Perception – Gain Control
Social Cognition – Emotional Expression Recognition
|Task Name |Description |Cognitive Construct Validity |Neural Construct Validity |Sensitivity to Manipulation |Relationships to Behavior |Psychometrics |Stage of Research |
| | | | | |and Schizophrenia | | |
|Penn Emotion |This is a paradigm with faces with neutral, sad, happy,|The stimuli used in this task have been |There is evidence that the faces used in this |Not Known for Imaging Paradigm |Not Known |Know for |There is evidence that this |
|Recognition Test |angry and fearful expressions. Participants are asked |validated in relationship to known |task elicit activation in face relevant regions| | |behavioral |specific task elicits deficits|
| |to either identify the emotion, or judge the gender of |characteristics of emotional expressions. |(e.g., FFA) and in emotion processing relevant | | |paradigm (R. C. |in schizophrenia at both the |
|fMRI |the face | |regions. | | |Gur et al., 2010),|behavioral and neural level. |
| | |(Kohler et al., 2004) | | | |but not for | |
| |(R. E. Gur et al., 2007; R. E. Gur et al., 2002) | |(Loughead, Gur, Elliott, & Gur, 2008) | | |imaging paradigm |We need to assess psychometric|
| | | |(R. E. Gur et al., 2007) | | | |characteristics such as |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | |(Habel et al., 2007) | | | |test-retest reliability, |
| | | | | | | |practice effects, and |
| |Gur, R. E., Loughead, J., Kohler, C. G., Elliott, M. | | | | | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |A., Lesko, K., Ruparel, K., et al. (2007). Limbic | | | | | |imaging data. |
| |activation associated with misidentification of fearful| | | | | | |
| |faces and flat affect in schizophrenia. Arch Gen | | | | | |We need to study whether or |
| |Psychiatry, 64(12), 1356-1366. | | | | | |not performance on this task |
| | | | | | | |changes in response to |
| |Gur, R. E., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Schroeder, L., | | | | | |psychological or |
| |Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., et al. (2002). An fMRI | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |
| |study of facial emotion processing in patients with | | | | | | |
| |schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 159(12), 1992-1999. | | | | | | |
|Penn Face Recognition |Taken from: (Turetsky et al., 2007) | |Taken from: (Turetsky et al., 2007) |Not Known |Taken from: (Turetsky et |Not Known |There is evidence that this |
|– ERP | | | | |al., 2007) | |specific task elicits deficits|
| |Subjects are asked to identify emotional expressions | |“Affective stimuli elicit distinctive ERP | | | |in schizophrenia at both the |
| |from grayscale | |responses as early as 80 ms | |Group differences have | |behavioral and neural level. |
| |photographs of 2 male and 2 female faces, each varying | |and as late as 1000 ms post-stimulus. Aversive | |been found for the N170 | | |
| |in both emotional intensity and valence (happy vs. | |and socially salient stimuli tend to elicit | |“face processing” | | |
| |sad). | |rapid | |component that underlies | |We need to assess psychometric|
| |There were 5 photographs for each of the 4 faces, | |responses — between 80 and 170 ms | |the structural encoding of| |characteristics such as |
| |depicting very sad (VS), somewhat sad (S), neutral (N),| |post-stimulus. The simple perception of a face,| |facial | |test-retest reliability, |
| |somewhat happy (H), and very happy (VH) emotions. In a | |perhaps the most socially salient of all | |features, but not for the | |practice effects, and |
| |forced-choice design, subjects were instructed to press| |stimuli, elicits a vertex-positive/ | |subsequent N250 “affect | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |a button indicating whether each face was “Happy”, | |occiputnegative ERP component approximately | |modulation” component. | |imaging data. |
| |“Sad”, or “Neutral”. Since neutral faces had no | |165–170 ms post-stimulus. This face-specific | |Higher amplitude of the | | |
| |associated emotional intensity, happy (H and VH) and | |ERP response, the N170, reflects the early | |N170 response to sad faces| |We need to study whether or |
| |sad (S and VS) faces were each repeated 10 times, | |perceptual process involving structural | |was | |not performance on this task |
| |whereas neutral (N) faces were repeated 20 times. This | |encoding of the face. TheN170 is thought to | |correlated with less | |changes in response to |
| |ensured that the total number of happy, sad and neutral| |arise primarily from the fusiform gyrus and can| |severe delusional | |psychological or |
| |faces were equal. | |be readily distinguished from the perceptual | |symptoms. P300 | |pharmacological intervention. |
| | | |ERP response to other classes of stimuli.” | |abnormalities were | | |
| |(Leppanen, Hietanen, & Koskinen, 2008; Turetsky et al.,| | | |explained by the earlier | | |
| |2007) | | | |N170 response | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |Leppanen, J. M., Hietanen, J. K., & Koskinen, K. | | | | | | |
| |(2008). Differential early ERPs to fearful versus | | | | | | |
| |neutral facial expressions: a response to the salience | | | | | | |
