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Data Retrieval Chart Your Name: Andrea Gnisci

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|Internet Site/ |History of |Sailors |Buccaneers |Privateers |

|Information about the Author |Pirates |and Piracy | | |

| |In the ancient Mediterranean, piracy |Any person committing criminal |French settlers in the Caribbean. |It was known as an armed ship |

| often closely related to maritime|acts against private authority |They used to barbeque wild boar |under papers to a government to |

|f.html |commerce, and the Phoenicians appear |on the high seas. These |and oxen. Buccaneer literally |perform specific tasks. These |

| |to have engaged in both, as did the |criminal acts were often for |means “someone who makes smoke.” |papers were known as the Marque of|

| |Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians. In|personal gain, not for |They were very similar to |Letters which gave the captain |

| |the Middle Ages, Vikings from the |political reasons. Privateers |privateers. They were known as |certain rights. The men on the |

| |north and Moors from the south also |and Buccaneers could be |the “Brothers of the Coast.” They|ship were known as privateers. |

| |engaged in piracy. At the conclusion |considered Pirates if they were|became expert marksmen. They |Were not paid by the nation, but |

| |of European wars during the |fighting for another country. |rarely used their guns when |were paid by taking properties of |

| |Renaissance and after, naval vessels |They smuggled and robbed other |hunting boar and oxen. Instead, |other ships they attacked. They |

| |would be laid up and their crews |ships. Corrupt governors would|they would kill it with sharp |attacked neutral ships. They |

| |disbanded. |allow pirates to steal goods |knives. Spain looked at them as a|hardly ever attacked ships of |

| |During the Elizabethan wars with |for a set fee. These were not |threat as they increased in |their own country. They were |

| |Spain in the late 16th century, |against enemy vessels, but for |number. England recruited them |often engaged in acts of war for |

| |treasure-laden Spanish galleons |financial gain. |into privateering as a way of |profit. They were considered |

| |proceeding from Mexico into the | |turning them against Spain. |heroes by their own nations |

| |Caribbean were a natural target for | | | |

| |privateers, and the line between | | | |

| |privateering and piracy became | | | |

| |difficult to draw. | | | |

| is of ancient origin. The |"Piracy", in international law,|"Buccaneer" was a title applied to|"Privateer", in international law,|

|irate1.htm |Phoenicians often combined piracy |is the crime of robbery, or |English, Dutch, and French |is a privately owned armed vessel |

| |with more legitimate seafaring |other act of violence for |seafaring adventurers of the 17th |whose owners are commissioned by a|

| |enterprise. From the 9th through the |private ends, on the high seas |century. “Freebooters” were also |hostile nation to carry on naval |

| |11th century the Vikings terrorized |or in the air above the seas, |known as “buccaneers”. The most |warfare. By way of compensation, |

| |western European coasts and waters. |committed by the captain or |famous buccaneer, Sir Henry |privateers were allowed to share |

| |The Hanseatic League, formed in the |crew of a ship or aircraft |Morgan, was from England. |any booty captured. |

| |13th century, was created partially |outside the normal jurisdiction|Buccaneers rarely had valid | |

| |to provide mutual defense against |of any nation, and without |commissions. The term "buccaneer"| |

| |northern pirates roaming the North |authority from any government. |was derived from their practice of| |

| |and Baltic seas. Muslim rovers, |Piracy is a crime against |raiding Hispaniola and taking the | |

