References for topics:



Psych 8010: Advanced Topics in Learning (2 cr. S_N)

MENTAL TIME TRAVEL IN ANIMALS

Professor Bruce Overmier

2 hours in 225 Elliott

First meeting Wedsnesday January 18 @ 1:30

An alternative meeting time likely will be selected—perhaps earlier on Wed. or on Tues.

Topic: “ Mental Time Travel in Animals”

Tulving expands the concept of autobiographical/episodic memory so as to support the ability of humans to re-experience past events and the ability to project events in the future. He calls this “mental time travel”. Do animals have such episodic memory, and can they re-experience the past and/or project into the future? Tulving suggests not; he argues animals are trapped in the present. Is this so?

What kinds of data and experiments could contest Tulving’s claim? Some approaching this issue have focused on so-called “what, when, where” learning. We will review the issues, claims, and experiments may relate to assessing whether or not animals have the capacity for mental time travel. If inadequate data currently exist to adjudicate the issue, we will explore what experiments could constitute an adequate test.

Each week we shall review 1 or 2 papers relevant to the issue. Students each in turn will be responsible for organizing and leading the weekly discussions.

If you have an interest in the seminar, please contact me. Using your schedule we can select a meeting time.

My phone: 612-625-1835

Email: psyjbo@umn.edu

REFERENCES FOR TOPICS:

1. Overview and planning.

2. Episodic and Autonoetic Memory: What did Tulving Say?

*Tulving, E. (1985). Ebbinghaus's memory: What did he learn and remember?

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 11(3), 485-490.

*Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist. 40(4), 385- 398.

*Tulving, E. (1993). What is episodic memory? Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2(3), Jun 1993, 67-70.

References:

Tulving E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E Tulving & W Donaldson (eds), Organization of Memory. Academic Press. 381-403

Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

This is a key reference but read instead:

Tulving, E. (1984). Précis of Elements of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 7(2), 223-268.

3. Tulving and the evidences he uses.

*Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12(2), 307-311.

*Tulving, E. (1989) Memory: Performance, knowledge, and experience.

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 1(1), Mar 1989, 3-26.

*Wheeler, MA., Stuss, DT., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin. 121, 331-354.

Tulving, E . (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology. 26(1), 1-12.

Nyberg, L., & Tulving, E. (1996). Classifying human long-term memory: Evidence from converging dissociations. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 8(2), 163-183.

4. What have others said?

Zeelenberg, René. (2003). Mental time travel: Book review of Episodic memory, new directions in research. Acta Psychologica. 113(3), 329-331.

Gardiner, J M. (2002). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: A first-person approach.

In A. Baddeley, JP Aggleton, MA Conway (Eds ), Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research. (pp. 11-30). Oxford University Press.

OR

*Gardiner, J M. (2001). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: A first-person approach. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 356, 1351-1361.

(Available on the internet)

*Levine, B. (2004). Autobiographical memory and the self in time: Brain lesion effects, functional neuroanatomy, and lifespan development. Brain and Cognition, 55, 54-68.

(available on internet)

5. Taking an idea and running with it: Thomas Suddendorf

 

Suddendorf, T, & Busby, Janie (2003). Mental time travel in animals?

Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7, 391-396.

Suddendorf, T (1994). Discovery of the fourth dimension: Mental time travel and human evolution. Doctoral Thesis submitted to Universityy of Waikiato (A review of theory and anecdotal evidences) [about 80 typed pages] (available on the internet)

OR

Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, MC. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123(2), 133-167.

(available on the internet)

6. Examples from human children: a developmental view (the target model?):

Atance, CM, & O’Neill, DK. (2005). The emergence of future thinking in humans. Learning and Motivation. 36, 126-144.

Naito, M. (2003). The relationship between theory of mind and episodic memory: Evidence for the development of autonoetic consciousness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 85, 312-336.

Friedman, WJ. (2005). Developmental and cognitive perspectives on human’s sense of times past and future events. Learning and Motivation, 36, 145-158.

Suddendorf, T, & Busby, Janie (2005). Making decisions with the future in mind: Developmental and comparative identification of mental time travel.

Learning and Motivation. 36, 110-125.

7. Are animals stuck in time?

Roberts, WA. (2002). Are animals stuck in time? Psychological Bulletin, 128, 473-489.

versus

Zentall, TR. (2005). Animals may not be stuck in time. Learning and Motivation, 36, 208-225.

8. What does it take to convince one of episodic memory in animals?

Clayton, NS, Bussey, TJ, & Dickinson, A. (2003). Prometheus to Proust: The case for behavioral criteria for ‘mental time travel’. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 436- 437./reply 437-438.

Zentall, TR, Clement, TS, Bhatt, RS, & Allen, J. (2001). Episodic-like memory in pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 685-690. (the “surprise” test)

Sarter, M. (2004). Animal cognition: defining the issues. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 645-650.

