Demonstrating Pharmacists’ Impact on Therapeutic, Safety ...
Appendix A. Database-Specific Search Strategies
PubMed
Because of the comprehensiveness of the PubMed database, two search strategies (one more narrow, the other more broad-based) were devised to be as thorough as possible.
Search strategy 1 (more narrow search)
- Step 1 (terms entered in Search field): ("Pharmacists"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacies"[Mesh] OR "Pharmaceutical Services"[Mesh] OR "Community Pharmacy Services"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy Service, Hospital"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy"[Mesh]) AND ("Disease Management"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee"[Mesh] OR "Patient Compliance"[Mesh] OR "Patient Satisfaction"[Mesh] OR "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)"[Mesh] OR "Relative Value Scales"[Mesh] OR "Social Values"[Mesh] OR "Costs and Cost Analysis"[Mesh] OR "Economics, Pharmaceutical"[Mesh] OR "Quality of Life"[Mesh]) AND ("humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])
o Step 2: Limited search results to Editorials, Letters to the Editor
o Step 3: Removed editorials and letters from the search results
Search Strategy 2 (broader search)
- Step 1: Entered the following terms in Search field
o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence")
o Limits: English, Human
- Step 2: Entered the following terms in Search field
o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence")
o Limits: English, Human, Editorial (narrowed search results to include only editorials)
- Step 3: Entered the following terms in Search field
o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence")
o Limits: English, Human, Letter (narrowed search results to include only letters)
- Step 4: Entered the following terms in Search field
o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence") NOT (#2) NOT (#3)
o Limits: Humans, English
o Please note: Step 4 removed all letters and editorials from the search results.
OvidSP/Medline
Individual searched of OvidSP/Medline conducted using each of the following terms:
- Pharmacy based
- Pharmacy-based
- Pharmacist based
- Pharmacist-based
- Pharmacist managed
- Pharmacist-managed
- Pharmacy managed
- Pharmacy-managed
- Pharmacy run
- Pharmacy-run
- Pharmacist run
- Pharmacist-run
- Pharmacy initiated
- Pharmacy-initiated
- Pharmacist initiated
- Pharmacist-initiated
Limited all searches to English Language and Humans.
ABI/INFORM
- Search Strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (medical treatment OR drug therapy OR disease management OR quality management or quality of life)
Health Business Fulltext Elite
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (disease management OR patient outcomes OR quality of life)
Academic Search Complete
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (disease management OR patient outcomes or quality of life)
International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA)
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND disease management OR patient compliance OR patient satisfaction OR disease outcome OR quality of life
o Combine each search term separate
PsychINFO
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND disease management OR Patient compliance OR patient satisfaction OR disease outcome OR quality of life
o All on separate lines in Ebsco
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists OR pharmacy
National Guideline Clearinghouse
- Search strategy
o Pharmc*
Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects (DARE)
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists OR pharmacy
Clinical
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist OR pharmacists
LexisNexis® Academic Universe
- Search strategy
o Pharmacist w/5 quality of life
o Pharmacist w/5 value
o Pharmacist w/5 adherence
Google Scholar
Similar to the PubMed search strategy, two searches – one more narrow, the other more broad – were conducted due to the comprehensive nature of Google Scholar.
- Advanced Scholar Search
Search Strategy 1 (more narrow search)
Find Articles
- with all of the words:
o pharmacy pharmacist pharmacotherapy pharmaceutical
- with the exact phrase:
o “united states” OR “USA”
- with at least one of the words
o cost medication satisfaction outcome patient “quality of life” intervention economic adherence
- without the words
o letter editorial
- where my words occur
o anywhere in the article
Subject Areas (select the following)
- Biology, Life Sciences, and Environmental Science
- Business, Administration, Finance, and Economics
- Chemistry and Materials Science
- Medicine, Pharmacology, and Veterinary Science
- Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities
Search Strategy 2 (broader search)
Find Articles
- with all of the words:
o pharmacy pharmacist based run initiated managed
- with the exact phrase:
o “united states” OR “USA”
- without the words
o letter, editorial
- where words occur
o anywhere in the article
Subject Areas (select the following)
- Biology, Life Sciences, and Environmental Science
- Business, Administration, Finance, and Economics
- Chemistry and Materials Science
- Medicine, Pharmacology, and Veterinary Science
- Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities
Appendix B. Included Studies1-298
|Referencea |Study Designb |Study Setting |Disease Statec |Hierarchy of |Study Outcomes and Results |
| | | | |Outcomesd | |
|Adler et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Number of patients on anti-depressants – Favorable |
|20041 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Modified Beck Depression Inventory – No effect |
|Ahrens et al., 20032 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – Mixed |
| | | |Obesity | |Waist circumference – Favorable |
| | | | | |Mean body weight; ratio of weight loss during 22 weeks – Mixed |
|Altavela et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |LOS; ED visits; Hospitalizations – No effect |
|20083 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Anaya et al., 20084 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Blood glucose – Favorable |
|Andreescu et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |Adverse drug reaction – No effect |
|20005 | | | | |Adverse drug event – No effect |
|Andrus and Clark, |3 |Inpatient/Institutional |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|20076 | | |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |Anticoagulation | | |
|Anonymous, 20017 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Hospital admissions/ED visits – Favorable |
|Ascione et al., 19858|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Cardiovascular |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Bailey et al., 20079 |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Coronary artery disease |3 |Provision of secondary prevention medications – Favorable |
|Bailey et al., 199710|1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS – No effect |
| | | | | |Readmission – Not favorable |
|Baker, 198411 |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |3 |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Baran et al., 199912 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | | | |Blood glucose – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Barber et al., 199913|2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Heart failure |1 |Hospital stay – Favorable |
