Jamestown, Virginia



Midterm Review Answers-

The Exam is not limited to the information below. Students will have to apply their knowledge of U.S. History to the questions to be successful on the exam.

Jamestown, Virginia

Date founded and Key People: 1607 John Smith, Pocahontas, John Rolfe

Reason/s founded- economic opportunity

Successes-tobacco

Failures-search for gold

Type/s of government- Virginia House of Burgess- 1st representative government

Plymouth, Massachusetts

Date founded and Key People- 1620 William Bradford

Reason/s founded-Religious Freedom for Pilgrims

Successes and failures- was suppose to land in Virginia, created a successful community

Type/s of government- Mayflower Compact- 1st self-government

Massachusetts Bay colony was founded in 1630 by Puritans (English Protestants). They were called Puritans because they wanted to purify the English Church. They came to the New World seeking religious freedom. They were led by John Winthrop who believed that they must leave England because the country was turning evil and was in a time of decline. They set up group of representatives called the General Court and their largest town was Boston. Only male church members could participate in the government.

****Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay united into the colony of Massachusetts****

Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded Connecticut in 1636 because he believed Massachusetts Bay had too much power. He thought that it was not right that men had to be members of the church in order to vote and participate in the government. In Connecticut he set strict limitations on government. He wanted religious freedom in his new colony. He set up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and expanded the idea of representative government by lettering all male property owners vote and by limiting the power of the Governor.

Rhode Island was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. He founded the colony for religious and political freedom. He promoted religious tolerance, allowing all faiths (Protestant, Jews and Catholics) to practice freely. Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman living in Plymouth, MA. Anne Hutchinson held meetings in her home to discuss sermons and was kicked out of Plymouth because women were not allowed to preach religion. She came to Rhode Island with Roger Williams and promoted true religious freedom. Anne Hutchinson was an important symbol in struggle for religious freedom

New York: As we have seen, during exploration, the Netherlands were only able to claim a small portion of North America. This area was called New Netherland. The original territory included present-day New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. New Netherland was created for economic reasons. The capital city (now called New York) was a large trading post. Early settlers traded with the Indians for furs and eventually created the port city of New Amsterdam. Because of New Netherland’s location between Jamestown and Plymouth colonies there was rivalry with England for trade and colonies. In August 1664, English warships entered New Amsterdam Harbor. The governor, Peter Stuyvesant, said he would defend the port, but could not get help from his citizens because he had been such a harsh ruler. He surrendered without ever firing a shot. King Charles II of England gave New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York, who soon named the colony New York. The people of New York were Protestants.

Pennsylvania: In 1681, William Penn founded Pennsylvania. Penn belonged to the religious group known as the Quakers. In England, Quakers had been persecuted for their “radical” beliefs. They believed that all people were equal in God’s eyes, women could preach in public, they opposed war/refused to serve military, and they called for fair treatment of Native Americans. People came to Pennsylvania for religious freedom and they planned on creating a representative government that Penn called his Holy Experiment. He wanted to live in a place of peace and happiness. Penn carefully planned the capital city, Philadelphia, which is a Greek word, meaning “brotherly love”.

Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore. The colony was founded for religious freedom, as a place where Catholics could practice their religion freely.

In 1649, the government called the Elected Assembly created the Act of Toleration provided the right to worship freely to all Christians. This freedom did not extend to Jews though.

James Oglethorpe carved Georgia from the southern part of South Carolina in 1732. He created the territory as a home for English debtors, or people who owed money that they couldn’t pay back. Georgia grew slowly because the farms were limited in size and slavery was forbidden. The lived under a Royal government, this meant that the king sent people to govern the colony. The people were English Protestants also know as Anglicans.

Define and/or explain the significance of the following chapter 3 & 4 Terms.

Separatists-English Protestants that separated from the Chruch to make their own church.

Puritans- Separatists, sought religious freedom in the colonies.

Pilgrims- Protestants sought religious freedom in the colonies- Mayflower compact-1st Thanksgiving.

Navigation Acts- Created by England to control trade with the colonies.

Enlightenment-movement in the 1600s which stressed logic/reason over faith.

Great Awakening- religious movement in the 1700s in the American Colonies which revived religion the in colonies.

Mercantilism- An economic system which benefits the motherland.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- Representative government in Connecticut

Self-sufficient- does not depend on other to survive.

Magna Carta- written in 1215 in England it was the first document to limit the power

of the King

Toleration Act of 1649- promoted religious tolerance in the Colonies

Quakers- religious founders of Pennsylvania, believe in peace and pacifism.

Indentured servants- European who came to the Colonies with the help of rich land owners, they had to pay back the money for the trip by working for the land owner for a few years almost like slaves.

Protestants- Christian group which broke away from the Catholic Church

Explain the main geographic, economic and religious aspects of the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies.

| |Geography |Economy |Religion |

|New England |Cold climate, rocky soil, short |Fishing, lumber, ship building, |Puritan, Pilgrim, Protestant |

| |growing season |whaling, | |

|Middle |Milder climate, good farming |Cash crops, bread basket of the |Quaker, Protestant |

| |soil, longer growing season |colonies | |

|Southern |Warm climate, good soil, longest|Indigo, Cotton, rice, tobacco |Catholic-Maryland, Protestant |

| |growing seaon | |but not very religious |

Using chapter 5, answer the following questions:

Who were the Indian allies for the warring sides of the French and Indian War?

