MR. LYON - Spectrum Organizer



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Unit 7

1929

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Year the stock market crashed. The collapse of the stock market on Oct. 29 known as “Black Tuesday” preceded a worldwide economic depression.

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A period of severe economic hardship that began with the stock market crash in 1929 and continued until World War II. It was caused by Banks failures, stock speculations, overproduction and underconsumption. Many Americans were unemployed.

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The

Great

Depression

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FDR’s attempt to end the Great Depression. Bills passed during the first 100 days of his presidency in 1933 stressed “the 3 R’s” of relief, recovery, and reform.

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The New Deal

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Contracted polio in 1921; he became the 32nd President of the U.S. in 1932 & passed 15 major laws during the first 100 days of his New Deal in an effort to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. The only man elected to four terms; he served as President from 1932-1945.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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United States v. Butler, (1936), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional. Justice Owen Roberts argued that the tax was "but a means to an unconstitutional end" that violated the Tenth Amendment

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United States vs BUTLER

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It raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Economists still agree that Smoot-Hawley and the ensuing tariff wars were highly counterproductive and contributed to the depth and length of the global Depression. Some view the Act, and the ensuing retaliatory tariffs by U.S. trading partners, as responsible for reducing American exports

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SMOOT HAWLEY TARIFF

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The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. The goal of the RFC was to boost the country’s confidence and help banks return to performing daily functions. The RFC was created to solve the problem that the Federal Reserve could not fix by itself since they had some limitation. Under President Hoovers administration

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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Agency created by the Banking Act of 1933. it provides deposit insurance guaranteeing the safety of a depositor's accounts in member banks up to $250,000 for each deposit ownership category in each insured bank

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [FDIC]

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When panicked depositors lined up around the block to withdraw their money.

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Bank Runs

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Is how the FED adjusts the money supply. Following the crash the FED began raising the interest rate this deprived businesses of the capital they needed to survive

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Discount Rate

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Composed of WW1 veterans who were led by Walter Waters who traveled to D.C. to ask congress to accelerate payment of a WW1 bonus. They were forced out by the army led by Mcarthur under President Hoover’s orders

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Bonus Army

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A pattern in which economic growth is followed by decline, panic and finally recovery. This was the belief of President Hoover and Conservatives during the start of the Great Depression

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Business Cycle

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Conservative = who cherishes traditional values and oppose big Government

Liberal = is committed to expansion of liberty and believe government should help people

Radical = wants to make sweeping social, political or economic change usually through revolutions and wanted to abolish the free enterprise system

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Conservative/Liberal/Radical

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Shantytowns that homeless Americas in many cities built out of crude cardboard and tar paper. They named after Hoover as a diss.

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Hoovervilles

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Tennessee Valley Authority funded construction of flood control dams and power plants in several states thus creating jobs.

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TVA

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The Agricultural Adjustment Act set prices for farm crops while trying to reduce overproduction

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AAA

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Gave the federal government broad power to help reopen the nation’s banks. It set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system, first declaring a four-day banking holiday that shut down the banking system, including the Federal Reserve.

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The Emergency Banking Act

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Caused by a prolonged drought and poor farming techniques that caused topsoil to be blown over several states.

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Dust Bowl

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Civilian Conservation Corps gave young men jobs planting trees and working on other conservation projects.

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CCC

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Works Progress Administration is a work relief organization that put over 3 million people to work. They built bridges, buildings and parks

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WPA

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To help solve the long term problem of the aged and unemployed. This created a social insurance program that provides retirement and disability benefits

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Social Security Act

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The law strengthened the labor movement by supporting the right of workers to organize and join unions

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Wagner Act

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President Roosevelt would speak to the American public via radio to ease their concerns and let them know of new policies.

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Fireside Chats

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A photographer hired by the government to travel and take pictures of people during the Great Depression

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Dorothea Lange

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Louisiana Governor known for his Share Our Wealth program, created in 1934 under the motto "Every Man a King." It proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. An opponent of FDR

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Huey Long

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A catholic priest with a popular radio program who called for higher taxes on the wealthy

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End Unit 7

Father Coughlin

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The years of U.S. involvement in WWII that began with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and ended after atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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Unit 8

1941-1945

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A ruler who wields absolute authority and controls the government, usually backed by the military, like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Stalin in the Soviet Union.