|Barnett et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Not specified |3 |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
|200014 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – No effect |
|Bernstein and |3 |Inpatient/Institutional |Oncology |1 |Infection – No effect |
|Blanchard, 199915 | | | | | |
|Berringer et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Morning blood glucose; physician acceptance of pharmacist recommendations – |
|199916 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency – No effect |
|Billups et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|200517 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Bjornson et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS - Favorable |
|199318 | | | | |Mortality – No effect |
|Blackbourn and |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Asthma/COPD |2 |Theophylline levels; dosage changes; number of patients with improved serum |
|Sunderland, 198719 | | | | |trend – Favorable |
|Bluml et al., 199820 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Bogden et al., 199821|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Bogden et al., 199722|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Bond and Monson, |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|198423 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Drug documentation, outpatient clinic visits – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Bond and Raehl, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |Mortality rate; LOS – Favorable |
|200424 | | | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |Transfusion rate for bleeding – Favorable |
|Bond and Raehl, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Mortality rate; LOS – Favorable |
|200525 | | | | | |
|Bond and Raehl, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Epilepsy |1 |Mortality rates; LOS – Favorable |
|200626 | | | | | |
|Bond and Raehl, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS; surgical infections; mortality rates – Favorable |
|200727 | | | | | |
|Bond and Salinger, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Fluphenazine dose – Favorable |
|197928 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Social functioning – Favorable |
| | | | | |Number of psychiatric hospitalizations – Favorable |
|Borenstein et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|200329 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Boyko et al., 199730 |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|Bozovich et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|200031 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Brooks et al., 200732|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hemoglobin A1c < 7.1; eye exam; foot exam – Favorable |
|Brophy et al., 200233|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Epilepsy |1 |Seizures – Favorable |
| | | | | |Following standard of care – Favorable |
|Brouker et al., |3 |Navy Aircraft Carrier |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|200034 | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Brown et al., 200835 |4 |Emergency Department/Urgent Care |Not specified |2 |Medication error – Favorable |
|Brown et al., 199736 |3 |Inpatient/Institutional |Malnutrition |2 |Body weight – Favorable |
|Broyles et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Gastrointestinal; |2 |Fluid balance – Favorable |
|199137 | | |Malnutrition; Fluid | | |
| | | |restriction | | |
|Bucaloiu et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anemia of renal failure |2 |Hematocrit; hemoglobin – Favorable |
|200738 | | | | | |
|Bunting and Cranor, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |Forced expiratory volume; severity classification; symptom frequency – Favorable|
|200639 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
| | | | | |ED visit – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Favorable |
| | | | | |Functional status – Favorable |
|Bunting et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|200840 | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
| | | | | |ED visit; cardiovascular event – Favorable |
|Bynum et al., 200141 |1 |Home |Asthma/COPD |3 |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Canales et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Psychiatric |1 |Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Clinical Global Impressions; Hamilton |
|200142 | | | | |Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression; Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; |
| | | | | |Barnes Rating Scale for Drug-induced Akathisia; Simpson-Angus Rating Scale for |
| | | | | |Drug-induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |LOS – No effect |
|Capoccia et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Depression symptoms; visits to healthcare providers; ED visits– No effect |
|200443 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Cardoni and Gunning, |3 |Partial Hospital Program |Psychiatric |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|198344 | | | | | |
|Carter et al., 199745|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
|Carter et al., 200846|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Number antihypertensive medications – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Chamberlain et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |INR – Favorable |
|200147 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Hospitalizations; ED visits – No effect |
|Chenella et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |2 |PT/PTT – Favorable |
|198348 | | | | | |
|Chiquette et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |Thromboembolism; INR within target; INR above/below target – Favorable |
|199849 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Chisholm et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Transplant |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|200150 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Chisholm et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|200251 | |Care/Retail/Community |Transplantation | | |
|Chisholm et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|200752 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |Transplantation | |Target cyclosporine level; number of graft rejections; fasting blood glucose; |
| | | | | |antihypertensive agent; antidiabetic agent; antilipidemic agent – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Mixed |
|Choe et al., 200553 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Retinal exam; monofilament foot exam – Favorable |
|Chrischilles et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug reaction (MAI) – Favorable |
|200454 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |MAI – Favorable |
| | | | | |Health care utilizations related to medication safety – No effect |
| | | | | |Medication error – Favorable |
| | | | | |Prescribing appropriateness – Favorable |
|Christensen et al., |4 |Nursing Home |Multiple |4 |Potential drug therapy problems – Favorable |
|200455 | | | | | |
|Christensen et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |4 |Potential adverse drug event – Favorable |
|200756 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | | |
| | | |Coronary artery disease; | | |
| | | |Heart failure | | |
|Cioffi et al., 200457|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | | |
|Coast-Senior et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|199858 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Fasting blood glucose; random blood glucose – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect |
| | | | | |ED visit– No effect |
|Cohen et al., 198559 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |PT ratio – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Complications per treatment year; potentially interacting drugs – Favorable |
|Cohen, 198460 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Mortality – No effect |
| | | | | |LOS – Favorable |
|Collins et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|200661 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Cording et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|200262 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |LDL goal– Favorable |
|Covinsky et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS – No effect |
|198263 | | | | | |
|Cranor et al., 200364|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|Cranor and |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|Christensen, 200365 | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
|Currie et al., 199766|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Not specified |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Medication error – Favorable |
|Dager et al., 200067 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |Mean INR– Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
| | | | | |INR 73.5; INR >6.0; drug interactions – Favorable |
|Davidson et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|200068 | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Proteinuria – Favorable |
|Davis, 197869 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Infection |1 |Number of days from throat culture to medication initiation – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Return sick visits; return reculture visits – Favorable |
|De Tullio and Corson,|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |2 |Forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity – Favorable |
|198770 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Delate et al., 200871|2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Post discharge mortality; ambulatory care clinic visits – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect |
| | | | | |ED visit – No effect |
|Destache et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Febrile period – Favorable |
|199072 | | | | |LOS – No effect |
|Destache et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Time necessary for resolution of infection – Favorable |
|198973 | | | | | |
|Destache, 199474 |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|Devlin et al., 199775|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Weaning time in intensive care unit – No effect |
| | | | | |LOS – No effect |
|Dice et al., 198176 |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Hyperalimentation |2 |Weight gain; protein/calorie/fat intake – Favorable |
|Dickey et al., 197577|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Infection |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|DiPietro and Kier, |3 |Private University |Not specified |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|200178 | | | | | |
|Ditusa et al., 200179|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia; |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Coronary artery disease | | |
|Dobesh and Lakamp, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Cardiovascular |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|200280 | | | | |LOS – Favorable |
|Dole et al., 200781 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Pain |2 |Pain Scores – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Dranitsaris et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |3 |Cefotaxime use – Mixed |
|200182 | | | | | |
|Dudas et al., 200183 |1 |Home |Multiple |1 |ED visits – Favorable |
| | | | | |Readmission – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Ellenor and Frisk, |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Mental retardation |1 |Adaptive Behavioral Scale – No effect |
|197784 | | | | | |
|Ellis et al., 199285 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Anticoagulation |2 |PT stability; PT within range – Favorable |
| | |Outpatient/Ambulatory | | |Drug interaction – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Ellis et al., 200086 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia; |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Unspecified | | |
|Engles-Horton et al.,|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |HIV; Infection |1 |Mean number of G-CSF doses/day – Favorable |
|199987 | | | | |Leukocytosis days - Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect |
| | | | | |Neutropenia days – No effect |
|Erickson et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|199788 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – No effect |
|Ernst and Brandt, |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |2 |INR – Favorable |
|200389 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Provides satisfaction – Favorable |
|Erstad et al., 199490|1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |4 |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
|Faulkner et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|200091 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Fera et al., 200892 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Body mass index; influenza vaccine rate; eye exam rate; foot exam rate – |
| | | | | |Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Fincham and Wallace, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Stroke |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|200093 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Finley et al., 200294|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Primary care provide contact; inventory for depressive symptoms; clinical global|
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |impression – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |Work & Social Disability Scale – Favorable |
|Finley et al., 200395|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Depression scores; ED visits; health care utilization – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
| | | | | |Functional outcomes – No effect |
|Fischer et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |4 |Drug related problem – Favorable |
|200296 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Fischer et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD; |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|200097 | |Care/Retail/Community |Heart disease | | |
|Gammaitoni et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Chronic pain |1 |Physician visits; ED visits – No effect |
|200098 | |Care/Retail/Community/Home | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Pain inventory – Mixed |
|Gandhi et al., 200199|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Coronary artery disease |1 |LOS; mortality – No effect |
|Garabedian-Ruffalo et|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |PT ratio – Favorable |
|al., 1985100 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
|Garnett et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Infection |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|1981101 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Garrett and Bluml, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2005102 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Influenza vaccine; foot exam; eye exam; patient goals for nutrition, exercise, |
