Narrative - History Class
World War IINarrativeThe War in EuropeWorld War II began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, followed shortly after by the Soviet Union’s invasion from the east of Poland and the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia). During the first two years of the war, the United States stayed officially neutral, as Germany overran both France and most of Europe and pounded Great Britain from the air. This German air attack on Britain was called the Battle of Britain. In mid-1941, Hitler turned on his former partner and invaded the Soviet Union. The United States gradually abandoned neutrality as events in Europe and Asia pulled the nations toward war. Despite strong isolationist sentiment at home, the American government increasingly helped Great Britain. First, the United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean Sea. Soon after in 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to sell, lease, or lend defense equipment to nations whose defense the President deemed (considered) vital to American security. In other words, this law gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis powers. President Franklin Roosevelt compared Lend-Lease to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire.”The War in AsiaDuring the 1930s a militaristic Japan invaded and brutalized Manchuria and China as it sought military and economic domination over Asia. The United States refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and placed an embargo (ban) on exports of oil and steel to Japan. Tensions rose but both countries negotiated to avoid war. While negotiating with the United States and without warning, Japan carried out an air attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. This attack destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet and killed several thousand Americans. President Roosevelt called December 7th “a date that will live in infamy” as he asked Congress to declare war on Japan. After Pearl Harbor, Hitler honored the Axis pact (agreement) with Japan and declared war on the United States. The debates over isolationism in the United States were over. World War II was now a true world war and the United States was fully involved. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union were the three most important countries that made up the Allies. Winston Churchill was the British prime minister (leader of the government) during World War II. The Soviet Union had come into existence in 1917, when communist revolutionaries had overthrown the czar (king) of Russia. Josef Stalin was the communist dictator of the Soviet Union during World War II. In theory communism is an economic system in which all property and means of production are owned by society as a whole. As practiced in the Soviet Union, communism was a form of government in which both political and economic decisions were made by a small group of government leaders.Allied StrategyWartime strategies reflect the political and military goals of alliances, resources on hand, and the geographical extent of the conflict. During World War II, the United States and its allies, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, followed a “Defeat Hitler First” strategy. Therefore, most American military resources were targeted for Europe. In the Pacific, American military strategy called for an “island hopping” campaign. This meant the United States would seize Pacific islands closer and closer to Japan and use them as bases for air attacks on Japan. In addition, the United States would cut off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping.Axis Strategy The Axis Powers were the World War II alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Germany hoped to defeat the Soviet Union quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields, and force Britain out of the war through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare, before America’s industrial and military strength could turn the tide.Following Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australia and Hawaii. Its leaders hoped that America would then accept Japanese predominance (control) in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war to reverse Japanese gains. Major Battles and Military Turning Points North Africa:El Alamein – The British defeated German forces, who were threatening to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal. This defeat denied Hitler control over Middle Eastern oil supplies and prevented him from potentially attacking the Soviet Union from the south. El Alamein was the military turning point in the North African theatre of World War II. Europe:Stalingrad – The Soviet army killed or captured hundreds of thousands of German soldiers in a months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east. Stalingrad was the military turning point in the eastern theatre of the European war during World War II. Normandy landings (D-Day) – American and Allied troops under General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France on 6 June 1944. Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded and the liberation (freeing) of Western Europe from Hitler had begun. D-Day was the military turning point in the western theatre of the European war. D-Day also opened up the long-awaited Allied “second front,” which took pressure off the Soviet armies in Europe’s eastern theatre. Pacific:Midway – In the “Miracle of Midway,” American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway Island. Coming only a few months after Pearl Harbor, a Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to invade Hawaii. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the “island hopping” campaign that carried the war closer and closer to Japan. Therefore, the Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Iwo Jima and Okinawa – The American invasions of the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought American forces closer than ever to Japan. Both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives. Japanese soldiers fought fiercely over every square inch of the islands, and Japanese soldiers and civilians often committed suicide rather than surrender. Hiroshima and Nagasaki (the atomic bomb) – Harry S. Truman, who became president when FDR died in April, 1945, faced the prospect of very heavy casualties among both Americans and Japanese, if American forces had to invade Japan itself. Therefore, President Truman ordered the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the Japanese to surrender. Tens of thousands of people died in both cities. Shortly after the United States dropped the atomic bombs, the Japanese leaders surrendered. President Truman, thereby, avoided the need for American forces to invade Japan.Minority Participation in the American War Effort World War II solidified the United States’ role as a global power. It also ushered in (started) social changes and established reform agendas that would preoccupy public discourse (discussion) in the United States for the remainder of the 20th century. When men left the factories to serve in the armed forces during World War II, women entered into previously male job roles. African-Americans struggled to obtain desegregation of the armed forces and end racial discriminatory hiring practices. Throughout World War II, the United States armed forces generally required African-Americans to serve in segregated military units and often assigned them to non-combat roles. African-Americans demanded the right to serve in combat rather than support roles. For example, the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African-American flyers, served with distinction in Europe. Other minority units also contributed to the American war effort. First, Nisei regiments of Japanese-Americans earned a high number of decorations. Since the Nisei were American-born sons of Japanese immigrant parents, they were, of course, Asian-Americans. Second, the U.S. military used communication codes of the Navajo Indians. Because these codes consisted of oral rather than written language, it was impossible for the Japanese to break them. Mexican-Americans, who also fought in the American armed forces, were not segregated in separate units. Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for bravery in action.The Geneva Convention and Treatment of Prisoners of War during World War IIThe manner in which a nation conducts war often depends upon its social and moral codes. The treatment of prisoners of war often reflects the savage nature of military conflict and the cultural norms of the nation. The Geneva Convention was one of a series of international agreements, first made in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864, which established rules for the humane treatment of prisoners of war and of the sick, the wounded, and the dead in battle. The Geneva Convention tried to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations. During World War II, the treatment of prisoners of war varied greatly. The treatment of prisoners in the Pacific Theater often reflected the savagery of the fighting there. For example, in the Bataan Death March, American POWs suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after the Americans surrendered the Philippines. As the United States followed its island hopping strategy in the Pacific, Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than surrender. In contrast, the treatment of prisoners in Europe more closely followed the ideas of the Geneva Convention. The Holocaust and its Impact on Jews and other GroupsSpecific groups, often the object of hatred and prejudice, face increased risk of discrimination during wartime. This was particularly true for Jews who lived in areas under German control during World War II. The Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s systematic murder of millions of European Jews. Hitler’s “final solution” was Germany’s decision to exterminate (kill) all Jews. In short, Nazi Germany attempted genocide of European Jews. Genocide is the systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group. In the Holocaust the Nazis targeted not only Jews, but also Slavs, Gypsies, Poles, and “undesirables.” The Nazis defined “undesirables” to include homosexuals, the mentally ill, and political dissidents (those who opposed Hitler’s government). The Nuremberg Trials were post-World War II trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes. These trials, held in Nuremberg, Germany, convicted many Nazi leaders of committing “crimes against humanity” during World War II. The Nuremberg trials emphasized (stressed) individual responsibility for actions during a war, regardless of the military orders the accused may have received. Since these trials publicized the horrors of the Holocaust’s Nazi death camps, they led to increased demand for a Jewish homeland. In 1948 Jewish settlers living in the former British mandate of Palestine founded the nation of Israel as a homeland for Jews. Both Great Britain and the United States quickly recognized the state of Israel.The American Home Front during World War IISuccess in World War II required the total commitment of America’s