The Bicester School
center613955Year 9: Life in Nazi Germany Year 9: Life in Nazi Germany 95250290668center280670Work Book Work Book center-479644Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39What did a Nazi Woman look/act like?Blonde hair/blue eyes and broad hips – Nazis did not want women to be slim as they believed it had an impact on how many children they would have. They were seen as home bearers, they would not be allowed professional jobs such as teaching and doctors as they were banned for women. They must act lady like and actions such as swearing and smoking were seen as degenerate behaviour and discouragedWOMEN LOST THEIR PROGRESSIVE RIGHTS. Why did Nazis need women? Population was not rising significantly, it had a population of 67million in 1914 and this was still the population in 1939! Germany had lost population due to deaths in WW1, so had to build back up Nazis needed children to form their master race so they could build their 1000 year Reich. More German people meant that could reclaim German land lost in the Treaty of Versailles. How did the Nazis encourage births?The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage 1933 – You could apply for a loan of 600 marks (which was around 9 months’ salary). This was to encourage youn couples to marry, provided the woman left her job. Couples were allowed to keep one quarter of the loan for each child born up to fourHonour Cross – A medal system in which women would get a medal for the amount of children that they had (4 children BRONZE, 6 children SILVER, 8 children GOLD). The ceremony would happen on Hitler’s mum’s birthday (12th August Day of Honour of the German Mother)If you could not have children with your husband or wife, a divorce was allowed so they could remarry try againWomen encouraged to live by the 3 K’s – Kinde, Kuche, Kirche (In English it translated to Children, Church and Kitchen).Young, married women were given free child care classes.Lebensborn programme (1936) – If women did not have an Aryan husband they could go to a centre to be impregnated by a SS Aryan solider. They could then keep the baby and be paid by the government to look after it, or hand it to the government to be taken into care and raised by the Nazis. Propaganda made women look like one of the most important groups in Germany in building Hitler’s empire. How did the Nazis stop the weakening of the Master Race?Contraception and abortion clinics were banned (apart from abortions for children with disabilities/Jews etc.) Marriage loans were limited to ARYANS onlyIf a woman had undesirable elements, she would be sterilised (remove the ability to have children) 320,000 people were sterilised due to ‘mental deficiency’ In 1935, the Nazis introduced the Nuremburg Laws, which prohibited sexual relationships between Jews and Aryans. If Germans were married to a Jew, they had to divorce or risk being punished severely. The Marriage Health Law of 1935 stressed the racial purity of women when marrying. How successful were the Nazi tactics surrounding women?SuccessFailureFor many women these were good times. Those hardest hit in the Great Depression were much better off in 1935 due to measuresDue to Nazi propaganda women’s employment actually increased. From 1937, the Nazis began to rearm and men were to join the army. This then meant women were needed to go out and workWomen found employment easily as they were cheaper than employing men (two thirds cheaper!) wereWomen’s wages rose fast than pricesMany women supported Hitler – he received love letters and letters of admiration. Some women asked him to father their childrenWomen felt like they were doing their part in building Hitler’s 1000 year Reich and building his master raceWomen felt supported and important, as they were bearing children and building families. The birth rate was still only 1.5 million births per year, which was still shorter than the pre-World War 1 level.Some women, including Nazi party members, rebelled against Nazi policies towards them. Some secretly joined underground SPD (Socialist Democrat Party) or Communist Parties, arguing women had talents and should not be confined to the home. Pressure to bear children was so great that a few women who physically could not have children, kidnapped babies to been seen as providing for GermanyWomen were removed from the home and forced back into the workplace. The Nazis got rid of marriage loans and introduced a ‘duty year’ that all women had to do (work for 1 year) usually on a farm or in a family homeThe number of women working increased from 11.6 million in 1933 to 14.6 million in 1939 (taking places of men fighting in the war)Women were expected to return to work but also still have childrenWomen were banned from certain employment (judges) and female students were not encouraged-331076382861______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________0______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did women’s lives change as the war approached? Why was this a problem?1923813-338400right0Geography:Taught about the German land that was lost in the Treaty of Versailles (Alsace Lorraine, West Prussia, Posen etc)Taught about how Nazis wanted to gain back German land (LEBENSRAUM)00Geography:Taught about the German land that was lost in the Treaty of Versailles (Alsace Lorraine, West Prussia, Posen etc)Taught about how Nazis wanted to gain back German land (LEBENSRAUM)-1263414294397Nazi Timetable0Nazi TimetableEducation in Nazi Germanyleft294640History:Taught about heroes of WW1 and how Germany were cheated after the war.Taught about the awful Weimar and how the Nazis had saved Germany.History of Hitler and his rise to power.00History:Taught about heroes of WW1 and how Germany were cheated after the war.Taught about the awful Weimar and how the Nazis had saved Germany.History of Hitler and his rise to power. right227595Race Study:Teaching on how to identify the undesirable elements in society. For example you would be taught measurements of a Jews skull and nose. 00Race Study:Teaching on how to identify the undesirable elements in society. For example you would be taught measurements of a Jews skull and nose. left225178German:Daily lessons on how to speak the language. Nazis believed that speaking the language in their country was part of being a proud German. 