| | | | | |weight – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Garwood et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |INR – Favorable |
|2008103 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Gattis et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Heart Failure |1 |Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor dose; vasodilator use; all-cause |
|1999104 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |mortality – Favorable |
| | | | | |ED visit; hospitalization related to heart failure – Favorable |
|Geber et al., 2002105|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |1 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Percent at LDL cholesterol goal – Favorable |
| | | | | |Cardiac events – No effect |
|Gentry et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Mortality; LOS – Favorable |
|2000106 | | | | |Hospital readmissions – No effect |
|Giles et al., 2001107|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Oncology |3 |Patient adherence – Mixed |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Gourley et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |1 |QoL – Favorable |
|1998108 | |Care/Retail/Community |Asthma/COPD | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Grabenstein et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Influenza |3 |Influenza immunization – Favorable |
|2001109 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Grant et al., 2003110|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |3 |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Gray et al., 1985111 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |INR; pulmonary embolism – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Gray et al., 1979112 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Mental function – Mixed |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Green et al., 2008113|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community/Home | | |Aspirin use – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Body mass index – No effect |
| | | | | |Physical activity – No effect |
|Gums et al., 1999114 |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|Haig and Kiser, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|1991115 | | | | | |
|Hammarlund et al., |3 |Home |Multiple |3 |Medication behavior problems – Favorable |
|1985116 | | | | | |
|Hanlon et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug reaction – Mixed |
|1996117 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Appropriateness of prescribing – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – No effect |
|Haumschild et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |1 |Number of patient falls – Favorable |
|2003118 | | | | | |
|Hawkins et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Blood pressure – Mixed |
|1979119 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension | |Fasting blood sugar; referral clinic visits; ED visits; hospital admissions – No|
| | | | | |effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Heelon et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |HIV/AIDS |2 |Medication error – Favorable |
|2007120 | | | | | |
|Hennessy et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – No effect |
|2006121 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Herfindal et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Cardiothoracic/ |1 |LOS – No effect |
|1985122 | | |Vascular | | |
|Hilleman et al., |4 |Home |Dyslipidemia |1 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2004123 | | | | |Lipid modules; myocardial infarction; stroke; other adverse clinical events |
| | | | | |(e.g., hospitalization; mortality) – Favorable |
|Hoffman et al., |1 |Home |Psychiatric |3 |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|2003124 | | | | | |
|Horberg et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |HIV/AIDS |1 |HIV RNA level; CD4 count – Mixed |
|2007125 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |ED visit; office visit; hospitalization – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Horn et al., 1985126 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Heart Failure |1 |Digoxin levels in normal range – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |LOS - Mixed |
|Horswel et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Mixed |
|2008127 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Humphries et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |2 |Drug-drug interactions – Favorable |
|2007128 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Hunter and Bryant, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |3 |Patient knowledge – Unclear |
|1994129 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Irons et al., 2002130|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community/Prison | | |Hypoglycemia– No effect |
|Irons et al., 2008131|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|Isetts et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|2008132 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|Isetts et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |ED visits; primary care visits – No effect |
|2006133 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
|Jaber et al., 1996134|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Fasting blood sugar; renal – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hypoglycemia – Not favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
|Jameson and VanNoord,|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|2001135 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|John et al., 2006136 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | | | | |Weight – No effect |
|Kammer, 2004137 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Cardiovascular |1 |QoL – Unclear |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Kaushal et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |2 |Medication error – Mixed |
|2008138 | | | | | |
|Kelly et al., 1980139|2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|Kelso et al., 1996140|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |ED visits/hospitalizations for asthma; Asthma Sleep Scale; Asthma Bother Profile|
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Scores; inhaled corticosteroid use; peak expiratory flow rate – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Asthma specific QOL scores – Favorable |
|Kelso et al., 1995141|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |ED visits; hospitalizations – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community/Emergency | | | |
| | |Department/Urgent Care | | | |
|Kershaw et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |2 |Therapeutic aPTT – Favorable |
|1994142 | | | | | |
|Kicklighter et al. |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|2006143 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Kiel and McCord, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2005144 | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Daily aspirin therapy; renal protective agent use; microalbumin screening; |
| | | | | |annual eye exam; annual foot exam – Favorable |
|Knoell et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |Decrease ED visits/hospitalization; decrease physician visits – Favorable |
|1998145 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