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Dictatorship

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Also known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, this bill allotted funds to send former soldiers to school. In 10 years after World War II, 8 million veterans went to school at government expense.

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GI Bill of Rights

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Commander of US Navy in Pacific Theatre During World War II.

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Chester Nimitz

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Born in Denison, TX, he served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, specifically D-Day, during WWII and as the 34th President of the United States from 1952 to 1960.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942, nicknamed the Flying Tigers, was composed of pilots from the United States' Army Air Forces (USAAF), Navy (USN), and Marine Corps (USMC),

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The Flying Tigers

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He was V-P for 3 months when he became the 33rd President following FDR’s death in 1945. He authorized the use of the atomic bomb on Japan ending WWII, and announced the “Truman Doctrine” pledging U.S. containment of communism anywhere in the world.

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Harry S. Truman

(1884-1972)

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In 1932, he led troops that evicted the “Bonus Army” who were camped in Washington protesting their treatment and asking for a promised bonus. He was also Commander of all forces in the Pacific during World War II and governor of Japan during its reconstruction after WWII.

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Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964)

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As a result of a study commissioned by the U.S. Army described systematic racial discrimination in the criteria for awarding decorations during World War II. In 1997, he was one of the first African Americans awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.

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Vernon Baker

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The Twenty-second Amendment of the United States Constitution sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States. Congress passed the amendment on March 21, 1947. It was ratified by the requisite number of states on February 27, 1951.

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22nd Amendment

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A United States government agency created during World War II to consolidate existing government information services and deliver propaganda both at home and abroad. OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media, the OWI was the connection between the battlefront and civilian communities.

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United States Office of War Information

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A research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

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MANHATTAN PROJECT

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An implosion-type nuclear bomb

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In the Pacific Theater of Operations was one of the most important naval battles of World War II.  "the turning point of the Pacific".

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BATTLE OF MIDWAY

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A United States Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II, and a General of the Army From the Normandy landings through the end of the war in Europe, Bradley had command of all U.S. ground forces invading Germany from the west; he ultimately commanded forty-three divisions and 1.3 million men, the largest body of American soldiers ever to serve under a U.S. field commander

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OMAR BRADLEY

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Operation Overlord [D-Day]

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June 6th 1944

The largest amphibious invasion in military history by way of the northern beaches in France. The goal was to open a western front to help the Soviets

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Japanese soldiers gathered over 70,000 American and Filipino POW’s and marched them 63 miles while beating them along the way

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BATAAN DEATH MARCH

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A Mexican-American World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. He was appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1968, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in 1984, and was named to the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope John Paul II in 1990.

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Hector P. Garcia

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1946 federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. In its ruling, in an en banc decision, held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional.

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Mendez v. Westminster

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Charged Bastrop ISD segregated Mexican children from other white students In addition the suit accused these districts of depriving such children of equal facilities, services, and education instruction. Court ordered the cessation of this separation by September 1949. However, the court did allow separate classes on the same campus, in the first grade only, for language-deficient or non-English-speaking students

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Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D.

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On December 7th 1941 Japan attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor thus forcing the U.S. to declare war on Japan and enter WW2

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Pearl Harbor

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Yielding to an enemy’s demand in order to maintain peace. This would help lead to WW2

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APPEASEMENT

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Is based on an extreme nationalism in which the state comes first and individual liberty is second. Mussolini in Italy

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Fascism

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Totalitarianism

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The Silent Majority

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Is a system in which the government controls all aspects of a society including the economy. Stalin in Russia

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Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.

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Nazism

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Militarism

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A form of fascism that taught Germans and other Nordic people called Aryans were physically and morally superior to other races. Hitler in Germany

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The glorification of the military and its powers. To use all resources to build and expand the military. Tojo in Japan

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Lend-Lease Act

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Victory Gardens

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One of the nation’s Founding

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A plan to not sell but lend arms to England during the first part of WW2

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The government encouraged people to plant vegetable gardens to help prevent food shortages. During the war years, Americans planted 50 million victory gardens. Because planting these gardens was regarded as being patriotic, they were termed victory gardens, and women were encouraged to can and preserve food they raised from these gardens.