| |meanwhile, scourged the Mediterranean|humanity. |cattle from the Spanish | |

| |Sea, commingling naval war on a large| |plantations. They captured Panama| |

| |scale with thievery and the abduction| |in 1671. Buccaneering came to an | |

| |of slaves. In the 17th century the | |end in the 18th century when the | |

| |English Channel swarmed with Algerian| |buccaneers were hired by their | |

| |pirates, operating out of northern | |respective governments to fight as| |

| |Africa; Algiers continued to be a | |privateers in the War of the | |

| |piratical stronghold until well into | |Spanish Succession. | |

| |the 19th century. Piracy waned with | | | |

| |the development of the steam engine | | | |

| |and the growth of the British and | | | |

| |American navies in the latter part of| | | |

| |the 18th and early 19th centuries. | | | |

| |Privateering was abolished by the | | | |

| |Declaration of Paris of 1856, but the| | | |

| |declaration was not supported by the | | | |

| |United States, Spain, Mexico, and | | | |

| |Venezuela. Privateering was carried | | | |

| |on during the American Revolution and| | | |

| |the War of 1812. Congress authorized | | | |

| |the president to commission | | | |

| |privateering in 1863 during the | | | |

| |American Civil War, but the power was| | | |

| |not exercised; the Confederacy, | | | |

| |however, engaged in privateering | | | |

| |during this period. Privateering was | | | |

| |expressly renounced by the United | | | |

| |States during the Spanish-American | | | |

| |War of 1898. | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| Paris in 1856 the European powers |Pirate:  A pirate is really a |These pirates were made up of a |A privateer was a captain of a |

|tofm.htm |decided to declare privateering |robber who steals from other |group of men from Holland, |ship that attacked and captured |

| |illegal and piracy. |ships out at sea. There were |England, France, and another group|other ships and stole valuable |

| | |powerful pirates that sailed |of pirates called the Barbary |items from them.  A privateer was |

| |     Blackbeard was the first pirate |the Aegean and Mediterranean |corsairs who were chased out of |not considered to be a true pirate|

| |to call his flag the Jolly Roger.  |Seas.  These pirates set up a |the Barbary Coast when merchant |because they were given special |

| |One of his ships was called the Jolly|large pirate nation in Cilicia.|captains from France and England |licenses called a Letter of Marque|

| |Roger and he named his flag after |Piracy was also active in the |got tired of being captured and |from a nation’s government.  Of |

| |it.  All other pirates began to call |waters surrounding Asia.  As |robbed by the French Corsairs.  |course they were hunted down and |

| |their ship's flag the Jolly Roger.  |ships were built bigger and |They went to the island of |punished as pirates by the |

| |The Jolly Roger was usually a scary |better and men became braver, |Hispaniola and lived with the |countries who they stole from.  |

| |sight.  It was designed to scare any |piracy began to spread into the|Indians there.  The Indians used |Many of these captains who were |

| |ship that it was attacking into |New World.  Mediterranean |special knives called |sent out to capture pirates soon |

| |surrendering without a battle.    |Pirates:  These pirates sailed |"boucans" The pirates began to |became pirates themselves.  They |

| | |from many different countries |sail the Caribbean Sea and used |saw how much money a pirate made |

| |Vikings:  When the Roman Empire was |that bordered the Mediterranean|the boucan knife as a weapon.  It |and could not resist the chance of|

| |destroyed, the people from |Sea.  Some of theses pirates |became the favorite weapon of |getting rich. Privateers are armed|

| |Scandinavia became the pirates in |had an agreement with their |these pirates of the Caribbean and|merchant ships commissioned by the|

| |power.  These were the Vikings which |home countries to share any |they were eventually given the |national government of a |

| |means "pirate men".  Vikings were |treasure that they captured.  |name of buccaneer.  The name |belligerent country to interdict |

| |very talented.  They were called |In return, they would not be |buccaneer came from them using the|and capture enemy merchant vessels|

| |poets, storytellers, ruthless |arrested.  Some pirates were |boucan knife.  The Caribbean Sea |on the high seas. The legal course|

| |conquerors, explorers, plunderers and|not loyal to any country and |became known as the Spanish Main. |normally followed by a national |

| |barbarians.  Vikings lived in |lived on the Barbary Coast |The time between 1519 and 1780 was|government is to issue a "letter |

| |Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.  They |which was along the North |known as the Golden Age of |of marque or reprisal" to the |

| |sailed the seas between the eighth to|African coast.  These pirates |Piracy.   |would-be privateer legitimizing |

| |the eleventh centuries and most |were known as the Barbary | |what would normally be considered |

| |countries were afraid of them.  Some |Pirates and they were very | |piracy. The motivation of a |

| |people called them Northmen or |cruel and took a lot of goods | |privateer crew and its supporters |

| |Norsemen.  |from any ship that passed their| |was greed mixed with a sense of |

| |Piracy was strong in the Pacific and |way. The merchants became tired| |adventure and patriotism. The |