| | | | | |Quality of care – Favorable |
|Knowlton and Knapp, |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Not specified |1 |Hospital admission rate – No effect |
|1994146 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Konzem et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|1997147 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |LDL cholesterol goal; colestipol dose – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Unclear |
|Kotapati et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Mortality – Favorable |
|2003148 | | | | | |
|Kradjan et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |4 |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
|1999149 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Perceived benefits of asthma control – No effect |
|Kucukarslan et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|2003150 | | | | | |
|Kuti et al., 2002151 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|Lai, 2007152 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community/HMO | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |High blood pressure monitoring – Favorable |
|Lam, 2008153 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Law and Shapiro, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Osteoporosis |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|2005154 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Leal et al., 2004155 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hemoglobin A1c goal; body mass index; weight – Favorable |
|Leape et al., 1999156|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Lee et al., 2006157 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Lee and Schommer, |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |Deep vein thrombosis; warfarin number of readmissions – Favorable |
|1996158 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Lefante Jr. et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug event – No effect |
|2005159 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Drug-drug/drug-disease interaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Lewis et al., 1976160|4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Heart Failure |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Libby and Laub, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|1997161 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Lipton and Bird, |1 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Not specified |1 |Total days in hospital; readmission rates – No effect |
|1994162 | |Home | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Lloyd et al., 2007163|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Obesity |2 |Weight; body mass index; percentage of body fat; weight-related health |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |conditions – Favorable |
|Locke et al., 2005164|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Lucas, 1998165 |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospital readmissions – No effect |
|Madden Jr. et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Infection |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|1973166 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Malone et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |QoL – Mixed |
|2001167 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Malone et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Obesity |1 |Beck Depression Inventory – Favorable |
|2005168 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Binge eating behavior – Favorable |
|Malone and |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |obesity |2 |Weight loss – No effect |
|Alger-Mayer, 2003169 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Mamdani et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |aPTT value – Favorable |
|1999170 | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Time between starting heparin therapy & surpassing the aPTT – No effect |
|March et al., 2007171|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |HIV/AIDS |1 |CD4 count; viral load – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Toxicity scale – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Unclear |
|Marshall et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |1 |LOS; duration of mechanical ventilation – Favorable |
|2008172 | | | | | |
|Mason and Colley, |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |3 |Drug therapy problems; potential drug therapy problems – Favorable |
|1993173 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Mattar et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Infection |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|1975174 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Mazzolini et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Mixed |
|2005175 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|McConnell et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|2006176 | |Care/Retail/Community |Coronary artery disease | | |
|McCord, 2006177 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – No effect |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | | | | |Eye exam, foot exam, aspirin use – Favorable |
|McGhan et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – No effect |
|1983178 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Appropriateness of medications – Favorable |
|McKenney and |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
|Wasserman, 1979179 | | | | |LOS – Favorable |
|McKenney and |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|Witherspoon, 1985180 | |Care/Retail/Community |Anticoagulation | |Average PT ratio; number of patients with PT in therapeutic range – Favorable |
|McKenney et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|1973181 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge - Favorable |
|McMullin et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS; mortality; hospital readmission – No effect |
|1999182 | | | | | |
|Mead and McGhan, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Heart burn |3 |Inappropriate prescription for H2 blockers – Favorable |
|1988183 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Mehos et al., 2000184|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community/Home | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Modi et al., 2008185 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Gastrointestinal- short |1 |Mean residual small intestine length; mean peak direct bilirubin; full internal |
| | |Outpatient/Ambulatory |bowel syndrome | |nutrition achieved – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Overall survival rate – Favorable |
|Monson et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Rheumatology; |3 |Duplication drug class; refill information; accuracy of information in medical |
|1981186 | |Care/Retail/Community |Renal | |record; documentation of prescription in medical record– Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Morello et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2006187 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Fasting blood glucose; body mass index; microalbumin screening; aspirin use; |
| | | | | |renal protectant; annual eye exam, annual thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test|
| | | | | |– Favorable |
|Morse et al., 1986188|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Murray et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Heart Failure |1 |ED visits; hospital readmissions – Favorable |