00German:Daily lessons on how to speak the language. Nazis believed that speaking the language in their country was part of being a proud German. right157092Eugenics:This taught women how to choose the right partner (SS man) so that children were born and were Aryan so that Hitler could build his 1000-year Reich, based on his Master Race. Warned girls on the perils of breeding with Jews.00Eugenics:This taught women how to choose the right partner (SS man) so that children were born and were Aryan so that Hitler could build his 1000-year Reich, based on his Master Race. Warned girls on the perils of breeding with Jews.left16889Maths:Math would focus of having an understanding of military problems. For example the weight of bombs on an aircraft and weights of food to ensure left overs were used. 00Maths:Math would focus of having an understanding of military problems. For example the weight of bombs on an aircraft and weights of food to ensure left overs were used. right44336Singing:Taught students to sing the German national anthem, would be sung daily. 00Singing:Taught students to sing the German national anthem, would be sung daily. left20453 Why was the Nazi school day timetabled like this? What was the focus of education?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00 Why was the Nazi school day timetabled like this? What was the focus of education?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________right135540PE:Timetable would make up 15% of PE. There was significant focus on physical training. The boys would do close combat fighting such as boxing, this was to help them prepare for war when they go on to join the SS. 00PE:Timetable would make up 15% of PE. There was significant focus on physical training. The boys would do close combat fighting such as boxing, this was to help them prepare for war when they go on to join the SS. Control of TeachersSS soldiers would walk into class and observe teachers. If they felt as if teacher was not following teaching of the Nazis they would be led off.Teachers had to teach the curriculum of the Nazis, this caused anger with some teachers. Teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty. By 1939, 200,000 teachers attended a course which told them how to teach.Nazis had power to sack anyone they did not approve of. In one German state, 180 headteachers were sacked. Indoctrination of StudentsStudents had to give the Heil Hitler in class, show respect of teachers.Students were made to analyse Hitler’s speeches in lesson – Reading his ideasMein Kampf was studied in depth. Curriculum was fully based around ideas of Nazis. Boys and girls learnt different subjects based on their future job for the Nazis. Boys education was focussed on preparing them for life in the militaryGirls education was focussed on girls becoming housewives and mothers Treatment of JewsJews would be ridiculed in lesson and if a teacher noticed a Jew in their class, they would be brought to the front and used as practical subjects in race studies. Jews were banned from education in 1938, had their own separate schools.Jewish teachers were banned from teaching.Anti-Semitism was in children’s textbooks to indoctrinate the German race further. Focus on Physical StrengthPE made up 15% of timetable, focus on physical supremacy. Students who failed exams in PE could have been expelled. Preparation for WarMilitary focus on certain subjects, for example Maths that focused on bombs and fuel allowance in planes. Why do you think the Nazis focussed their attention on pushing Nazi ideologies into lessons?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exam Practice: How useful is Source A for an enquiry into Education in Nazi Germany All subjects, German, History, Geography, Chemistry and Mathematics must concentrate on military subjects …Chemistry will provide a knowledge of chemical warfare, explosives, rubber manufacture etc. while Mathematics will help young people to understand artillery calculations, ballistics, etc.Source A: Der Angriff, Nazi newspaper, 1939Source A is useful for an enquiry into education in Nazi Germany because _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hitler Youthleft142193Nazi Boys organisationsNazi Boys organisationsName of groupAgeActivitiesLittle Fellows (Pimpfe)6-10 yearsSport, hiking, campingGerman Young People(Deutsches Jungvolk)10-13 yearsMilitary preparationHitler Youth(Hitlerjunged)14-18 yearsTraining for the militaryleft2673Nazi Girls OrganisationsNazi Girls OrganisationsTo join, girls had to be of German heritage, a German citizen and free of hereditary diseases.Name of groupAgeActivitiesYoung Girls’ League(Jungmadelbund)10-14 yearsSport, campingLeague of German Maidens(Bund Deutscher Madel)14-18 yearsLessons in preparation for motherhood, a compulsory year working on the land, domestic science, physical exercise, parades and marchesFaith and Beauty(Glaube und Schonheit)18-21 years (voluntary membership)Why did the Nazis separate the youth organisations by gender?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Boys ActivitiesGirls ActivitiesPolitical – Had to swear oath of loyalty to Hitler, attend residential courses where they were told about Nazi ideas, reporting anyone who went against Nazi ideas. Physical training – Regular camping, regional and national sports competitions, intended to make German boys fit and healthy. Military training – Practised skills such as map-reading and signalling. By 1938, 1.2m boys were trained in small-arms shooting, there were separate military divisions of the Hitler Youth. Character training – Loyalty and comradeship, swearing an oath to Hitler, being plunged into ice cold water and severe punishments if they disobeyed. Some activities similar to boys – camping, hiking, rallies and marching.They learned to cook, make beds, sew, iron, and prepare to be homemaker and mother. Girls would also be taught the important of racial hygiene – The ideas that they keep the German race ‘pure’. This would be focussed on choosing the correct husband What does this tell you about the expectations of children in Nazi Germany?