| |of the eyes? Biol Psychol, 78(2), 150-158. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |Turetsky, B. I., Kohler, C. G., Indersmitten, T., | | | | | | |
| |Bhati, M. T., Charbonnier, D., & Gur, R. C. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: when and | | | | | | |
| |why does it go awry? Schizophr Res, 94(1-3), 253-263. | | | | | | |
|Perceiving Emotions |This task is a modification of the one described by |An accurate perception of intention or |A network of brain regions has been associated |Not Known |Individuals with |Not Known |There is evidence that this |
|Using Point-Light |Heberlein et al (Heberlein, Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio,|emotion using subtle visual cues (e.g., a |with perception of biological motion, including| |schizophrenia can perceive| |specific task elicits deficits|
|Walkers |2004). In this task, the stimulus set will consist of |clip of a few dots moving in a way |the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus, posterior | |emotion from point light | |in schizophrenia at the |
| |50 clips illustrating human movement via point-light |characteristic of human movement) involves |inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, | |walkers more easily than | |behavioral level. Unknown at |
|fMRI |walkers. Each clip will represent one of five |relatively fast, bottom-up, and possibly |amygdala, the inferior prefrontal cortex, and | |from static images. | |the neural level. |
| |emotional states (10 clips each of fear, anger, |automatic processes. Since their |the premotor frontal regions (Bonda, Petrides, | | | | |
| |happiness, sadness, or neutral). For each trial, clips|introduction by Johansson (Johansson, |Ostry, & Evans, 1996; E. Grossman et al., 2000;| |(Tomlinson et al., 2006) | |We need to assess psychometric|
| |will be presented and participants will be asked to |1973), it has been shown that people can |E. D. Grossman & Blake, 2002; Saygin, 2007; | | | |characteristics such as |
| |decide which of five emotional states best represents |extract from point-light clips |Saygin, Wilson, Hagler, Bates, & Sereno, 2004).| | | |test-retest reliability, |
| |the movement depicted. The five terms (fear, anger, |socially-relevant information such as |Which of these regions is critical for | | | |practice effects, and |
| |happiness, sadness, or neutral) will be presented on |gender (Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977), |perceiving emotional as compared to social but | | | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |the screen immediately after the clip and the subject |identity of friends (Kozlowski & Cutting, |non-emotional states (e.g. human movement in | | | |imaging and behavioral data. |
| |will say their choice aloud, which will be entered by |1977), personality traits (Gunns, Johnston,|general) is currently under investigation, with| | | | |
| |the tester. Accuracy and voice-activated reaction time|& Hudson, 2002), and the emotional states |some data suggesting that the posterior | | | |We need to study whether or |
| |will be collected for each clip, and accuracy will be |of the walker (Dittrich, Troscianko, Lea, &|superior temporal and supramarginal cortices | | | |not performance on this task |
| |the primary dependent variable. The stimulus parameters|Morgan, 1996; Pollick, Paterson, Bruderlin,|(Heberlein et al., 2004; Heberlein & Saxe, | | | |changes in response to |
| |established during the pilot procedure will be employed|& Sanford, 2001). |2005) are critical. | | | |psychological or |
| |for the timing of trials. | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |(Heberlein & Saxe, 2005; Tomlinson, Jones, Johnston, | | | | | | |
| |Meaden, & Wink, 2006) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation | | | | | | |
| |between emotion and personality judgments: convergent | | | | | | |
| |evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, | | | | | | |
| |770-777. | | | | | | |
| |Tomlinson, E. K., Jones, C. A., Johnston, R. A., | | | | | | |
| |Meaden, A., & Wink, B. (2006). Facial emotion | | | | | | |
| |recognition from moving and static point-light images | | | | | | |
| |in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 85(1-3), 96-105. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
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|Reading the Mind in |The “reading the mind in the eyes” task measures the |Understanding others’ mind based on |Studies with functional brain imaging showed |Not Known |The patients performed |Not Known |There is evidence that this |
|the Eyes Task |ability to perceive others’ thinking or feeling based |interpreting eye-gaze is critical for |increased activations in medial prefrontal | |poorly on the Eyes test. | |specific task elicits deficits|
| |on examining only the eyes of another person presented |social interaction. An ability to perceive|cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex, superior | |Importantly, poor | |in schizophrenia at the |
|fMRI |in a still photograph. Unlike facial affect |others’ thoughts or feelings based on |temporal gyrus, and amygdala during this task, | |performance on the Eyes | |behavioral level. Unknown at |