|2007189 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – No effect |
| | | | | |Medication error – No effect |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Mutchie et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Hyperalimentation |2 |Weight gain – Favorable |
|1979190 | | | | | |
|Nahata, 1988191 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |2 |Medication error – Favorable |
|Nau and Pacholski, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |4 |Quality of care – Favorable |
|2007192 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Neel et al., 1993193 |4 |Nursing Home |Psychiatric |1 |Decreased incontinence; weight gain; decreased falls; medication use – Favorable|
|Ng et al., 2008194 |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |2 |QTc Interval – Favorable |
|Nicholas et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |4 |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|2007195 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Nietert et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |3 |Patient adherence – No effect |
|2009196 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | | |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | | |
| | | |Psychiatric; | | |
| | | |Heart failure | | |
|Nkansah et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2008197 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension | |Blood pressure – No effect |
| | | | | |Weight; smoking; aspirin use; ACE inhibitor use – No effect |
|Nola et al., 2000198 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Nykamp and Ruggles, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Multiple |1 |Patient adherence – Unclear |
|2000199 | |Outpatient/Ambulatory | | |Hospitalization; other provider visits (outpatient) – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Odegard et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Mixed |
|2005200 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Medication appropriateness index– Mixed |
|Odegard et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |ED visits; night-time awakenings – Favorable |
|2004201 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|O’Dell and |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Coronary artery disease |1 |Readmission – No effect |
|Kucukarslan, 2005202 | | | | |Unstable angina – Favorable |
|Ogbuokiri, 1980203 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Okamoto and Nakahiro,|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|2001204 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
|Olson et al., 2005205|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia; |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Coronary artery disease | | |
|Park et al., 1996206 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Parra et al., 2000207|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Pauley et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |ED visit – Favorable |
|1995208 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Pawloski and Kersh, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |2 |Initial heparin loading dose – No effect |
|1992209 | | | | |Initial heparin infusion rate - Favorable |
| | | | | |Number of aPTT/PT tests – No effect |
| | | | | |Time to aPTT therapeutic range - Favorable |
| | | | | |Number heparin treatment days/patient – No effect |
| | | | | |Number rate change during treatment – Mixed |
|Pell et al., 2005210 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anemia |3 |Blood draw schedule; compliance with protocol; iron tested and used; epoetin |
| | | | | |used; blood used – Favorable |
|Pelletier, 1983211 |3 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |3 |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Pineros et al., |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2004212 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |LDL cholesterol < 100; lipid lowering agents – Favorable |
|Poon et al., 2007213 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |INR/thromboembolic events – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Powell et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|2006214 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Powers et al. 1983215|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Pain |1 |Mean pain relief; pain intensity; mean daily methadone dose – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|Quercia et al. |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anemia |2 |Hematocrit – Favorable |
|2001216 | | | | | |
|Raebel et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Pregnancy |3 |Use D and X class in pregnancy – Favorable |
|2007217 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Ragucci et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2005218 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | | | | |Aspirin use – Favorable |
|Rainville, 1999219 |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Heart failure |1 |Hospital readmission for heart failure; mortality – Favorable |
|Rathbun et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |HIV |2 |Viral load – Mixed |
|2005220 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Rehring et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2006221 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Screening fasting lipid profile; statin treatment – Favorable |
|Rickles et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |3 |Patient feedback – Favorable |
|2006222 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Rivey and Peterson, |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |PTT – Favorable |
|1993223 | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – No effect |
|Rivey et al., 1995224|2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Anticoagulation |1 |Number of days on warfarin with INR in target range– Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug event – No effect |
|Roberts et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Asthma/COPD |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|1982225 | | | | | |
|Rodis et al., 2004226|3 |Emergency Department/Urgent Care |Infection |3 |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|Rojas-Fernandez et |3 |Inpatient/Institutional |Dementia |1 |Behavioral Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale – Favorable |
|al., 2003227 | | | | | |
|Rosen et al., 1978228|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |3 |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Community adjustment; role skills – No effect |
|Rosen et al., 1978229|2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |1 |Rehospitalization rate – No effect |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Perceived health; needs less/more help; personal adjustment – Favorable |
|Rosen and Holmes, |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Psychiatric |3 |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
|1978230 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Personal adjustment – Favorable |
|Rothman et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2003231 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Rothman et al, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2004232 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Rothman et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2005233 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – No effect |