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Not all children were willing to agree with the Nazis plans and ideas for them. Below is information about groups opposing Nazi rule. Edelweiss PiratesOne such opposition group was the Edelweiss Pirates. They listened to forbidden swing music (Hitler did not like it and banned it) and covered walls with anti-Nazi graffiti. Their badges, for example the edelweiss flower or skull and crossbones could recognise them. They wore clothes, which were considered outlandish by the Nazis – check shirts, dark short trousers and white socks. The earliest recorded groups were in 1934 and by 1939; they had a membership of 2,000. They were not a specific unified group but simply a loose band across many cities. In Cologne, they were called the Navajos, in Dusseldorf, they were called the Kittel Bach Pirates and in Essen, they were called the Roving Dudes. The Pirates tended to be working class youths. They created no-go areas for the Hitler Youth in their cities. Despite their activities, the Nazi authorities did not consider the Pirates to be a serious threat.The Swing YouthOther young people who challenged the Nazis became known as the ‘swing groups’ and tended to come from the middle classes. They took part in activities that were frowned on by the Nazis. These young people loved swing music, which was hated by the Nazi government who classed it as non-German and as developed by black people and Jews. They rebelled against the order and discipline of the Nazis. Swing boys often grew their hair long and the girls wore make-up, using bright colours on their lips and fingernails. Some students supported Nazis, the others opposed. Here are some summary points about opposing and supporting groups. Support OpposeYoung people liked the feeling of togetherness. They were being loyal to the Fuhrer and helping him build the German Reich. One example of this was the 1936 Olympics. Before it was made compulsory in 1936, 2/3rd of boys and girls were members of the Hitler Youth. Edelweiss Pirate membership was around 2,000 while Hitler Youth was about 8 million. Popularity was high at the start. As war came closer, children lost their enthusiasm. German Maiden members loved the fact they could do activities that were similar to the boys. Edelweiss Pirates would mock the Hitler Youth by singing mock Hitler Youth songs and telling anti-Nazi jokes. Some young people did not like the fact that they did not have any free timeEdelweiss Pirates was a group that went against the military display and lack of freedom in Nazi GermanySwing Youth would oppose Hitler Youth by admiring American Culture, listening to jazz and wearing American clothes. Swing Youth would arrange illegal dance parties that were attended up to 6,000 young people Edelweiss Pirates hung around on street corners to make them hard to identify for the Gestapo. They taunted Hitler Youth members and sometimes attacked them. For some children, the military regime was too strict for them. They felt like they were only being trained to be obedient. Some members had little enthusiasm as they did not like being commanded. Some members purposely missed roll call (register). How effective were student movements such as the Edelweiss Pirates in challenging the Nazis? Explain.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exam Practice Source B: From a private letter, written by a Hitler Youth member to a friend in Germany in 1936What is life like in this camp, which is supposed to be the best example of all the Hitler Youth camps? There is little enthusiasm. We don’t have a minute of the day to ourselves. This isn’t camp life, no sir! It’s army life. Drill starts right after a very small breakfast. We would like to have athletics but there isn’t any. Instead, we have military exercised, down in the mud, till our tongues hand out of our mouths. We have only one wish: sleep, sleep and more sleep. Source C: From a book about the Hitler Youth, published in 1954. A Hitler Youth leader is remembering what the Hitler Youth was lie in the mid-1930sWhat I liked about the Hitler Youth was the comradeship. I was full of enthusiasm when I joined the Jungvolk* at the age of ten. I can still remember how deeply moved I was when I heard the club mottoes: ‘Jungvolk are hard. They can keep a secret. They are loyal. They are comrades.’ And then there were the trips, especially camping! Is anything nicer than enjoying the beauty of the homeland in the company of one’s comrades?Interpretation 1: From Germany 1918-45 by J Cloake, published in 1997Many young people were attracted by the exciting and interesting activities of the youth movements. There were many outdoor events such as camping and hiking as well as sports. Some enjoyed the military aspects of the youth movements, the uniforms, the marching and the discipline. Other young people liked the music that was a frequent part of the cultural activities of the military parades. There was great comradeship among the Hitler Youth.Interpretation 2: From Germany 1858-1990: Hope, Terror and Revival by A Kitson, published in 2001The movement became less popular towards the late 1930s as the activities became increasingly focused on preparations for war and the discipline became more strict when membership became compulsory. There was a growing resentment at the way Hitler Youth leaders acted as if they were better than members who were barely younger than they were. Some youngsters began to kick against the restrictions of the Hitler Youth.3a. How useful are sources B and C for an enquiry into the attitudes of young people towards the Hitler Youth movement? (8 marks)Think about – nature (does the nature of the source make it useful? Can you support with your own knowledge?) origin (does the origin of the source make it useful? Can you support with your own knowledge?) purpose (what is the purpose of the source? Does it make it useful?)Source B is useful because ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Source C is useful because __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feedback3b. Study Interpretations 1 and 2. They give different views about the attitudes of young people towards the Hitler Youth movement. What is the main difference between these views? Explain your answer, using details from both interpretations. (4 marks)-346294154962Identify the main view that Interpretation 1 has about German recoveryIdentify the main view that Interpretation 2 has about German recoveryUse evidence from Interpretation 2 to support this view____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the main view that Interpretation 1 has about German recoveryIdentify the main view that Interpretation 2 has about German recoveryUse evidence from Interpretation 2 to support this view____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-346841332411Use evidence from Interpretation 1 to support this view00Use evidence from Interpretation 1 to support this view3c. Suggest one reason why Interpretations 1 and 2 give different views about the attitudes of young people towards the Hitler Youth movement. Use the interpretations and sources to help you answer the question (4 marks)The reason the two interpretations give different views is because the authors have different emphases. Interpretation one focuses on ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Whereas, Interpretation 2 focuses on ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-504967627996State the view given in Interpretation 2 using evidence from the interpretationAgree with the view in Interp. 