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Rationing

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Its job was to organize the wartime economy and manage the conversion of industries to military production

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The system for limiting the distribution of food, gas and other goods during wartime so the military can have the supplies it needs. This was done in WW1 and WW2

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War Production Board [WPB]

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War Bonds

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The government borrowed money from the American people by selling savings bonds

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Order from FDR that declared large military zones to be set up for Japanese Americans to reside until the end of the war.These were called internment camps

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Executive Order 9066

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Arrested for refusing to relocate to an internment camp and charged with failure to leave a restricted military area. The S.C. upheld his conviction stating that during time of war that a person’s civil rights can be set aside.

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Korematsu vs U.S.

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Women who volunteered for the war effort to serve as secretaries and sometimes on the battlefields as nurses

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Women’s Army Corp

[WAC]

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A victory for democracy at home and abroad. Win the war against racism in Europe and then win the war against racism at home

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Double V Campaign

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The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. To transmit information in Navajo so Axis powers could not interpret the meaning.

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Navajo Code Talkers

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U.S. would concentrate most of their forces on winning back Europe while fighting a defensive war against Japan in the pacific

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Europe First Strategy

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The army air corps first black combat unit. They served mainly as bomber escorts and shot down over 400 German planes. They never lost a bomber to enemy planes.

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Tuskegee Airmen

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FDR created this agency to provide safety for Jewish refugees to stay in Italy, Africa and the U.S.

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War Refugee Board

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A clash between pachucos and navy servicemen which lasted several nights in Los Angeles. The police sided with the servicemen and arrested the Mexican American teenagers

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Zoot Suit Riots

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An alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan during WW2

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Axis Powers

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An alliance between England, France, Russia and the U.S. during WW2

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Allied Powers

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The Nazi’s attempt to systematically exterminate the Jewish population.They placed them into Concentration Camps throughout Europe.The Holocaust killed 6 million Jews

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Final Solution

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A military strategy used in the Pacific during WW2. The Americans would choose smaller islands not well defended to capture and set up airbases.

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Island Hopping

[Leapfrogging]

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To not take sides and stay out of foreign affairs, it’s the policy of President FDR at the beginning of WW2

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Neutrality

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The 1938 agreement in which England and France appeased Hitler by allowing Germany to annex a section of Czechoslovakia

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Munich Pact

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1939-1945

It started when Germany led by Adolf Hitler invaded Poland on September 1st 1939. Two days later England and France declared war on Germany.

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WW2

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Neutrality Acts

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A series of acts passed in the 1930s to keep the U.S. from getting involved in European conflicts. FDR adjusted these to allow trading with the Allies.

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created during World War II to consolidate existing government information services and deliver propaganda both at home and abroad. OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media

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End Unit 8

Office of War Information

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Year the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union began when the Soviets launched the world’s first satellite, Sputnik. This caused the U.S. to update standards in math and science

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Unit 9

1957

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The U.S. sent military advisors to Vietnam in 1955

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Early Vietnam

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Following World War II the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers. The two unions of states faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.

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Cold War

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A nation in eastern Asia divided between North and South and separated since 1953 by a demilitarized zone [ 38TH parallel] policed by U.S. and North Korean troops. Led by the Kim Family; hostile towards the west; friends with China. Communist Dictatorship

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KOREA

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The fear of communism increased throughout the 1950’s as Americans became sensitized to the threat through publicized investigations of critics of the government led by Senator Joe McCarthy.

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McCarthyism

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He organized the CCC of the New Deal and implemented the Marshall Plan after World War II for the economic recovery of Europe. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his post-war efforts.

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George Marshall

(1880-1959)

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He served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during WWII and as the 34th President of the United States from 1952 to 1960. He warned of the “Military Industrial Complex” in his last speech as President

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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To support democratic countries fighting or resisting communism with money or military equipment. To use containment to stop communism from spreading.

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Truman Doctrine

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Soviets started building missile sites in Cuba, in response the U.S. quarantined Cuba. The two sides agreed to remove their missile sites in Cuba and Turkey

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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HUAC

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Formed in 1938 to investigate subversive organizations such as labor unions and the film industry. Tried unsuccessful to charge Hollywood actors with contempt of congress but this forced heads of studios to create a blacklist

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Venona Project

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a counter-intelligence program initiated by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service (a forerunner of the National Security Agency) that lasted from 1943 to 1980.The program attempted to decrypt messages sent by Soviet Union intelligence agencies, including its foreign intelligence service and military intelligence services

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Iron Curtain

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A fictional term to describe or symbolize a growing barrier between eastern and western Europe. It was first termed by Winston Churchhill

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The belief that if Vietnam fell to communism its neighboring countries would also fall.