| |recognition, it does not rely on interpreting a |limited visual cues (e.g., direction of |which are a part of larger neural network | |test was found to be | |the neural level. |
| |configuration of features across different regions of |gaze) occurs at a rapid and automatic |associated with ‘theory of mind’. | |associated with gray | | |
| |the face. In this task, participants are asked to |level, whereas other ‘theory of mind’ tasks| | |matter reduction in the | |We need to assess psychometric|
| |choose which words best describe what the person in the|measure a higher level of mental state |(Baron-Cohen et al., 1999) | |left VLPFC in the patient | |characteristics such as |
| |photograph thinks or feels based on the photograph of |attribution: inferring the content of |(Calder et al., 2002) | |group. | |test-retest reliability, |
| |the eyes. To perform this task correctly, participants|mental state based on complex visual | | | | |practice effects, and |
| |need to perceive the other persons’ mental state based |stimuli. This task has been used | | |(Hirao et al., 2008) | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |on the fragments of facial expression (i.e., just the |extensively to measure an ability to | | | | |imaging and behavioral data. |
| |part of the face around eyes) and to decide which word |perceive others’ thoughts or feelings in | | | | | |
| |best represents the thoughts or feelings expressed by |healthy adults and persons with clinical | | | | |We need to study whether or |
| |the photograph. |disorders. | | | | |not performance on this task |
| | | | | | | |changes in response to |
| |At the beginning of each trial, a blank screen with a | | | | | |psychological or |
| |fixation point appears .Photographs of eyes are | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |
| |presented at the center of the screen, along with | | | | | | |
| |adjectives at the bottom of the screen. Participants | | | | | | |
| |will be asked to choose one of four adjectives that | | | | | | |
| |best describe what this person (represented by eyes) | | | | | | |
| |thinks or feels. Accuracy and voice-activated reaction | | | | | | |
| |time will be measured for each trial and the primary | | | | | | |
| |dependent measure will be accuracy. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |(R. B. Adams, Jr. et al., 2010; de Achaval et al., | | | | | | |
| |2010) | | | | | | |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |Adams, R. B., Jr., Rule, N. O., Franklin, R. G., Jr., | | | | | | |
| |Wang, E., Stevenson, M. T., Yoshikawa, S., et al. | | | | | | |
| |(2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: an| | | | | | |
| |fMRI investigation. J Cogn Neurosci, 22(1), 97-108. | | | | | | |
| |de Achaval, D., Costanzo, E. Y., Villarreal, M., | | | | | | |
| |Jauregui, I. O., Chiodi, A., Castro, M. N., et al. | | | | | | |
| |(2010). Emotion processing and theory of mind in | | | | | | |
| |schizophrenia patients and their unaffected | | | | | | |
| |first-degree relatives. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), | | | | | | |
| |1209-1215. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Facial affect |In this paradigm one examines two kinds of face |The ability to recognize the emotion |By and large, recognition of facial expressions|Not Known |Individuals with |Not Known |There is evidence that this |
|recognition and the |recognition, both in isolation (i.e. face presented |expressed in the human face is perhaps the |of emotion have been shown to depend upon | |schizophrenia can be | |specific task elicits deficits|
|effects of situational|alone) and contextually-constrained (i.e. face |most studied ability in social and |cortical and subcortical systems important for | |impaired on using context | |in schizophrenia at the |
|context |presented with a cognitive frame) fear recognition |affective neuroscience. Although studies |affective learning, including the amygdala, | |to help decode emotions. | |behavioral level. Unknown at |
| |using the well-established methods of Adolphs et al |typically examine recognition of facial |striatum, insula, and medial prefrontal cortex | | | |the neural level. |
|fMRI |(Ralph Adolphs, Russell, & Tranel, 1999) (R. Adolphs, |expressions presented in isolation, it is |(mPFC). Among these, the amygdala’s functions | |(Green et al., 2007) | | |
| |Tranel, & Damasio, 2001) and Kim et al. (Kim et al., |clear that social situations provide |are best understood. Although it is known to | | | |We need to assess psychometric|
| |2004). |powerful constraints on our perception of |respond to arousing stimuli with both positive | | | |characteristics such as |
| | |their meaning (Gilbert, Pelham, & Krull, |and negative value (Hamann, Ely, Hoffman, & | | | |test-retest reliability, |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: |1988). Thus, it is important to examine |Kilts, 2002), both imaging and lesion work have| | | |practice effects, and |
| | |both kinds of facial emotion recognition |shown that it plays a special role in quickly | | | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., |(with and without context). |recognizing social stimuli that signal the | | | |imaging and behavioral data. |