2 using your own knowledge Disagree with the view given in Interp. 2 using evidence from Interp. 1 Disagree with the view in Interp. 2 using your own knowledge State the view given in Interpretation 2 using evidence from the interpretationAgree with the view in Interp. 2 using your own knowledge Disagree with the view given in Interp. 2 using evidence from Interp. 1 Disagree with the view in Interp. 2 using your own knowledge 3d. How far do you agree with Interpretation 2 about the attitudes of young people towards the Hitler Youth movement? Explain your answer, using both interpretations and your knowledge of the historical context (16 and 4 SPAG marks) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________-476141173443Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 2 because…00Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 2 because… ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________FeedbackDid Hitler and the Nazis remove unemployment?QuestionAnswersWho was in charge of the Golden Years in 1924-29?What plan was signed in 1924 which secured a loan from USA?What happened in American in 1929 that caused a worldwide depression?What was the number of unemployed in Germany in 1933? AutobahnsRearmamentRADMotorway project. Nazis planned a 7,000 mile network of dual-carriageway roads to improve transport in Germany. September 1933, Hitler began construction of first autobahn. First motorway opens in 1935. By 1935, 125,000 men were employed to help create motorway. By 1938, 3,500 km was completed. This was only one of many public works schemes. They created public buildings, bridges, coastal walls and sports facilities. SPENDING GREW. Public works created many jobs and this helped boost Germany in terms of cheap transport. Rearmament helped reduce unemployment in 2 ways:In 1935, Hitler announced military conscription. All young German men had to serve a period in the German army. By 1939, 1.36m men were in the German army. REDUCED UNEMPLOYMENT. A bigger army meant more weapons. Government spending on arms were up to 26 billion marks by 1939. Hitler needed people to help build weapons, by 1939, 72,000 people were employed to do this compared to only 4,000 in 1933. Heavy industry expanded (coal and chemicals) as the need for oil, iron and steel increased for weapons RAD was known as the Reich Labour Service. This provided paid employment for the unemployed. Provided workers for public works such as repairing roads, planting trees etc. In 1935, RAD became compulsory for all young men to serve 6 months service (18-25). By 1935, 422,000 men were in work because of the RAD. It was organised like an army, workers wore uniforms, lived in camps and did military drills. Rates of pay was poor and the working conditions were poor. Some men saw it as Nazi service rather than normal employment.Invisible unemploymentThe Nazis used some dubious methods to keep down the unemployment figures. The officical figures released did not include Jews dismissed from their jobs, unmarriend men under 25 who were push into National Labour schemes, women dismissed from their jobs or who gave up work to get married, opponents of the Nazis put in concentration camps. The figures also included part-time workers as well as fully employed. Did the Nazis successfully lower unemployment? Explain yes or no (think about what they hid and HOW they employed people)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________left28465Exam Practice: How useful is Source A for an enquiry into employment methods introduced by Hitler [8 marks]Source A: A photograph taken in 1933. It shows Hitler personally turning the first turf to start construction of the first Autobahn.(Remember – does the nature/origin/purpose make it useful? Explain how using your own knowledge)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Were people better off under the Nazis? Task: Colour code the statements with better off and worse off and complete the task below-177421165479For some unskilled workers their wages were often lower than unemployment benefits. Their working week also increased from 43 to 49 hours a week00For some unskilled workers their wages were often lower than unemployment benefits. Their working week also increased from 43 to 49 hours a week1678675165479Wages went up for unskilled workers, however it did not make much difference as prices and hours went up.00Wages went up for unskilled workers, however it did not make much difference as prices and hours went up.433998856297Farmers were told they were incredibly important and had their debts written off. Prices were fairer and they had a 40% increase in income00Farmers were told they were incredibly important and had their debts written off. Prices were fairer and they had a 40% increase in income1678675155025Small businesses did well as Jewish competition was shut down.00Small businesses did well as Jewish competition was shut down.-177421333299Nazis set farmers unrealistic targets to meet. For example their hens had to lay 65 eggs a year or they would be punished (The farmer not the hen!!!)00Nazis set farmers unrealistic targets to meet. For example their hens had to lay 65 eggs a year or they would be punished (The farmer not the hen!!!)1678675115788By 1939, wages had risen by 20% for workers00By 1939, wages had risen by 20% for workers456148017202Big businesses were controlled by the Nazis. They had their prices, wages and profits monitored by the government. Some businesses were forced to make certain items for the rearmament programme00Big businesses were controlled by the Nazis. They had their prices, wages and profits monitored by the government. Some businesses were forced to make certain items for the rearmament programme1705970118129Beauty through Labour scheme improve factory and working conditions. 00Beauty through Labour scheme improve factory and working conditions. 