Weiskrantz, L. (2001). Commentary responses and conscious awareness in humans: The implications for awareness in non-human animals.. Animal Welfare, 10 (Supplement), Apr) 2001, S41-S46

Pickens, CL, & Holland, PC. (2004). Conditioning and cognition. Neuroscioence and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 651-661

Whishaw, IQ, & Wallace, DG. (2003). On the origins of autobiographical memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 138 (2), 113-119.

Morris, RGM. (2002). Episodic-like memories in animals: Psychological criteria, neural mechanisms, and value of episodic-like tasks to investigate animal models of neurodegenerative disease. In A. Baddeley, M. Conway, & J Aggleton (eds), Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research. (p 181-203). Oxfor Univ Press.

OR

Morris, RGM. (2001). Episodic-like memories in animals: Psychological criteria, neural mechanisms, and value of episodic-like tasks to investigate animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 356, 1453-1465,

9. The works of Clayton and associates.

Clayton, NS, & Dickinson, A. (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature, 395, 272—272.

Griffiths, D, Dickinson, A, & Clayton, NS. (1999). Episodic memory: What can animals remember about their past? Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 74-80.

*Clayton. NS, & Dickinson, A. (1999). Scrub jays (Ac) remember the relative time of caching as well as the location and content of their caches. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113, 403-416.

Clayton, NS, Yu, KS, & Dickinson, A. (2003). Interacting cache memories: Evidence for flexible memory use by scrub jays. Journal of experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29, 14-22.

Emery, NJ, & Clayton, NS. (2001) Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays. Nature, 414, 443-446.

Emery, NJ, Dally, JM. & Clayton, NS (2004). Western scrub jays (Ac) use cognitive strategies to protect their caches from thieving conspecifics. Animal Cognition, 7, 37-43.

Emery, NJ, & Clayton, NS. (2004). The mentality of corvids and apes. Science, 306, 1903-1907.

*deKort, SR, Dickinson, A, & Clayton, NS. (2005). Retrospective cognition by food-caching western scrub-jays. Learning and Motivation, 36, 159-176

Reference:

Emery, NJ, & Clayton, NS. (2004). Comparing the complex cognition of birds and primates. In LJ Rogers & GS Kaplan (eds), Comparative Vertebrate Cognition. (pp 3-55). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ.

10. The work of Eichenbaum and others in rats

*Eichenbaum, H, Fortin, NJ, Ergorul, C, Wright, SP, & Agster, KL. (2005). Episodic recollection in animals: ”If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck...” Learning and Motivation, 36, 190-207

Ergorul, C, & Eichenbaum, H. (2004). The hippocampus and memory for “what,” “where,” and “when.”. Learning & Memory, 11, 397-405

Fortin, NJ, Wright, SP, & Eichenbaum, H. (2004). Recollection-like memory retrieval in rats is dependent up[on the hippocampus. Nature, 431, 188-191.

*Eacott, MJ, Easton, A., & Zinkivskay, A. (2005). Recollection in an episodic-like memory task in the rat. Learning & Memory, 12, 221-223.

Reference:

Eichenbaum, H, & Cohen, NJ. (2001). From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. Oxford Univ Press.

11. The work of Hampton and Schwartz in primates.

*Schwartz, BL, Hoffman, ML, & Evans, S. (2005). Episodic-like memory in a gorilla: A review and new findings. Learning and Motivation, 36, 226-244.

Schwartz, BL, Colon, MR, Sanchez, IC, Rodriguez, IA, & Evans, S. (2002). Single-trial learning of “what” and “who” information in a gorilla (Ggg): Implications for episodic memory. Animal Cognition, 5, 85-90.

*Hampton, RR, Hampstead, BM, & Murray, EA. (2005). Rhesus monkeys (Mm) demonstrate robust memory for what and where, but not when in an open-field test of memory. Learning and Motivation, 36, 244-259.

Schwartz, BL, & Evans, S. (2001). Episodic Memory in Primates. American Journal of Primatology, 55, 71-85. (a review)

12. Roberts revisited: maybe so, maybe not.

*Babb, SJ, & Crystal, JD. (2005). Discrimination of what, when, and where: Implications for episodic-like memory in rats. Learning and Motivation, 36, 177-189

Bird, LR, Roberts, WA, Abroms, B., Kit, KA, & Crupi, C. (2003). Spatial memory for food hidden by rats (Rn) on the radial maze: Studies of memory for what, where, and when. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, 176-187.

*McKenzie, TLB, Bird, LR, & Roberts, WA. (2005). The effects of cache modification on food caching and retrieval behavior by rats. Learning and Motivation, 36, 260-278.

13. Conclusions???? (by some) and the ways forward

Emery, NJ, & Clayton, NS. (2004). The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes. Science, 306 (#5703), 1903-1907.

Clayton, NS., Bussey, TJ, & Dickinson, A. (2003). Can animals recall the past and plan for the future? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 685-691.

Hampton, RR, & Schwartz, BL. (2004). Episodic memory in non-humans: What, and where, is when. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 192-197.

Suddendorf, T, & Busby, J. (2003). Like-it or not? The mental time travel debate: Reply to Clayton et al. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 437-438.

14. Can we design the perfect experiment? (well a good one?)

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