| |Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). | |presence of potential threats, such as fearful | | | | |
| |Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to | |facial expressions (Anderson, Christoff, | | | |We need to study whether or |
| |Surprised Faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, | |Panitz, De Rosa, & Gabrieli, 2003; Pessoa, | | | |not performance on this task |
| |16(10), 1730-1745. | |Padmala, & Morland, 2005; P.J. Whalen et al., | | | |changes in response to |
| | | |1998) as well as neutral faces that appear | | | |psychological or |
| |(Green, Waldron, & Coltheart, 2007) | |untrustworthy (R. Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio, | | | |pharmacological intervention. |
| | | |1998; Engell, Haxby, & Todorov, 2007; Winston, | | | | |
| | | |Strange, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2002). This | | | | |
| | | |response is influenced by individual | | | | |
| | | |differences in levels of anxiety or depression | | | | |
| | | |(Bishop, Jenkins, & Lawrence, 2007; Sheline, | | | | |
| | | |Barch, Ollinger, & Mintun, 2001) and the | | | | |
| | | |presence of genes related to anxiety and mood | | | | |
| | | |disorders (Hariri & Holmes, 2006).Importantly, | | | | |
| | | |the amygdala’s response is modulated by | | | | |
| | | |perceptual cues that determine the social | | | | |
| | | |meaning of a facial expression, including the | | | | |
| | | |direction of eye gaze (R. B. Adams, Gordon, | | | | |
| | | |Baird, Ambady, & Kleck, 2003) and the size of | | | | |
| | | |the eye whites (R. Adolphs et al., 2005; P. J. | | | | |
| | | |Whalen et al., 2004)and may be important for | | | | |
| | | |recognizing the subtle social meanings conveyed| | | | |
| | | |by eye stimuli (e.g. flirtation, boredom, | | | | |
| | | |interest) when presented alone (Baron-Cohen et | | | | |
| | | |al., 1999). Recently, it has been shown that| | | | |
| | | |individuals with poor fear recognition ability | | | | |
| | | |show less activation of the amygdala to fear | | | | |
| | | |faces (Corden, Critchley, Skuse, & Dolan, | | | | |
| | | |2006), which further validates this task as an | | | | |
| | | |appropriate measure for this proposal. | | | | |
| | | |Importantly, behavioral studies have shown that| | | | |
| | | |contextual information can influence judgments | | | | |
| | | |of traits (Gilbert et al., 1988) and facially | | | | |
| | | |expressed emotion (Carroll & Russell, 1996). | | | | |
| | | |In a fear recognition paradigm, this modulation| | | | |
| | | |has now been linked to activity in vmPFC when a| | | | |
| | | |pre-stimulus sentence frames the meaning of the| | | | |
| | | |fear face as the non-threat-related expression | | | | |
| | | |of surprise (Kim, Somerville, Johnstone, | | | | |
| | | |Alexander, & Whalen, 2003; Kim et al., 2004). | | | | |
| | | |This may be important to measure because | | | | |
| | | |context-processing deficits are commonly | | | | |
| | | |observed in schizophrenia.(Kim et al., 2003; | | | | |
| | | |Kim et al., 2004) | | | | |
|Bubbles Task |Description taken from (Smith, Fries, Gosselin, Goebel,|Research has shown that eye and other face |Individuals with damage to the amygdala fail to|Not Known |To accurately identify |Not Known |There is evidence that this |
| |& Schyns, 2009) |features are important for the processing |use eye information appropriately when judging | |emotional expression, | |specific task elicits deficits|
|MEG | |of affect. |emotions. | |schizophrenia patients | |in schizophrenia at the |
| |On each experimental trial, we created subsampled | | | |required more exposure of | |behavioral level. Unknown at |
| |versions of a set of | |(R. Adolphs et al., 2005) | |facial areas (i.e., more | |the neural level. |
| |face stimuli (256 3 256 pixel gray-level images of 5 | | | |bubbles) compared with | | |
| |male and 5 female | | | |healthy controls. To | |We need to assess psychometric|
| |actors each displaying happy or neutral expressions) by| | | |identify fearful faces, | |characteristics such as |
| |randomly sampling visual information from the | | | |schizophrenia patients | |test-retest reliability, |
| |experimental stimulus using Gaussian apertures. A trial| | | |relied less on bilateral | |practice effects, and |
| |started with the 1000-ms presentation of a fixation | | | |eye regions at | |ceiling/floor effects for the |
| |cross, immediately followed by a randomly selected | | | |high-spatial frequency | |imaging and behavioral data. |
| |face picture whose information was revealed through | | | |compared with healthy | | |
| |nine 2D Gaussian apertures (sigma =0.39_ visual angle) | | | |controls. For | |We need to study whether or |
| |randomly allocated across the face. On each trial, | | | |identification of happy | |not performance on this task |
| |these nine randomly located apertures make up a | | | |faces, schizophrenia | |changes in response to |
| |so-called bubble mask. Pilot experiments have indicated| | | |patients relied on the | |psychological or |
| |that 9 apertures typically result in 70--75% | | | |mouth and eye regions; | |pharmacological intervention. |
| |categorization accuracy across the 2 tasks. The | | | |healthy controls did not | | |