How did the British conquer Quebec during the French and Indian War?

-Sneak attack at night over the St. Lawrence River

Leaders who fought on the British side and explain the significance of their roles.

George Washington- later went on to lead the U.S. to victory in the Revolutionary War

Why did England begin taxing the colonies?

They were in debt from the French and Indian War

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

It was an attempt by Benjamin Franklin to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Identify the four major parts of the Treaty of Paris of 1763.

-England won

-France gave up their land in North America

-France was allowed to keep New Orleans

-Spain gave up Florida to England

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

An imaginary line was drawn on the Appalachian mountains to divide the colonial land form the Indians. No colonists could settle west of this line.

When was independence declared?

1776

Why did the First Continental Congress meet?

To protest taxation without representation.

Define and/or explain the significance of the following chapter 5 Terms.

(1) Lexington and Concord- 1st shot of the war

(2) Militia- part-time army

(3)Minutemen- soldiers ready at the minute’s notice to fight

(4) Chief Pontiac- leader of the Native Americans, fought a war with the colonists after the French and Indian War. Native Americans lost the war but Britain put up the Proclamation Line of 1763.

(5) Stamp Act- Placed a tax on paper goods

(6)Boston Massacre- a group of British soldiers were being harassed by the colonists. They shot into the crowd. Killed 5 colonists. This event fueled the Revolution movement.

(7) Boston Tea Party- The Sons of Liberty, led by Sam Adams, snuck onto a British Tea ship and in protest of the Tea Act dumped over a million pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor

(8) Intolerable Acts- In reaction to the Boston Tea Party, England shut down the port of Boston, limited people from collecting in groups of 3 or more, started quartering troops in private homes, and stopped all town meetings.

(9) Committees of Correspondence- group of colonists who would write about issues with the British and send the information around the colonies.

(10) Townshend Acts- tax on paint, glass, paper and tea

(11) Writ of assistance- allowed British tax collectors to search ships without a search warrant

(12) Continental Army- The Colonial army led by George Washington

Using Chapter 6, find and list the following:

The four parts and date of the Declaration of Independence.- Preamble, Natural Rights, Grievances, Declaring Independence.

The main idea of the Declaration of Independence.- We are declaring Independence from England.

The actual author of the Declaration of Independence.- Thomas Jefferson

The writer of Common Sense and Crisis.-Thomas Paine

What was Common Sense about?- Encouraged colonists to break away from England.

Using Chapter 6 explain the Date/Key People and the significance of the following events:

(1) Battle of Lexington and Concord- 1st shot of the war

(2) Battle of Trenton- Washington’s surprise attack on the Hessian troops by doing a midnight crossing of the Delaware River on Christmas Day.

(3) Battle of Saratoga- Turning point of the war. After this the French came to our aid.

(4) Winter at Valley Forge- Harsh winter camp of the Continental Army. ¼ of the soldiers died of disease and starvation.

(5) Battle of Yorktown- Final battle of the war.

Define and/or explain the significance of the following chapter 6 Terms.

(1) Patriots- want independence

(2)Loyalists- remained loyal to the king

(3) Olive Branch Petition- last attempt by Congress to maintain peace between the colonies and England.

(4) King George III- King of England

(5) Treaty of Paris of 1783- Ended the American Revolution

(6)John Paul Jones- Father of the American Navy

(7) Hessians- German Mercenaries hired by England.

(8) Inalienable Rights- G-d given rights- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

(9) Redcoats- British Soldiers

(10) Siege- army surrounds and blockades the enemy

(11) Mercenaries- hired soldiers

(12) Guerilla Warfare- quick surprise attacks on the enemy

Create a T-Chart to identify which side had the following advantages (Patriots or British).

Create a Venn diagram to Compare and Contrast the rival plans at the constitutional Convention using chapter 7. Virginia Plan Vs. The New Jersey Plan

[pic]

Use chapter 7 to explain and/or define the following:

(1) Articles of Confederation

Strengths- Land/Northwest Ordinances

Weaknesses- 9 states had to approve a law before it could go into effect

• Could not regulate trade

• Had NO POWER to tax; had to ask the states for money; states could not be forced to contribute

• There was no president to execute, or carry out, the laws

• There were no courts to settle conflicts

(2) Constitution-Reasons for a written constitution:

• would spell out the rights of all citizens

• would limit the power of government

(3) Land Ordinance of 1785 - set up a survey system that divided the land into townships and sections

• set aside land to support public schools

(4) Northwest Ordinance- set up a government for the Northwest Territory

• guaranteed basic rights to settlers

• outlawed slavery in the territory provided for the region to be divided into separate territories; once a territory had 60,000 free settlers, it could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state, equal to the original states

(5) Shay’s Rebellion- Massachusetts raised taxes, and the courts seized the farms of those who could not pay. Many farmers took part in Shays’ Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays. They attacked courthouses and kept officials from seizing farms.