| |Indian Oceans too.  These pirates |of having their goods taken and| |privateers had the legal authority|

| |sailed the waters near Japan and |asked their governments to help| |to prey on British shipping. |

| |India.  Not too much is known about |stop the pirates.  England and | |Privateering was a threat to the |

| |these pirates other than there was a |France offered to forgive the | |European nations especially |

| |popular pirate refuge on the island |pirates of their bad deeds if | |England. The privateers were the |

| |of Formosa until the 17th century |they would stop piracy.  Some | |first Confederate war vessels to |

| | |pirates did accept this | |get to sea and provided an |

| |The pirates of the Spanish Main lived|forgiveness, but most just | |important aspect of the |

| |and worked in a time called the |laughed and kept on stealing | |Confederate naval strategy. |

| |Golden Age of Piracy.  This time |and capturing ships.  Finally | | |

| |began when Queen Elizabeth of England|these pirates were chased out | | |

| |made her best sailors privateers. She|of the Mediterranean Sea by the| | |

| |gave them permission to plunder and |French and went to live in the | | |

| |loot in honor of the country of |Caribbean on the island of | | |

| |England.  Sir John Hawkins, Sir |Hispaniola.    Pirates were | | |

| |Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, |punished in different ways | | |

| |and Captain William Kidd were some of|depending on which rule was | | |

| |the sailors that became privateers.  |broken.  Sometimes they were | | |

| | |tied to the mast of a ship and | | |

| |The most successful buccaneer was Sir|whipped.  Other times they were| | |

| |Henry Morgan.  He came to the West |hung by either the | | |

| |Indies when he was very young and |quartermaster or when they were| | |

| |plundered the Spanish settlements of |captured by the Spanish or | | |

| |Puerto del Principe, Puerto Bello, |other enemy.  One really | | |

| |and Maracaibo.  In 1671 Morgan |gruesome way of punishing a | | |

| |completely destroyed the city of |pirate was to maroon them on a | | |

| |Panama and then took all of their |deserted island without food or| | |

| |valuable goods. In 1701 the war of |water and be left to die a slow| | |

| |Spanish Succession began and the |death. | | |

| |buccaneers stopped capturing ships |  | | |

| |and went to war with France and | | | |

| |Britain against their enemy, the | | | |

| |Spanish.  When the War of Spanish | | | |

| |Succession was over the buccaneers | | | |

| |had no jobs, so they became pirates | | | |

| |again.  | | | |

| | | | | |

| |     In the early eighteen hundreds | | | |

| |the Golden Age of Piracy was over. | | | |

|Books and Other Resources |Jolly Roger- give up your cargo or |Piracy is robbery committed at |“Freebooters” English and French |A man who sails with a commission |

| |die |sea, or sometimes on the shore,|based on the island of Tortuga in |known as a letter of marque |

| |Powder Monkey- gave pirates powder to|by an agent without a |Port Royal, Jamaica. |(government) sends them to take |

| |load cannons. |commission from a sovereign | |and make prize of enemy ships |

| |Bully in the Alley- I’m too drunk to|nation. Seaborne piracy against|Buccaneer is a term that was used |Strictly, a privateer was only |

| |get back on the ship |transport vessels remains a |in the later 17th century in the |entitled to attack enemy vessels |

| |Black Flag- They will show mercy to |significant issue (with |Caribbean Islands. The term |during wartime. However, states |

| |those who give up their goods |estimated worldwide losses of |Buccaneer comes from the French |often encouraged attacks on |

| |Red Flag- Right is to the death. |US$13 to $16 billion per year),|word "Boucanier". These Boucaniers|opposing powers while at peace, or|

| |In the late 16th century, British |particularly in the waters |originally were hunters who were |on neutral vessels during time of |

| |ships cruised in the Caribbean and |between the Pacific and Indian |poaching cattle and pigs. They |war, blurring the line between |

| |off the Spanish coast, trying to |Oceans, off the Somali coast, |would smoke the meat on wooden |privateering and piracy. Being |

| |intercept Spanish treasure fleets |and in the Strait of Malacca |frames, "boucans", so that it |privately owned and run, |

| |bringing gold and silver from Mexico.|and Singapore, which are used |could be saved for a later time. |privateers did not take orders |