| |subsampled face remained on screen for 1500 ms and | | | |utilize eyes and used the | | |
| |observers were instructed to respond as quickly as | | | |mouth much less than | | |
| |possible without making mistakes by depressing the | | | |patients did. | | |
| |appropriate labeled button of the appropriate response | | | |Schizophrenia patients | | |
| |box. Upon response, a blank gray screen replaced the | | | |needed more facial | | |
| |face stimulus for 500 ms. | | | |information to recognize | | |
| |Subjects were instructed to maintain fixation in the | | | |emotional expression of | | |
| |center of the face in the region of the fixation cross.| | | |faces. In addition, | | |
| |Subjects were asked to categorize these sparsely | | | |patients differed from | | |
| |sampled images by gender (male vs. female) in one | | | |controls in their use of | | |
| |4000-trial session and expressiveness (happy vs. | | | |high-spatial frequency | | |
| |neutral) in a second. Order of task was counterbalanced| | | |information from eye | | |
| |across participants, and sessions were completed in | | | |regions to identify | | |
| |blocks of 500 or 1000 trials up to a total of 2000 | | | |fearful faces. | | |
| |trials per day. Short breaks were allowed every 100 | | | | | | |
| |trials. In total, the experiment lasted for | | | |Taken from: | | |
| |approximately 6 hours per subject. The large number of | | | |(Lee, Gosselin, Wynn, & | | |
| |trials per participant is required in order to achieve | | | |Green, 2010) | | |
| |a broadly uniform random sampling of the stimulus space| | | | | | |
| |at a level of appropriate signal to noise with the MEG | | | | | | |
| |recordings. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |Adams, R. B., Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., Ambady, N., | | | | | | |
| |& Kleck, R. E. (2003). Effects of Gaze on Amygdala | | | | | | |
| |Sensitivity to Anger and Fear Faces (Vol. 300, pp. | | | | | | |
| |1536-1536): American Association for the Advancement of| | | | | | |
| |Science. | | | | | | |
| |Adams, R. B., Jr., Rule, N. O., Franklin, R. G., Jr., | | | | | | |
| |Wang, E., Stevenson, M. T., Yoshikawa, S., et al. | | | | | | |
| |(2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: an| | | | | | |
| |fMRI investigation. J Cogn Neurosci, 22(1), 97-108. | | | | | | |
| |Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D.,| | | | | | |
| |Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for | | | | | | |
| |impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. | | | | | | |
| |Nature, 433(7021), 68-72. | | | | | | |
| |Adolphs, R., Russell, J. A., & Tranel, D. (1999). A | | | | | | |
| |role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional | | | | | | |
| |arousal from unpleasant stimuli. Psychological Science,| | | | | | |
| |Vol 10(2), 167-171. | | | | | | |
| |Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). The | | | | | | |
| |human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393(6684), | | | | | | |
| |470-474. | | | | | | |
| |Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion | | | | | | |
| |recognition from faces and prosody following temporal | | | | | | |
| |lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404. | | | | | | |
| |Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Panitz, D., De Rosa, | | | | | | |
| |E., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2003). Neural correlates of the | | | | | | |
| |automatic processing of threat facial signals. Journal | | | | | | |
| |of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5627-5633. | | | | | | |
| |Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., | | | | | | |
| |Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. | | | | | | |
| |(1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic | | | | | | |
| |brain: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.| | | | | | |
| |Bishop, S. J., Jenkins, R., & Lawrence, A. D. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Neural processing of fearful faces: effects of anxiety | | | | | | |
| |are gated by perceptual capacity limitations. Cereb | | | | | | |
| |Cortex, 17(7), 1595-1603. | | | | | | |
| |Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Ostry, D., & Evans, A. (1996).| | | | | | |
| |Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the | | | | | | |
| |amygdala in the perception of biological motion. | | | | | | |
| |Journal of Neuroscience, 16(11), 3737-3744. | | | | | | |
| |Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. | | | | | | |
| |K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). | | | | | | |
| |Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, | | | | | | |
| |40(8), 1129-1138. | | | | | | |
| |Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1996). Do facial | | | | | | |
| |expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion | | | | | | |
| |from the face in context. Journal of Personality and | | | | | | |
| |Social Psychological, 70(2), 205-218. | | | | | | |
| |Corden, B., Critchley, H. D., Skuse, D., & Dolan, R. J.| | | | | | |
| |(2006). Fear Recognition Ability Predicts Differences | | | | | | |
| |in Social Cognitive and Neural Functioning in Men. J. | | | | | | |