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Domino Theory

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Rock and Roll

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A political strategy not a military one to restrict the spread of communism. It was to keep communism where it is at. First termed by George Kennan

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A popular style of music started in the 1950’s with roots in rhythm-and-blues, jazz, country and folk music. Early musicians included Elvis Presley. Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly and Little Richard.

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Containment

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NATO

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization a group composed of military alliances of Western European countries along with the U.S. and Canada to provide collective security. “All for one and one for All”

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A meeting of the allied leaders were they finalized the postwar plans for Germany by dividing Berlin into occupation zones

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Potsdam Conference

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The Marshall Plan

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The Soviet Union angry about the new Federal Republic of Germany blockaded all travel in and out of Berlin. The U.S. responded by airlifting 2.5 million ton of supplies for the next 10 months. The soviets eventually called off the blockade

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A recovery plan for European nations by offering funds as long as the money was spent on American goods. It promoted democracy and opposed the spread of communism

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Berlin Airlift

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Warsaw Pact

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Mao Zedong

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A group composed of military alliances of Eastern European countries led by the Soviet Union. A response to NATO

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Leader of communist China who defeated the nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek. The defeated Nationalists fled to Formosa and renamed it Taiwan. This forced the U.S. to search or an ally in Asia

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Brinkmanship

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MAD

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A foreign policy that is a willingness to go to the edge or brink of war

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“Mutual Assured Destruction” the invention of the H-Bomb fueled a deadly arms race. This policy meant either side would respond to a nuclear attack by launching its missiles.

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Rosenburg Trial

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The Berlin Wall

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One of the nation’s Founding

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Husband and wife Ethel and Julius Rosenburg were charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviets. They were sentenced to death amid protests of their innocence

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A concrete wall that the communist East German government erected in 1961 to cut off West Berlin from the rest of East Germany. It stood until 1989

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Satellite Nation

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A package of reforms by President Truman that increased the minimum wage, increased spending on education and enacted a nat’l health insurance program.

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A country that is under the control and influence of a more powerful Nation

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Fair Deal

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Taft-Hartley Act

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Is income measured by the amount of goods and services it will buy regardless of inflation

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The law placed many limits on the power of unions. It outlawed “Closed Shops” and banned “sympathy strikes”

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Real Income

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Planned Obsolescence

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Cost of Living Index

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A method to encourage consumption, it’s a way to create the desire to own something a little newer, better and sooner than necessary

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It measure the differences in the price of goods and services over time

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Franchise

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White Collar /Blue Collar

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Is an agreement to operate a business that carries a company’s name and sell its products.

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White Collar = include professionals such as doctors. Lawyers and managers

Blue Collar = include factory workers, skilled workers and laborers

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Baby Boom

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Levittown

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One of the nation’s Founding

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A large increase in the number of babies born in proportion to the size of the population. It happened in the 1950s due to the large number of marriages after WW2

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The 1st planned community in the U.S. they were small, boxy and almost identical homes and 36 could be built in one day

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Sunbelt

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Authorized by Congress in 1956. The goal was to connect major cities around the country by a network of super highways. It was also to serve as a evacuation route in case of nuclear attack

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The belt of warm weather states that stretched from Florida to California. After WW2 factories started moving into the sunbelt due to labor costs and unions were less entrenched.

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Interstate Highway System

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Developed by Dr. Jonas Salk it was made up of very small parts of the polio virus. It was deemed 90% effective

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Polio Vaccine

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The average span of life determined by gender and race.

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Life Expectancy

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A term used to describe the nations suburbs and the people who live there. Their creation was made possible by the automobile and the interstate highway system.

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Suburbia

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Members of a movement of writers and poets who rejected all forms of convention or conformity. They listened to Jazz, smoked marijuana, practiced Eastern religions and wore berets

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An Abstract Expressionism artist whose work was an expression against conformity and convention especially in the Art field. He said his source of paintings is the unconscious.

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End Unit 9

Jackson Pollock

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