1678675188075Number of car owners trebled in the 1930’s 00Number of car owners trebled in the 1930’s 1671145292932Strength through Joy offered Germans discounted leisure activities (e.g. a trip to Italy for 2 weeks for 155 marks!) VERY VERY LOW! 00Strength through Joy offered Germans discounted leisure activities (e.g. a trip to Italy for 2 weeks for 155 marks!) VERY VERY LOW! -19106993392People such as Jews found it next to impossible to get jobs. Also a lot of Germans did not enjoy their jobs as they were forced to do it. 00People such as Jews found it next to impossible to get jobs. Also a lot of Germans did not enjoy their jobs as they were forced to do it. 453028786338Strength through Joy meant that Nazis were still controlling the people as they did activities run by Nazis, with some of the events indoctrinating them, such as theatre tickets, NAZIS CHOSE WHAT SHOWS YOU COULD SEE. 00Strength through Joy meant that Nazis were still controlling the people as they did activities run by Nazis, with some of the events indoctrinating them, such as theatre tickets, NAZIS CHOSE WHAT SHOWS YOU COULD SEE. -220717112264RAD forced young men from the ages 18-25 to work for 6 months in poor conditions, low pay and at threat of concentration camps. 00RAD forced young men from the ages 18-25 to work for 6 months in poor conditions, low pay and at threat of concentration camps. 174997215700Low earners in Germany found it increasingly difficult to keep up with the price rises. 00Low earners in Germany found it increasingly difficult to keep up with the price rises. right38012Overall do you think people were better off or worse off? Explain_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Overall do you think people were better off or worse off? Explain_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Policies introduced in Germany to ‘improve’ standard of livingOrganisationPurposePositivesNegativesBeauty of LabourImprove working conditionsWorking conditions improved, healthier work environmentEncouraged Germans to work more because they wanted to be at workWorkers had to the improvements themselvesLonger hours and no extra payIf they didn’t do the work, they could be sent to concentration campsDAF (German Labour Front)Replaced trade unions, which were banned. It set wages and always followed the wishes of employersGave rights to workers in the workplaceSet a minimum wageEnsured their working week was not too many hoursWorkers lost rights to ask for pay risesWorkers could be punished by the DAF for poor productionWorkers week went up to 49 hours (currently a full time job is at 35 hours a week!) Strength through JoyProvide leisure activitiesGave German people cheap holidays such as a 2 week holiday in Italy for 155 marksGave people a chance to do things they could not do before like leave the countryIt rewarded workers loyaltyAlways under Nazi control and being watchedEven though you were loyal, you could easily be backstabbed by othersVolkswagen – people paid towards a car, but the money went to the war – they never received their vehicle!Did these methods ACTUALLY improve the German standard of living? Explain________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Changes in the Standard of LivingBetter off – to win workers over they needed to make them feel part of the creation of the peoples community (Volksgemeinschaft)Worse off – not all workers benefitted as women were denied employment opportunities, and basic rights of workers removedStrength Through Joy (KdF)This was set up by the German Labour Front. The KdF tried to improved leisure time of german workers by sponsoring a wide range of leisure and cultural trips including: concerts, theatre visits, museum tours, sporting events, weekend trips, holidays and cruises. All were provided at a low cost, giving ordinary workers access to activities normal for the better off. In 1938 more than 10 million people took KdF holidays.Beauty of LabourThis was part of the KdF that tried to improve working conditions. It organised the building of canteens, swimming pools and sports facilities. It also installed better lighting in workplaces and improved noise levels.Volkswagen schemeIn 1938 the Labour Front organised the Volkswagen (‘people’s car’) scheme, giving workers an opportunity to subscribe five marks a week to fund eventually allowing them to own a car.Wages Average weekly wages rose from 86 marks in 1932 to 109 mark in 1938Food consumptionFood became a target of Nazi propaganda. Women were informed which food to buy and how to cook simple meals which were healthy and cheap. The ‘Eintopf’ (a one-pot dish of meat and vegetables) was encouraged and became known as the ‘meal of sacrifice for the nation’Lack of freedomWorkers lost their rights under the Nazis. In 1933. Trade unions were banned and were replaced by the German Labour Front. The Labour Front was designed to have all workers and employers striving to create the Volksgemeinschaft (peoples community). The Labour Front did not allow workers to negotiate for better pay or reduced hours of work and strikes were banned. People who opposed this were rounded up and sent to concentration camps for re-education. The Reich Labour Service (RAD) made six months labour service compulsory for all men aged 19-25.Strength Through JoyVery few workers could actually afford the expensive activities such as cruises to Madeira and Scandinavia. The Beauty of Labour programme also caused much resentment as worked had to carry out improvements in their spare time and without pay.Volkswagen SwindleThe idea to encourage people to save to by a Volkswagen was a trick. Despite being encouraged to put aside money every week, by the time war broke out in 1939 not a single customer had taken delivery of a car! None of the money was refundedCost of LivingThe cost of living increased during the 1930s. all basic groceries, except fish, cost more in 1939 that they had in 1933. Food items were in short supply partly because it was government policy to reduce agricultural production. Hours of WorkThe average working hours in industry increased from 42.9 per week in 1933 to 47 in 1939. 3767943133040Evidence life was worse for workers00Evidence life was worse for workers-46799593345Evidence life was better for workers00Evidence life was better for workerscenter25367500Overall, I think life was better/worse because…..