| |Cogn. Neurosci., 18(6), 889-897. | | | | | | |
| |de Achaval, D., Costanzo, E. Y., Villarreal, M., | | | | | | |
| |Jauregui, I. O., Chiodi, A., Castro, M. N., et al. | | | | | | |
| |(2010). Emotion processing and theory of mind in | | | | | | |
| |schizophrenia patients and their unaffected | | | | | | |
| |first-degree relatives. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), | | | | | | |
| |1209-1215. | | | | | | |
| |Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, | | | | | | |
| |D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic | | | | | | |
| |point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, | | | | | | |
| |25, 727-738. | | | | | | |
| |Engell, A. D., Haxby, J. V., & Todorov, A. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Implicit trustworthiness decisions: automatic coding of| | | | | | |
| |face properties in the human amygdala. J Cogn Neurosci,| | | | | | |
| |19(9), 1508-1519. | | | | | | |
| |Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1988). | | | | | | |
| |On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet | | | | | | |
| |persons perceived. Journal of Personality & Social | | | | | | |
| |Psychology, 54(5), 733-740. | | | | | | |
| |Green, M. J., Waldron, J. H., & Coltheart, M. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Emotional context processing is impaired in | | | | | | |
| |schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(3), | | | | | | |
| |259-280. | | | | | | |
| |Grossman, E., Donnelly, M., Price, R., Pickens, D., | | | | | | |
| |Morgan, V., Neighbor, G., et al. (2000). Brain areas | | | | | | |
| |involved in perception of biological motion. Journal of| | | | | | |
| |Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(5), 711-720. | | | | | | |
| |Grossman, E. D., & Blake, R. (2002). Brain Areas Active| | | | | | |
| |during Visual Perception of Biological Motion. Neuron, | | | | | | |
| |35(6), 1167-1175. | | | | | | |
| |Gunns, R. E., Johnston, L., & Hudson, S. M. (2002). | | | | | | |
| |Victim selection and kinematics: A point-light | | | | | | |
| |investiationo f vulnerability to attack. Journal of | | | | | | |
| |Nonverbal Behavior, 26, 129-158. | | | | | | |
| |Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Calkins, M. E., | | | | | | |
| |Macy, L., Bilker, W. B., et al. (2010). A cognitive | | | | | | |
| |neuroscience-based computerized battery for efficient | | | | | | |
| |measurement of individual differences: standardization | | | | | | |
| |and initial construct validation. J Neurosci Methods, | | | | | | |
| |187(2), 254-262. | | | | | | |
| |Gur, R. E., Loughead, J., Kohler, C. G., Elliott, M. | | | | | | |
| |A., Lesko, K., Ruparel, K., et al. (2007). Limbic | | | | | | |
| |activation associated with misidentification of fearful| | | | | | |
| |faces and flat affect in schizophrenia. Arch Gen | | | | | | |
| |Psychiatry, 64(12), 1356-1366. | | | | | | |
| |Gur, R. E., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Schroeder, L., | | | | | | |
| |Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., et al. (2002). An fMRI | | | | | | |
| |study of facial emotion processing in patients with | | | | | | |
| |schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 159(12), 1992-1999. | | | | | | |
| |Habel, U., Windischberger, C., Derntl, B., Robinson, | | | | | | |
| |S., Kryspin-Exner, I., Gur, R. C., et al. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Amygdala activation and facial expressions: explicit | | | | | | |
| |emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion | | | | | | |
| |processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(10), 2369-2377. | | | | | | |
| |Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. | | | | | | |
| |D. (2002). Ecstasy and agony: activation of the human | | | | | | |
| |amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psycholicall| | | | | | |
| |Science, 13(2), 135-141. | | | | | | |
| |Hariri, A. R., & Holmes, A. (2006). Genetics of | | | | | | |
| |emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin | | | | | | |
| |transporter in neural function. Trends Cogn Sci, 10(4),| | | | | | |
| |182-191. | | | | | | |
| |Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, | | | | | | |
| |H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions | | | | | | |
| |and personality traits from point-light walkers. | | | | | | |
| |Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158. | | | | | | |
| |Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation | | | | | | |
| |between emotion and personality judgments: convergent | | | | | | |
| |evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, | | | | | | |
| |770-777. | | | | | | |
| |Hirao, K., Miyata, J., Fujiwara, H., Yamada, M., | | | | | | |
| |Namiki, C., Shimizu, M., et al. (2008). Theory of mind | | | | | | |
| |and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a | | | | | | |
| |voxel-based morphometry study. Schizophr Res, 105(1-3),| | | | | | |
| |165-174. | | | | | | |
| |Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological | | | | | | |
| |motion and a model of its analysis. Perception and | | | | | | |
| |Psychophysics, 14, 202-211. | | | | | | |