| | | |Coronary artery disease | |Aspirin use – Favorable |
| | | | | |ED visit; physician visit; hospitalization – No effect |
| | | | | |Adverse drug event – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Rupp et al., 1997234 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |Hospitalizations; ED visits; urgent care visits – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Favorable |
|Saklad et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Psychiatric |1 |Readmission rate, number of drugs used of low potency – Favorable |
|1984235 | | | | | |
|Sauvageot et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – No effect |
|2008236 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Mixed |
| | | | | |Mean arterial pressure – Favorable |
|Schneider et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|1982237 | |Care/Retail/Community |Heart failure | |Number of prescriptions written; drug therapy recommendations – Favorable |
| | | | | |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
|Schneider et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Mixed |
|2008238 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Morbidities; ED visits; hospitalization – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Schnipper et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
|2006239 | |Home | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | | | | |Medication error – Favorable |
| | | | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Schommer et al., |3 |Church |Multiple |3 |Medication related problems – Favorable |
|2002240 | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
| | | | | |Taking medications interfere with lifestyle – Favorable |
|Scott et al., 2006241|1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Weight; body mass index – Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – Mixed |
|Sczupak and Conrad, |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |1 |2-hour blood glucose; urine glucose; fasting blood glucose – Mixed |
|1977242 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Medication error – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |ED visits – No effect |
| | | | | |Hospitalizations – Favorable |
| | | | | |Other medical contacts – Favorable |
|Secnik et al., |1 |Home |Not specified |3 |Time to pick up unclaimed prescriptions – Mixed |
|2000243 | | | | | |
|Self et al., 1983244 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |3 |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Shah et al., 1994245 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |3 |Medication incident – Favorable |
|Shane-McWhorter and |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|Oderda, 2005246 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Immunization; eye exam; microalbuminuria screening – Favorable |
| | | | | |Diabetes education documentation; number of patients who exercised – Favorable |
|Shaughnessy and |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |3 |Prescription writing error – Favorable |
|D’Amico, 1994247 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Shibley and Pugh, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |1 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|1997248 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient opinion survey – No effect |
|Simkins and Wenzloff,|1 |Home |Not specified |3 |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|1986249 | | | | | |
|Skoutakis et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Renal disease |2 |Biochemical & therapeutic responses – Favorable |
|1978250 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Smith et al., 2006251|3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Not specified |1 |ED visits; hospitalization; bed-bound episode – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Perceived health status– Favorable |
|Smythe et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |Adverse drug reaction – Favorable |
|1998252 | | | | |Medication error – Favorable |
| | | | | |LOS – No effect |
|Soflin et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Heart Failure |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|1977253 | | | | | |
|Solomon et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension; |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|1998254 | |Care/Retail/Community |Asthma/COPD | |COPD symptoms; dyspnea scores; global assessment rating (COPD); ED visits (COPD |
| | | | | |& hypertension); hospitalization (COPD) – No effect |
| | | | | |Hospitalization (hypertension) – Mixed |
| | | | | |Other health care provider visits (COPD & hypertension) – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
|Stergachis et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |Use of inhaled anti-inflammatory med; peak expiratory flow days> 80% – No effect|
|2002255 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |ED visits; physician visits – No effect |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Asthma severity index; functional status questionnaire – No effect |
|Sterne et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |ED visits; hospitalization; metered dose inhaler technique – Favorable |
|1999256 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Stiegler et al., |3 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Asthma/COPD |1 |Readmission to hospital – Favorable |
|2003257 | |Home | | |Patient adherence – Favorable |
|Straka et all., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2005258 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Streetman et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|2001259 | | | | | |
|Stroup et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Osteoporosis |2 |Bone mineral density; T-score – Mixed |
|2007260 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Swain and Macklin, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |3 |Patient knowledge – Mixed |
|2001261 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Tallahassee, 2005262 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|Taveira et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2006263 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |CAD | |Framingham patient score; smoking – Favorable |
|Taylor et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2001264 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Taylor et al., |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes; |1 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2003265 | |Care/Retail/Community |Hypertension; | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | |Dyslipidemia; | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |Anticoagulation | |Therapeutic INR;ED visits; hospitalizations – Favorable |
| | | | | |Medication appropriateness index– Favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Not favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Terceros et al., |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |1 |LOS – Favorable |
|2007266 | | | | | |
|Thompson et al., |2 |Long-term care Facility |Multiple |1 |Decreased mortality; number of drugs/patients decreased – Favorable |
|1984267 | | | | |LOS – No effect |
|Till et al., 2003268 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|To et al., 2001269 |3 |Dialysis Unit |Chronic kidney disease; |2 |Hematocrit – No effect |
| | | |End-stage renal disease | | |
|Trygstad et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Multiple |4 |Potential drug therapy problems – Favorable |