______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Persecution of Minorities and Jews What were Nazi Racial beliefs?Central to Nazi policy was the creation of a pure German state. This meant treating all non-German groups, especially Jewish people, as second class citizens. Hitler's theory of race was based on the idea of the ‘master race’ and the ‘sub humans’. He tried to backup this theory by saying the Bible showed there were only two races - the Jews and the Aryans - and that God had a special purpose for the Aryans. Hitler's view was that the Aryans would be a Volksgemeinschaft - a people's community - which would work for the good of Germany. The Nazis believed that the Germans were a pure race of Aryan descent - from the Herrenvolk or ‘master race’. They were shown in art as blonde, blue-eyed, tall, lean and athletic - a people considered fit to master the world. However, this race had been contaminated by the ‘sub humans’. Hitler believed that Germany's future was dependent on the creation of a pure Aryan racial state. This would be achieved by:selective breedingdestroying the JewsSelective breeding meant preventing anyone who did not conform to the Aryan type from having children. The SS was part of the drive for selective breeding. It recruited men who were of Aryan blood, tall, fair haired and blue eyed. They were only allowed to marry women of Aryan blood. Mixed marriages or mixed relationships are not allowed. Indeed the Nazis even encouraged SS members and Aryan women to have children out of wedlock in order to further the Herrenvolk. Jews and Slavs (people from Slavic Countries) on the other hand were believed by the Nazis to be Untermenschen or ‘sub humans’. Nazi propaganda portrayed Jews as evil moneylenders. Hitler wished to drive out the Slavs of Eastern Europe so that he could secure more land for Germany. He would enslave any who remained, though he did think that a few might be ‘Germanised’. He began to carry out this policy after 1939 when the war started. Hitler regarded the Jews as an evil force and was convinced of their involvement in a world conspiracy to destroy civilization. Hitler wanted to portray the Jews as a wandering race of people who had over the centuries infiltrated all aspects of civilized society and had to be removed.Summarise the Nazi racial beliefs into 5 sentences!______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________You will need to do a bit of your own research for this!Questions AnswersWhy were minorities a threat to Hitler?What does asocial mean?What does Aryan mean?What is the difference between Eugenics and Racial Hygiene?How did Hitler and the Nazis spread the message for minorities? What is another term for hatred of Jews? Was the hatred of Jews something new? Was it just based in Germany? SlavsSeen as subhumanThey were seen as different origin to Germans and threatened the Master Race. Nazis threatened to invade Slav countries in Eastern Europe for Lebensraum. SLAVS WERE PERSECUTED LESS THAN SOME. HomosexualsHomosexuals lowered moral standards. 1935 – Nazis strengthened laws against homosexuality. By 1938, 8,000 were imprisoned. Released homosexual prisoners were often sent to concentration camps. Laws encouraged voluntary castration. GypsiesNazis believed they did not work enough or contribute enough taxes. Posed a threat to the racial purity. 1936 some were forced to live in special camps with awful conditions. One example was 600 gypsies who were forced to share 3 taps. 1939 – All gypsies told to prepare for deportationDisabled 1933 – Law for the prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring – Compulsory for people to be sterilised if they were mentally ill etc. T4 Programme – 1939 – Nazis ordered the murder of babies and children who had mental or physical disabilities. 6,000 were killed. Why did Hitler and the Nazis not want these groups of people to be in German Society? (use examples)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Persecution of JewsDateEvent April 1933German citizens told to boycott Jewish shops, lawyers and doctors all over Germany. September 1933 Jews were not allowed to inherit land1934Anti-Jewish Propaganda increased – Became more Anti-Semitic1934 Some local councils banned Jews from parks and swimming pool. Some provided separate yellow park benches for Jews, to keep normal Germans safeMay 1935Jews forbidden to join the armySeptember 1935 Nuremberg Laws – Banned marriages between Jews and Aryans and forbade them to have sexual relations outside of marriage.September 1935 Jews became subjects rather than citizens – They lost majority of their rights. Not allowed to vote Had to wear a yellow star on their clothesHad to return German passports1936Anti-Semitism died down because of the Berlin Olympic gamesSeptember 1937 First time in 2 years, Hitler made a public attack on Jews. Jewish businesses were confiscated and replaced by Aryans. April 1938 Jews had to register all their goods – Making them easier to confiscateJune-July 1938 Jewish doctors, dentists, lawyers and teachers were forbidden to treat Aryans. July 1938Jews had to carry identity cards, making it easier for them to be persecutedOctober 1938 Jews had to have a J stamped in their passport. November 1938Kristallnacht – Nazis destroyed Synagogues, Jewish homes and shops Explain how the persecution of Jews escalated in Germany 1933-1938____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________left2349500Exam Practice – Give 2 things you can infer from Source A about Nazi attitudes towards Jews(inference – what can you learn?) Source A suggests …..…………………………………....................................……………………………………………..………………………………………..……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………..…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………(quote or description of what you can see in the source) I know this because the source says ………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………(inference – what can you learn?) Source A suggests …..…………………………………....................................……………………………………………..………………………………………..……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………..