| |Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, | | | | | | |
| |A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and | | | | | | |
| |medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. | | | | | | |
| |Neuroreport, 14(18), 2317-2322. | | | | | | |
| |Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., | | | | | | |
| |Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). | | | | | | |
| |Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to | | | | | | |
| |Surprised Faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, | | | | | | |
| |16(10), 1730-1745. | | | | | | |
| |Kohler, C. G., Turner, T., Stolar, N. M., Bilker, W. | | | | | | |
| |B., Brensinger, C. M., Gur, R. E., et al. (2004). | | | | | | |
| |Differences in facial expressions of four universal | | | | | | |
| |emotions. Psychiatry Res, 128(3), 235-244. | | | | | | |
| |Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing | | | | | | |
| |the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display.| | | | | | |
| |Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580. | | | | | | |
| |Lee, J., Gosselin, F., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. | | | | | | |
| |(2010). How Do Schizophrenia Patients Use Visual | | | | | | |
| |Information to Decode Facial Emotion? Schizophr Bull. | | | | | | |
| |Leppanen, J. M., Hietanen, J. K., & Koskinen, K. | | | | | | |
| |(2008). Differential early ERPs to fearful versus | | | | | | |
| |neutral facial expressions: a response to the salience | | | | | | |
| |of the eyes? Biol Psychol, 78(2), 150-158. | | | | | | |
| |Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., Elliott, M., & Gur, R. E. | | | | | | |
| |(2008). Neural circuitry for accurate identification of| | | | | | |
| |facial emotions. Brain Res, 1194, 37-44. | | | | | | |
| |Pessoa, L., Padmala, S., & Morland, T. (2005). Fate of | | | | | | |
| |unattended fearful faces in the amygdala is determined | | | | | | |
| |by both attentional resources and cognitive modulation.| | | | | | |
| |Neuroimage, 28(1), 249-255. | | | | | | |
| |Pollick, F. E., Paterson, H. M., Bruderlin, A., & | | | | | | |
| |Sanford, A. J. (2001). Perceiving affect from arm | | | | | | |
| |movement. Cognition, 82(2), B51-B61. | | | | | | |
| |Saygin, A. P. (2007). Superior temporal and premotor | | | | | | |
| |brain areas necessary for biological motion perception.| | | | | | |
| |Brain, 130, 2452-2461. | | | | | | |
| |Saygin, A. P., Wilson, S. M., Hagler, D. J., Bates, E.,| | | | | | |
| |& Sereno, M. I. (2004). Point-light biological motion | | | | | | |
| |perception activates human premotor cortex. Journal of | | | | | | |
| |Neuroscience, 24, 6181-6188. | | | | | | |
| |Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Ollinger, J. M., & | | | | | | |
| |Mintun, M. A. (2001). Increased amygdala response to | | | | | | |
| |masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves | | | | | | |
| |with antidepressant treatment: An fMRI study. | | | | | | |
| |Biological Psychiatry, 50, 651-658. | | | | | | |
| |Smith, M. L., Fries, P., Gosselin, F., Goebel, R., & | | | | | | |
| |Schyns, P. G. (2009). Inverse mapping the neuronal | | | | | | |
| |substrates of face categorizations. Cereb Cortex, | | | | | | |
| |19(10), 2428-2438. | | | | | | |
| |Tomlinson, E. K., Jones, C. A., Johnston, R. A., | | | | | | |
| |Meaden, A., & Wink, B. (2006). Facial emotion | | | | | | |
| |recognition from moving and static point-light images | | | | | | |
| |in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 85(1-3), 96-105. | | | | | | |
| |Turetsky, B. I., Kohler, C. G., Indersmitten, T., | | | | | | |
| |Bhati, M. T., Charbonnier, D., & Gur, R. C. (2007). | | | | | | |
| |Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: when and | | | | | | |
| |why does it go awry? Schizophr Res, 94(1-3), 253-263. | | | | | | |
| |Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., | | | | | | |
| |Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala | | | | | | |
| |responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, | | | | | | |
| |306(5704), 2061. | | | | | | |
| |Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, | | | | | | |
| |S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. B. (1998). Masked | | | | | | |
| |presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate | | | | | | |
| |amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal | | | | | | |
| |of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418. | | | | | | |
| |Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan,| | | | | | |
| |R. J. (2002). Automatic and intentional brain responses| | | | | | |
| |during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nature | | | | | | |
| |Neuroscience, 5(3), 2772-2783. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
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Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393(6684), 470-474.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404.
Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Panitz, D., De Rosa, E., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2003). Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5627-5633.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.
