidence interval (CI): 7?80%) but was 3% protective (95% CI: -104?54%) if genital inflammation was present. Among women who highly adhered to the gel, tenofovir protection was 75% (95% CI: 25?92%) in women without inflammation compared to -10% (95% CI: -184?57%) in women with inflammation. Immunological predictors of HIV risk may modify the effectiveness of tools for HIV prevention; reducing genital inflammation in women may augment HIV prevention efforts.
HIV acquisition risk varies widely within a population and is depend-
ent on behavioral and biological factors. Younger women ( ................
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