resources. Contributions to the war effort came from all segments of society. Both American public schools and the American mass media promoted (encouraged) nationalism or a strong feeling of patriotism during World War II. Also on the home front, the federal government unfairly forced most Japanese-Americans to live in internment camps throughout the war. Economic resources – The United States government and American industry forged (put together) a close working relationship to use resources effectively. First, the federal government used rationing to maintain an adequate supply of products essential to the war effort. Under rationing, each American family received a monthly allowance of such essential items as sugar, meat, and gasoline. Second, the Roosevelt administration used war bonds and the federal income tax to finance the war. Bonds are government I.O.U.s that are repaid with interest. In short, when the federal government sold war bonds, it was borrowing money from the people to finance the war effort. Third, American corporations retooled from peacetime to wartime production. For example, General Motors converted their automobile assembly plants to factories that manufactured tanks. Human resources – Citizens volunteered in support of the war effort. In addition, more women and minorities entered the labor force as men entered the armed forces. Women entered into previously male job roles. They increasingly participated in the workforce to replace men, who were serving in the armed forces. “Rosie the Riveter” became a symbol of the American woman who traded housework for factory work during World War II. Many women also joined the armed forces and participated in non-combat military roles. African-Americans struggled to obtain desegregation of the armed forces and end discriminatory hiring practices. A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and an African-American, fought against job discrimination. Randolph planned a giant march on Washington for July 1941 to demand equal hiring in defense jobs and the “right to fight” in the military. President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Randolph and made a deal. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which prohibited racial discrimination in war industries, although not in the armed forces. In return, Randolph agreed to cancel the march. During World War II, African-Americans migrated to cities in search of jobs in war plants. Throughout the war, African-American leaders campaigned for victory abroad and equality at home.Military Resources – Fighting a war on two fronts (Europe and the Pacific) required the United States to add tens of thousands of servicemen to the American Armed Forces. In 1940, at President Roosevelt’s request, Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act. This law established the first peacetime draft in American history. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the selective service or draft law required all men between ages eighteen and forty-five to sign up for military service. This gave the United States government a large pool of men from which to draw in order to meet the personnel needs of the American military during World War II.Internment of Japanese-Americans – During World War II, the United States government relocated most Japanese-Americans to internment camps, where the government required them to stay until the end of the war. Japanese-Americans could not leave these camps without government permission. Internment especially affected Japanese-American populations living along the West Coast, where most Americans of Japanese descent resided. In 1944 the United States Supreme Court upheld the federal government’s right to place Japanese-Americans in internment camps in the case of Korematsu v. United States. In 1988 President Ronald Reagan finally issued a public apology to these Japanese-Americans, and the United States government made financial payments to thousands of surviving internees.The experience of Japanese-Americans during World War II is a clear example of how racial prejudice, coupled with wartime fears, can affect the civil liberties of minorities in a democracy like the United States. Two basic reasons existed for the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. First, strong anti-Japanese prejudice existed on the West Coast. Second, many Americans falsely believed that Japanese-Americans were aiding the enemy. Role of the American Media in the War Effort – During World War II, the American media and entertainment industries saw their role as supporting the American war effort by promoting nationalism. Nationalism is a strong feeling of patriotism or devotion to one’s country. The United States government maintained strict censorship of the reporting of the war by the American media. Public morale and ad campaigns kept Americans focused on the war effort. The American entertainment industry produced movies, plays, and shows that boosted morale and patriotic support for the war effort, as well as portrayed the enemy in stereotypical ways. People of World War IIBenito MussoliniHideki TojoAdolf HitlerFranklin D. RooseveltWinston ChurchillDwight D. EisenhowerDouglas MacArthurHarry Truman George MarshallWorld War II in EuropeWorld War II began with Hitler’s invasion of ________________________ in 1939. Hitler had signed a ________________________ pact with Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.As Hitler invaded Poland from the West, Stalin’s Red Army invaded Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – before invading Poland from the East. ________________________ and ________________________ declared war on Nazi Germany. Hitler Declares WarAfter Pearl Harbor, Hitler honored a pact with Japan and declared war on the United States. (________________________,________________________, and ________________________ were the Triple Axis.) The debates over isolationism in the United States were over. World War II was now a true world war and the United States was fully involved. The Axis StrategyGermany hoped to defeat the ________________________ quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields, and force Britain out of the war through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before America’s industrial and military strength could turn the tide of the war against them. At the height of their power, Nazi Germany controlled most of Europe and North Africa. The American ResponseDuring the first two years of the war in Europe, the United States remained officially ________________________. Germany overran France and most of Western Europe, devastating England during the ________________________________________________. Although most of London was turned to rubble, England refused to surrender. Hitler now invaded the ________________________, breaking his non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin.The Lend-Lease ActDespite strong isolationist sentiment at home, the United States increasingly helped Britain. It gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and other parts of the Caribbean. Soon after, the ________________________ ________________________ gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis Powers. Franklin Roosevelt compared it to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire.” Pearl HarborWhile negotiating with the United States and without any warning, Japan carried out an air attack on the American naval base at ________________________, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. The attack destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet and killed several thousand Americans. FDR called it “a date that will live in________________________” as he asked Congress to declare war on Japan.The Allied StrategyThe United States and her Allies (England, led by Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin) followed a “________________________________________________” strategy. Even though the United States had been attacked by the Japanese, defeating Hitler was priority number one. Most of Americans military resources were targeted to Europe. Revenge against Japan would come later.Europe: D-DayThe D-Day invasion took place on June 6, 1944 on the coast of Normandy in France. American and Allied troops under Dwight David Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France on “________________________,” assaulting what was known as the Atlantic sea wall at Omaha Beach (and four other beaches: Juno, Sword, Utah, and Gold.) Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded, and the liberation of ________________________ Europe from Hitler began. Turning Point Battle, Europe: StalingradIn ________________________, hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east. The Soviet Union lost many, many lives during this battle – and others along the Eastern Front – to defeat the Nazis.The Battle for North AfricaAt ________________________, German forces threatening to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal were defeated by the British. American and British armies had worked cooperatively to defeat Erwin ________________________ – “The Desert Fox” in North Africa. This defeat prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and attacking the Soviet Union from the south. World War II in the PacificDuring the 1930s, a militaristic Japan invaded and brutalized Manchuria and China as it sought military and economic domination over all of Asia. The United States refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and imposed an ________________________ on exports of oil and steel to Japan – thereby hampering their efforts at expansion. Tensions rose between the US and Japan, but negotiations remained open.The Bataan Death MarchThe Japanese did not abide by the ________________________________________________and treated prisoners of war in the most atrocious manner. Many Japanese soldiers would not surrender to the Americans, and would launch suicidal assaults instead, ________________________. When American and Filipino soldiers surrendered to the Japanese in 1942, the ________________________________________________resulted in the deaths of close to 10,000 soldiers – brutally murdered without regard for the rules of war. Island Hopping in the PacificIn the Pacific, American military strategy called for an “________________________________________________” campaign, seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan. Meanwhile, American forces focused on cutting Japanese supplies lines through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping. Americans had soon crippled the Japanese Navy and it’s merchant marine. Japanese StrategyFollowing Pearl Harbor, the Japanese invaded the Philippines and Indonesia, and planed to invade both Hawaii and Australia. Japan’s leaders hoped that America would then accept Japanese predominance in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war to reverse Japanese gains. Turning Points in the Pacific: MidwayThe United States Navy won a dramatic victory at Midway Island in 1942. In the ________________________ ________________________ (termed the “Miracle at Midway”), American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway Island. Coming only a few months after Pearl Harbor, a Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to launch an assault on Hawaii. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii, sank several aircraft carriers, and allowed Americans to begin their “island hopping campaign.”The Battles of Iwo Jima and OkinawaThe United States Marines amphibious landings at ________________________and ________________________ brought American forces closer than ever to Japan, but both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives. Japanese soldiers fought fiercely over every square inch of the islands, fighting to the death. The Japanese soldiers – and many civilians – committed suicide rather than surrender to the United States military.Atomic BombsFacing the prospects of horrendous American and Japanese casualties if American forces were required to invade Japan itself, President ________________________________________________ordered the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of ________________________ and ________________________ in August of 1945. In both cities, hundreds of thousands of Japanese were killed. Shortly after the bombs were dropped, Japan surrendered.The Holocaust: Genocide in Europe, World War IIThe Holocaust: Genocide, “The Final Solution”________________________was a genocide carried out against Jewish people in Europe during World War II. During the Holocaust, over six million Jewish people were systematically murdered by Nazi Germany. Over seven million others, including Polish people, Slavs, Gypsies (Roma) and other “undesirables”: homosexuals, the mentally ill, and political dissenters, were murdered by Nazi Germany.Hitler and the Germans called the systematic murder of all Jewish people in Germany “________________________________________________.” Groups Affected by The HolocaustOver six million________________________people were systematically murdered by the Nazis, and many of the nations which had been invaded by Nazi Germany participated in the genocide.Polish people were murdered. Slavic people, from Southeastern Europe and Eastern Europe (Belarus, Ukraine, Serbia, Macedonia, etc…) were murdered by the Nazis.HomosexualsMentally Ill or Mentally Disabled people including newborns.Political Dissidents. The Geneva Convention: Prisoners of WarThe ________________________________________________attempted to ensure that all prisoners of war would be treated humanely by establishing rules which must be followed by all nations. Nations which violated these rules would be charged with ________________________. After World War II, many military leaders from the ________________________were put to death. Prisoners of war in Europe were treated more closely in line with the Geneva Convention, with some very, very obvious exceptions: 1. Nazi Germany ran concentration camps which murdered civilians and members of the resistance. 2. Soviet POWs were often killed, or sent off to the concentration camps.3. The Russians brutalized and murdered many German POWs and thousands died in forced labor camps, as well. 4. American POWs tended to be better treated in Europe than they were in Japanese prisons.Nuremberg TrialsAfter World War II, a series of war crimes trials were held at ________________________ in Germany. During these trials, many of the leaders of Nazi Germany were convicted of war crimes.Although many of those put on trial insisted they were “following orders” they were nevertheless convicted. Individual responsibility was emphasized during the trial. Many of the leaders of the Holocaust were convicted of war crimes – ________________________________________________– and sentenced to death.A Jewish Homeland: IsraelThe Nuremberg Trials, which gave the world insights into the atrocities of the Holocaust and the vicious nature of ________________________in Europe, led to an increased demand for a Jewish homeland. By 1948, the nation of Israel was established as a homeland for Jewish people. The state of ________________________ in the Middle East has been recognized and supported by the United States since it’s foundation in 1948. World War II on the HomefrontAfrican-Americans in World War II________________________generally served in segregated military units and were assigned to noncombat roles during World War II. African-Americans demanded an integrated military, and won gains in this regard, particularly in the US Navy. Several ships were integrated on an experimental basis during the war. African-Americans demanded that they be allowed to take positions other than mess hall attendants and stevedores. African-Americans: The Tuskegee AirmenServing in an all black segregated unit during the war, the ________________________________________________flew with distinction over Europe during World War II. The men were assigned to protect the slow moving, heavy bombers of the US Army Air Corps. During World War II, they were responsible for the safe conduct of these bombers, and also fought off the German Luftwaffe. Benjamin Davis was the leader. The Navajo Code TalkersThe ________________________________________________who served in World War II offered the United States a unique gift – a code that was never broken by the Japanese. Using their own dying language, members of the Navajo tribe came up with a secret code in order to relay messages during battles. For each letter of the alphabet, they assigned a Navajo word. The Navajo word for apple, for example, might mean “A.” Since no one in Japan spoke the Navajo language, the code was never broken. This is another example of strength through diversity in American history. Mexican-Americans