Bishop, S. J., Jenkins, R., & Lawrence, A. D. (2007). Neural processing of fearful faces: effects of anxiety are gated by perceptual capacity limitations. Cereb Cortex, 17(7), 1595-1603.
Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Ostry, D., & Evans, A. (1996). Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the amygdala in the perception of biological motion. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(11), 3737-3744.
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1129-1138.
Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1996). Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychological, 70(2), 205-218.
Corden, B., Critchley, H. D., Skuse, D., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Fear Recognition Ability Predicts Differences in Social Cognitive and Neural Functioning in Men. J. Cogn. Neurosci., 18(6), 889-897.
de Achaval, D., Costanzo, E. Y., Villarreal, M., Jauregui, I. O., Chiodi, A., Castro, M. N., et al. (2010). Emotion processing and theory of mind in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1209-1215.
Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727-738.
Engell, A. D., Haxby, J. V., & Todorov, A. (2007). Implicit trustworthiness decisions: automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala. J Cogn Neurosci, 19(9), 1508-1519.
Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1988). On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(5), 733-740.
Green, M. J., Waldron, J. H., & Coltheart, M. (2007). Emotional context processing is impaired in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(3), 259-280.
Grossman, E., Donnelly, M., Price, R., Pickens, D., Morgan, V., Neighbor, G., et al. (2000). Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(5), 711-720.
Grossman, E. D., & Blake, R. (2002). Brain Areas Active during Visual Perception of Biological Motion. Neuron, 35(6), 1167-1175.
Gunns, R. E., Johnston, L., & Hudson, S. M. (2002). Victim selection and kinematics: A point-light investiationo f vulnerability to attack. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26, 129-158.
Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Calkins, M. E., Macy, L., Bilker, W. B., et al. (2010). A cognitive neuroscience-based computerized battery for efficient measurement of individual differences: standardization and initial construct validation. J Neurosci Methods, 187(2), 254-262.
Gur, R. E., Loughead, J., Kohler, C. G., Elliott, M. A., Lesko, K., Ruparel, K., et al. (2007). Limbic activation associated with misidentification of fearful faces and flat affect in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(12), 1356-1366.
Gur, R. E., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Schroeder, L., Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., et al. (2002). An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 159(12), 1992-1999.
Habel, U., Windischberger, C., Derntl, B., Robinson, S., Kryspin-Exner, I., Gur, R. C., et al. (2007). Amygdala activation and facial expressions: explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(10), 2369-2377.
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. D. (2002). Ecstasy and agony: activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psycholicall Science, 13(2), 135-141.
Hariri, A. R., & Holmes, A. (2006). Genetics of emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends Cogn Sci, 10(4), 182-191.
Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158.
Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation between emotion and personality judgments: convergent evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, 770-777.
Hirao, K., Miyata, J., Fujiwara, H., Yamada, M., Namiki, C., Shimizu, M., et al. (2008). Theory of mind and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Schizophr Res, 105(1-3), 165-174.
Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 202-211.
Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport, 14(18), 2317-2322.
Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to Surprised Faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1730-1745.
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T., Stolar, N. M., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Gur, R. E., et al. (2004). Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry Res, 128(3), 235-244.
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern. Am J Psychiatry, 160(10), 1768-1774.
Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580.
Lee, J., Gosselin, F., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2010). How Do Schizophrenia Patients Use Visual Information to Decode Facial Emotion? Schizophr Bull.
Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., Elliott, M., & Gur, R. E. (2008). Neural circuitry for accurate identification of facial emotions. Brain Res, 1194, 37-44.
Pessoa, L., Padmala, S., & Morland, T. (2005). Fate of unattended fearful faces in the amygdala is determined by both attentional resources and cognitive modulation. Neuroimage, 28(1), 249-255.
Pollick, F. E., Paterson, H. M., Bruderlin, A., & Sanford, A. J. (2001). Perceiving affect from arm movement. Cognition, 82(2), B51-B61.
Saygin, A. P. (2007). Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motion perception. Brain, 130, 2452-2461.
Saygin, A. P., Wilson, S. M., Hagler, D. J., Bates, E., & Sereno, M. I. (2004). Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6181-6188.
Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Ollinger, J. M., & Mintun, M. A. (2001). Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: An fMRI study. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 651-658.
Smith, M. L., Fries, P., Gosselin, F., Goebel, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2009). Inverse mapping the neuronal substrates of face categorizations. Cereb Cortex, 19(10), 2428-2438.
Tomlinson, E. K., Jones, C. A., Johnston, R. A., Meaden, A., & Wink, B. (2006). Facial emotion recognition from moving and static point-light images in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 85(1-3), 96-105.
Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306(5704), 2061.
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. B. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nature Neuroscience, 5(3), 2772-2783.
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