|2005270 | | | | | |
|Tsai et al., 1982271 |4 |Long-term care Facility |Anemia; |2 |Mean hemoglobin ; number of laboratory tests – Favorable |
| | | |Malnutrition | |Number of hematinic and vitamin prescriptions – Mixed |
| | | | | |Number of regularly scheduled drugs – No effect |
|Van Amburgh et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory | |3 |Influenza vaccine rates– Favorable |
|2001272 | |Care/Retail/Community |Infection | | |
|Van Veldhuizen-Scott |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |1 |Blood glucose; change blood glucose; hyperglycemic events – Favorable |
|et al., 1995273 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – No effect |
| | | | | |Perceptions/attitudes toward diabetes in general; diabetes medications; |
| | | | | |medications for health problems other than diabetes; self-monitor blood glucose;|
| | | | | |communication with pharmacist – Mixed |
|Vernon et al., |4 |Emergency Department/Urgent Care |Trauma |1 |Mortality – Mixed |
|1999274 | | | | | |
|Viola et al., 2002275|3 |Dialysis Unit |Dyslipidemia; |1 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | |Hyperlipidemia; | |Adverse drug reaction – Unclear |
| | | |End-stage renal disease | |Adverse drug event – Unclear |
|Vivian, 2002276 |1 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |1 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Mixed |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Voirol et al., |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |3 |Patient knowledge – No effect |
|2004277 | | | | |Time to obtain medication post-discharge – Favorable |
|Walton et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hemodialysis; |2 |Increase hemoglobin; increase ferritin; increase iron saturation – Favorable |
|2005278 | |Care/Retail/Community |Anemia | | |
|Weinberger et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Asthma/COPD |1 |Peak flow rate – Favorable |
|2002279 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Not favorable |
| | | | | |ED visit – Not favorable |
| | | | | |QoL – No effect |
| | | | | |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
| | | | | |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Weiner et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Orthopedic |2 |Medication error – Favorable |
|2008280 | | | | | |
|Welty and Copa, |2 |Inpatient/Institutional |Infection |1 |Duration of treatment; total vancomycin dose; infection site; concomitant |
|1994281 | | | | |antibiotics; temperature; white blood cell count; LOS; nephrotoxicity – |
| | | | | |Favorable |
|West et al., 2003282 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Diabetes |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Blood glucose – Favorable |
| | | | | |Daily blood glucose; exercise; foot exam – Favorable |
| | | | | |Body mass index – No effect |
|Williamson et al., |4 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|1984283 | |Long-term care facility | | | |
|Williford and |1 |Inpatient/Institutional |Not specified |3 |Patient adherence – No effect |
|Johnson, 1995284 | | | | |Patient knowledge – No effect |
|Wilt et al., 1995285 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Winterbottom et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Pain |3 |Guideline adherence; rate of follow up; follow up within 6 weeks – Favorable |
|2006286 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Rate of continuation of gabapentin – No effect |
|Witt and Humphries, |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |INR>6.0; phytonadione administration; high dose phytonadione – Favorable |
|2003287 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Witt et al., 2005288 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Anticoagulation |1 |Days INR in target range; high/low INR values; thromboembolic events – Favorable|
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Adverse drug event – Favorable |
|Woroniecki et al, |1 |Inpatient/Institutional/ |Not specified |3 |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|1982289 | |Outpatient/Ambulatory | | | |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Yam et al., 2006290 |4 |Inpatient/Institutional |Coronary artery disease |3 |Compliance guidelines: ACE inhibitors, statin, aspirin, dietary, exercise, |
| | | | | |smoking cessation – Favorable |
|Yamada et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Dyslipidemia |2 |Cholesterol – Favorable |
|2005291 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Percent at target lipid levels – Favorable |
|Yanchick, |4 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |2 |Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable |
|2000292 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | | | | |Cholesterol – Favorable |
| | | | | |Asthma and other disease state outcomes – Favorable |
|Yanchick, 2001293 |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Yuan et al., 2003294 |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Multiple |1 |Total mortality per new prescription filled – Favorable |
| | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable |
|Zeolla and Cerulli, |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Menopause |3 |Patient satisfaction – Favorable |
|2004295 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient knowledge – Favorable |
|Zillich et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – No effect |
|2003296 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Zillich et al., |3 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Not specified |1 |QoL – Mixed |
|2002297 | |Care/Retail/Community | | | |
|Zillich et al., |2 |Outpatient/Ambulatory |Hypertension |2 |Blood pressure – Favorable |
|2005298 | |Care/Retail/Community | | |Patient adherence – Mixed |
aComplete references are available in Appendix C.
bStudy designs are defined as follows: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) comparison or cohort studies; (3) pre-post studies; and (4) before and after studies (those studies with contemporaneous observation of cohorts that differed mostly with exposure of intervention/service).
cUnder “Disease State”, the term “Multiple” is used when greater than five disease states are reported in one study, or when the study itself described examination of multiple disease states without providing the specific name of each disease state.
dHierarchy of Outcomes levels defined as follows: (a) Level 1, Clinical and Quality of Life (QoL) outcomes (e.g., morbidity, mortality, adverse events, QoL); (b) Level 2, Surrogate outcomes (e.g., blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol levels); (c) Level 3, other measureable variables with an indirect or unestablished connection to the target outcome (e.g., medication or disease state knowledge); and (d) Level 4, other relevant variables, but not direct outcomes (e.g., patient satisfaction, potential adverse events).28
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV = cardiovascular; ED = emergency department; G-CSF = Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; INR = International Normalized Ratio; LDL = low density lipoprotein; LOS = length of stay; MAI = Medication Appropriateness Index; PT = prothrombin time; PTT = partial thromboplastin time; QoL = quality of life; RNA = ribonucleic acid; TPN = total parenteral nutrition; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone
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