| |This early privateering was justified|by over 50,000 commercial ships|The Boucaniers were taught this by|from the naval command. Often |

| |by an attack by Spanish ships on Sir |a year. A recent surge in |the local Arawak tribes from Santo|privateers were required to limit |

| |Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins, |piracy off the Somali coast |Domingo, calling the method |their activity to an agreed area |

| |who were trying to sell West African |spurred a multi-national effort|Barbicoa - which is where the word|or the ships of an agreed nation |

| |slaves to Spanish colonies, which the|led by the United States to |and method of Barbecue originated.|by their letter of marque. Some |

| |Spanish considered illegal. During |patrol the waters near the Horn|Buccaneering was a low-budget way |crews were treated as harshly as |

| |the Nine Years War, the French |of Africa to combat piracy. |to wage war on their rival at the |naval crews of the time, while |

| |adopted a policy of strongly |While boats off the coasts of |time, Spain. Established the |others followed the comparatively |

| |encouraging privateers, including the|South America and the |reputation of being independent, |relaxed rules of merchant ships. |

| |famous Jean Bart, to attack English |Mediterranean Sea are still |adventurous, intrusive, and even | |

| |and Dutch shipping. England lost |assailed by pirates, the Royal |criminal men by character. Some | |

| |roughly 4,000 merchant ships during |Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard |types of people that made up a | |

| |the war. The last major power to |have nearly eradicated piracy |pirate band are: runaway | |

| |skirt with privateering was Prussia |in U.S. waters and the |indentured servants or slaves, | |

| |in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, when|Caribbean Sea. The Jolly Roger |unsuccessful planters, criminals, | |

| |Prussia announced the creation of |is a traditional flag of |liberalists, and nonconformists. | |

| |‘volunteer navy’ of ships privately |European and American pirates |In order to establish a pirate | |

| |owned and manned, eligible for prize |and a symbol for piracy that |band, really all a group would | |

| |money. The only difference between |has been adopted by film-makers|have to do would be to find a boat| |

| |this and privateering was that these |and toy manufacturers. Pirates|to occupy, have good winds, and | |

| |volunteer ships were under the |of the classical period were |set sail. Buccaneers originally | |

| |discipline of the regular navy |rebellious, clever teams who |began to occupy Jamaica, | |

| | |operated outside the |Hispaniola, and Tortuga. | |

| |The Buccaneers were pirates who |restricting bureaucracy of | | |

| |attacked French and Spanish shipping |modern life. In reality, many | | |

| |in the West Indies during the 17th |pirates ate poorly, did not | | |

| |and 18th centuries. |become fabulously wealthy, and | | |

| | |died young. Unlike traditional | | |

| | |Western societies of the time, | | |

| | |many pirate clans operated as | | |

| | |limited democracies, demanding | | |

| | |the right to elect and replace | | |

| | |their leaders. The captain of a| | |

| | |pirate ship was often a fierce | | |

| | |fighter in whom the men could | | |

| | |place their trust, rather than | | |

| | |a more traditional authority | | |

| | |figure sanctioned by elite. | | |

| | |However, when not in battle, | | |

| | |the ship's quartermaster | | |

| | |usually had the real authority.| | |

| | |Many groups of pirates shared | | |

| | |in whatever they seized; | | |

| | |pirates injured in battle might| | |

| | |be afforded special | | |

| | |compensation. Often all of | | |

| | |these terms were agreed upon | | |

| | |and written down by the | | |

| | |pirates, but these articles | | |

| | |could also be used as | | |

| | |incriminating proof that they | | |

| | |were outlaws. Pirates readily | | |

| | |accepted outcasts from | | |

| | |traditional societies, perhaps | | |

| | |easily recognizing kindred | | |

| | |spirits, and they were known to| | |

| | |welcome them into the pirate | | |

| | |fold. Such practices within a | | |

| | |pirate clan were tenuous, | | |

| | |however, and did little to | | |

| | |mitigate the brutality of the | | |

| | |pirate's way of life. | | |

List Reference for Other Resources:

Websites:







Books:

Pirateology, Captain William Lubber

A Pirates Life for Me, Julie Thompson, Brownie Thompson

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