• Many Americans saw Shays’ Rebellion as a sign that the Articles of Confederation did not work.

(6) Great Compromise –

– The compromise

• a two-house legislature.

• Members of the lower house—the House of Representatives— would be elected by popular vote. Seats would be awarded according to population.

• Members of the upper house—the Senate—would be chosen by state legislatures. Each state would have two senators.

(7) Republic- a government in which citizens rule themselves through elected representatives.

(8) Three-Fifths Compromise -

|Northerners |Southerners |

|Objected, since slaves could not vote, they should not |wanted to include slaves in the population count to determine |

|be counted. Slaves are treated like property in the |seats in the House, even though they could not vote. |

|south so they should have to pay tax on them. | |

|The compromise - Three fifths (3/5) of the slaves in any state would be counted. |

9) Federalist Papers - James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays—The Federalist Papers—to explain and defend the Constitution.

(10) Bill of Rights- to protect natural rights, such as freedom of speech and religion. 1st 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Create a Venn diagram to Compare and Contrast the Federalists and the Anti-federalists at the constitutional Convention using chapter 7.

[pic] [pic]

(1) Why did Anti-Federalists believe a Bill of Rights needed to be added to the Constitution?

(2) How many states had to ratify (approve) the Constitution before it could go into effect? 9 of 13

(3) Name the first, ninth, and last states to ratify the Constitution.

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(4) What was the original purpose for the 1787 Constitutional Convention? Revise the Articles of Confederation

(5) What people or documents influenced the development of the U. S. Constitution?

• They admired the Roman Republic. They created a republic, a government in which citizens rule themselves through elected representatives.

• They admired Roman citizens who served the republic out of a sense of public service.

Magna Carta

• English monarchs themselves had to obey the law. For example, the king could not raise taxes without consulting the Great Council.

• English nobles—and later, other people—had rights, including rights to property and the right to trial by jury.

English Bill of Rights

• It stated that parliamentary elections should be held regularly.

• It upheld the right to trial by jury.

• It allowed citizens to bear arms.

• It affirmed the right of habeas corpus, the idea that no person could be held without being charged with a specific crime.

The American Experience

Constitutional Tradition

• Mayflower Compact, the first document of self-government in North America

written colonial charters

Revolutionary Era

• memory of grievances against the English king, expressed in the Declaration of Independence

• experience of the Second Continental Congress

• experience with the Articles of Confederation

• experience with state governments and state constitutions

John Locke

Two Treatises of Government

• All people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

• Government is an agreement between ruler and ruled. The ruler must enforce the laws and protect the people.

• If a ruler violates the people’s natural rights, the people have a right to rebel.

Baron de Montesquieu

The Spirit of the Laws

• The powers of government should be clearly defined.

• There should be a separation of powers, that is, the powers of government should be divided up among branches of government so no person or group gains too much power.

• A government should have three separate branches—legislative, executive, and judicial.

Using Chapter 8:

(1) What are the 7 principles of the U.S. Constitution?

• Popular Sovereignty- Government gets its authority from the people.

• Limited Government-The government has ONLY the powers that the Constitution gives it. Everyone follows the laws, even the President.

• Separation of Powers- The government is divided into three branches: Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judicial (Supreme Court)

• Checks and Balances- Each branch of the government has the power to check, or limit, the actions of the other two.

• Federalism- Division of power between the federal government and the states

• Federal Government: coin money, declare war, regulate trade between the states

• State Government: regulate trade within their state, make rules for state elections, and establish schools

• Republicanism- Instead of taking part directly in government, citizens elect representatives to carry out their wants.

• Individual Rights- The Constitution protects individual rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to a trial by jury. These rights are listed in the Bill of Rights

•

(2) What are the 6 goals of the Preamble?

Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

We the people of the United States

1. in order to form a more perfect Union

2. establish justice

3. Insure domestic tranquility

4. provide for the common defense

5. promote the general welfare

6. secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity

do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

(3) What are the 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights?

1. Right to freedom of speech, religion, press and assembly

2. Right to bear arms

3. Prohibits the quartering of troops in private homes

4. Protects against unreasonable search and seizures

5. Guarantees the due process of law, requires an indictment by a grand jury, prohibits a person from being tried for the same crime twice, and gives defendants in trial the right not to testify against themselves.

6. Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial before an impartial jury, right to an attorney and the right to cross-examine the witnesses.

7. Guarantees the right to trial by jury in a civil case.

8. Prohibits excess bail and the use of cruel and unusual punishment

9. Guarantees that just because a right is not listed in the Constitution does not mean that people do not have that right.

10. All rights not given to the Federal government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.[pic][pic]

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(5) one third of Americans were neutral-

Patriot Advantages

British Advantages

(9) Loyalists were on their side--

Venn Diagram Example

(7) powerful navy-

(6) knew how to use their individually owned weapons–

(8) attacked the enemy any time they left the cities-

(1) knew the land well-

(2) used guerilla warfare-

(3) allies with the French-

(4) used mercenary soldiers -

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