in World War II________________________________________________joined the United States Armed Forces and served in integrated regiments throughout the war. The United States and Mexico organized the “Bracero Program” during World War II, in order to fill jobs in the defense industry. With millions of Americans serving in the military, jobs in military production, factory work, and agricultural labor were filled by immigrants, invited by the government to the United States. Homefront: The Transition to a War EconomyThe United States government worked hard to forge a close working relationship with industries in order to allocate resources effectively.Businesses were encouraged to retool from peacetime to ________________________ production. For example, making tanks or airplanes rather than automobiles.Homefront: Rationing GoodsAmericans were forced to ration certain goods during World War II to be certain that no shortages of war supplies and materials emerged. Essential products for the war effort could not be purchased without ________________________ coupons, and even then, severe controls were placed on the amount of a certain product one could have. Price controls were also set. Rationed goods included gasoline, rubber goods, shoes, sugar, meat, coffee, tires, and many, many other products. Homefront: Raising Money with War BondsMoney was raised in order to conduct the war effort by selling ________________________. Americans were encouraged to spend as much as they could for the war effort, with the expectation that the bonds could be redeemed after the war had been concluded victoriously.The income tax, established by the ________________________ Amendment in 1913, was also used to fund the war efforts.Homefront: Women and VolunteersMore women and minorities entered into the labor force. With over 15 Million men and women serving abroad as a part of the US Military effort, women were asked to volunteer to help run factories all across America. The “________________________________________________” campaign of the World War II period encouraged millions of women to take on jobs slightly outside the realm of traditional gender roles. Homefront: Women Work to Win World War IIWomen ________________________ took jobs within the workforce during World War II. With so many men serving in the military, women were relied upon to operate factories and meet the demands of the War Production Board.Women also served in the military during World War II, mostly in non-combat roles. The Women’s Air Corps (WAC) and The Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) played crucial non-combat roles in the US Military. Homefront: African-Americans & the Double-V Campaign: Victory over Fascism and RacismJust as they had during World War I, when the “________________________” caused many African-Americans to relocate to major Northern cities, black Americans worked in the defense industries during World War II. The Double-V campaign of African Americans was both a military and a social movement, fighting for victories over fascism abroad and over racism in the United States. Defeating both the Axis Powers and “________________________” was the goal of African-Americans during World War II.Homefront: Japanese Internment Camps________________________were rounded up, robbed of their possessions and their property, and forced into ________________________all across the desert West. Strong anti-Japanese sentiment, especially after Pearl Harbor, was a cause of this policy.Many Americans falsely accused Japanese-Americans of disloyalty. Japanese-Americans, in general, supported American war goals. Some Japanese ________________________ even joined the US Military and served in the army. Japanese Americans were relocated into internment camps scattered across the American West. Internment affected Japanese American populations along the West Coast. The Supreme Court upheld the government’s right to restrict the liberties of Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast of the United States. In the 1980s, a public apology and financial compensation was granted to Japanese-Americans who had been imprisoned through the war. World War II: Government Censorship and Propaganda Efforts to Support the WarThe United States government maintained strict ________________________ of reporting of the war. Public morale and ad campaigns kept Americans focused on the war effort. The entertainment industry produced movies, plays, and shows that boosted morale and patriotic support for the war effort as well as portrayed the enemy in stereotypical ways. The Homefront: The DraftThe ________________________ – created by the Selective Service Act – was used to provide personnel for the United States Military during World War II. Millions of Americans volunteered for service in the United States military following Pearl Harbor. Nevertheless, the draft compelled millions more to take up arms against the Axis Powers. Japanese Americans: The Nisei RegimentsDuring World War II, most Japanese Americans were rounded up and forced into “________________________” where the United States government imprisoned them as a threat to the community. (Interestingly, no German-Americans or Italian-Americans suffered this fate…) Within the camps, some Japanese Americans – the Nisei – were organized to fight the Axis Powers. Usually these troops were deployed to the Italian Front in Europe, or to the North African/European theatres of war, rather than to the Pacific. The soldier to the right was serving in France, after D-Day. ................
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