…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………(quote or description of what you can see in the source) I know this because the source says ………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………KristallnachtReasons for happening Propaganda before this event had become seriously Anti-Semitic, some Germans had been indoctrinated in the beliefs of the Nazis. On 7th November, a 17 year old Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan, went into the German embassy in Paris and shot a random German, Ernst Von Rath. He died on the 9th November.On 8th November, Goebbels used the assassination to stir up trouble. He ordered local papers to print articles blaming the Jews. Before the serious trouble, the events only happened in Rath’s hometown. Events On the 9th November, the events of Kristallnacht begun. Gangs smashed and burned Jewish property and attacked Jews. One example of violence was a Jew thrown from a third floor window814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogues were destroyed. Furthermore around 100 Jews were killed. Damage was so severe the event was known as the ‘Night of the Broken Glass’Police were told to not prevent any violence against Jews but they were told not to harm Jews themselves. Instructions were also given to the SS to arrest as many Jews as the prisons could take. Was difficult to tell who was doing what due to the fact that SS and SA were not in uniform!Some Germans were horrified and did not take part, others watched with pleasure and joined in. During the violence, fashionably dressed women clapped and cheered the serious violence towards the Jews. Some Germans were shocked at the violence and helped Jewish friends escape. Most Germans were scared, as the SS were not in uniform and fearful of being informed on for sticking up for Jews.Aftermath Jews were fined 1 billion marks for the damage that had happened. 20,000 Jews were taken because of the events and taken into concentration camps. Seen as a trigger event to the HolocaustExam Practice: How far do you agree with interpretation 1 in relation to the events of Kristallnacht and Jewish Persecution (16 marks)Interpretation 1 The violence (during Kristallnacht) was familiar from the behaviour of the Brownshirts in 1933. However, this time it went much further. It was clearly more widespread and more destructive. It demonstrated the hatred of Jews now gripped not only the stormtroopers and Nazi party activists but was spreading to other parts of the population – above all to the young, upon whom give years of Nazism in schools and the Hitler Youth had clearly had an effect.Interpretation 2 -423080823917State the view given in Interpretation 1 using evidence from the interpretationAgree with the view in Interp. 1 using your own knowledge Disagree with the view given in Interp. 1 using evidence from Interp. 2 Disagree with the view in Interp. 1 using your own knowledge 0State the view given in Interpretation 1 using evidence from the interpretationAgree with the view in Interp. 1 using your own knowledge Disagree with the view given in Interp. 1 using evidence from Interp. 2 Disagree with the view in Interp. 1 using your own knowledge This led to Kristallnacht, so called because of the thousands of Jewish shop windows which were smashed… many Germans watched the events with alarm and concern. However, the Nazi-controlled press presented it as a reaction of ordinary Germans against Jews. Most Germans did not believe this, but hardly anyone protested for fear of arrest and death. -3956054454876Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-3956054454876Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-3956054454876Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-3956054454876Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1Make a final judgement. Overall, I agree/disagree with Interp. 1__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feedback: Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39What were the Nazis view of women? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hitler wanted to build a 1000-year Reich, what does this mean? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What did Hitler do to encourage women to have more children, give three ways. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why was it important for women to have more children in Germany? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were the 3Ks women had to follow?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did Hitler prevent a weakening of the Master Race? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was Lebensborn? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the Honour Cross system? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were the marriage loans? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened to women in employment during Hitler’s reign? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give 2 ways women opposed Nazi rule over their lives______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were the two main groups of the Hitler Youth? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How many Hitler Youth members were there by 1938? ___________________________________________________________________________How did the Hitler Youth do the following:Prepare for war ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Indoctrinate children ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prepare women for motherhood ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why was the Hitler Youth exciting for children? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give an example of 3 subjects children were taught at school and explain how they were taught_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did the Nazis control teachers, give three ways using specific evidence?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How were Jewish children and teachers taught within the education system? Give 3 specific pieces of evidence_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Nazis reduced unemployment from 6 million to what? ___________________________________________________________________________How did Hitler get the unemployment figure down? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give 3 ways Hitler ‘hid’ the employment figures_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give 4 ways people were better off under the Nazis____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give 4 ways people were not better off under the Nazis__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was Strength through Joy? Give one positive and one negative of it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Positive: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Negative _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was Beauty of Labour? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the DAF? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were Hitler’s views on minorities? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did Hitler and the Nazis treat the following groups, give 3 pieces of evidence for each:Slavs ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gypsies ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Homosexuals ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________People with disabilities ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________When were the Nuremberg Laws passed? ___________________________________________________________________________What event caused the beginning of Kristallnacht? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How many Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps by 12th November after Kristallnacht? ___________________________________________________________________________Give 5 other ways the Nazis persecuted the Jews between 1933-39_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-1079542129152Interpretation 2An extract from Years of Weimar and the Third Reich by D. Evans and J.Jenkins, published in 1999.The SS members were totally dedicated to what they regarded as the supreme virtues of Nazi ideology- loyalty and honour. They saw themselves as protectors of the Aryan way of life and the defenders of the people against agitators, the criminal classes and those they saw as being responsible for the Jewish- Communist threat.Interpretation 2An extract from Years of Weimar and the Third Reich by D. Evans and J.Jenkins, published in 1999.The SS members were totally dedicated to what they regarded as the supreme virtues of Nazi ideology- loyalty and honour. They saw themselves as protectors of the Aryan way of life and the defenders of the people against agitators, the criminal classes and those they saw as being responsible for the Jewish- Communist threat.-107954730889Interpretation 1An extract from Documents on Nazism 1919-45 by J. Noakes and G. Pridham, published in 1974.Hitler needed an organisation which would not feel restrained by the law. It would act with ruthlessness and would be dedicated to expressing his will and the ideas of the Nazi movement. He found what he needed in the SS.Interpretation 1An extract from Documents on Nazism 1919-45 by J. Noakes and G. Pridham, published in 1974.Hitler needed an organisation which would not feel restrained by the law. It would act with ruthlessness and would be dedicated to expressing his will and the ideas of the Nazi movement. He found what he needed in the SS.How far do you agree with interpretation 2 about the role of the SS in the Nazi police state? Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge of the historical context_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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far do you agree with interpretation 2 about the reasons for increased support for the Nazis in the years 1929-32? Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge of the historical context.-203197180337Interpretation 1 From a History textbook, GCSE Modern World History. B. Walsh, published in 1996.The Nazis won increased support after 1929 due to Hitler. He was their greatest campaigning asset. He was a powerful speaker and was years ahead of his time as a communicator. He travelled by plane on a hectic tour off rallies all over Germany. He appeared as a dynamic man of the moment, the leader of a modern party with modern ideas. At the same time, he was able to appear to be the man the people, someone who knew and understood the people and their problems. Nazi support rocketed.Interpretation 1 From a History textbook, GCSE Modern World History. B. Walsh, published in 1996.The Nazis won increased support after 1929 due to Hitler. He was their greatest campaigning asset. He was a powerful speaker and was years ahead of his time as a communicator. He travelled by plane on a hectic tour off rallies all over Germany. He appeared as a dynamic man of the moment, the leader of a modern party with modern ideas. At the same time, he was able to appear to be the man the people, someone who knew and understood the people and their problems. Nazi support rocketed.-2286001810383Interpretation2From a History text-book, Modern World History, T.Hewitt, J.McCabe, published in 1999.The Depression was the main reason for increased support for the Nazis. The government was taken by surprise at the speed and extent of the Depression. It also had very few answers as to how to deal with it. The Depression brought out all the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic, which seemed to be incapable of doing anything to end it. It is not surprising that the German people began to listen to parties promising to do something. In particular they began to look to and support the Nazis. Interpretation2From a History text-book, Modern World History, T.Hewitt, J.McCabe, published in 1999.The Depression was the main reason for increased support for the Nazis. The government was taken by surprise at the speed and extent of the Depression. It also had very few answers as to how to deal with it. The Depression brought out all the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic, which seemed to be incapable of doing anything to end it. It is not surprising that the German people began to listen to parties promising to do something. In particular they began to look to and support the Nazis. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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2From Weimar and Nazi Germany, E Wimlott, published in 1997.German prosperity was built on quick-sand foundations. The Weimar economy was dependent upon high-interest American loans, which usually had to be repaid and renewed within three months. In times of depression, US money lenders could demand rapid repayment. More-over, unemployment never fell below 1.3 million. Although big business grew in the 1920s, small firms struggled and many went bankrupt. Interpretation 2From Weimar and Nazi Germany, E Wimlott, published in 1997.German prosperity was built on quick-sand foundations. The Weimar economy was dependent upon high-interest American loans, which usually had to be repaid and renewed within three months. In times of depression, US money lenders could demand rapid repayment. More-over, unemployment never fell below 1.3 million. Although big business grew in the 1920s, small firms struggled and many went bankrupt. -44448508004Interpretation 1From Weimar and Nazi Germany. F.Eynoldson, published in 1996.From 1924 to 1929 the Weimar republic was much stronger than it had been just after the war. Led by Stresemann in the Reichstag, the different parties managed to work together. The extreme parties such as the Nazis gained fewer seats in the elections. The German people were better off and more contented. The Weimar Republic looked safe.Interpretation 1From Weimar and Nazi Germany. F.Eynoldson, published in 1996.From 1924 to 1929 the Weimar republic was much stronger than it had been just after the war. Led by Stresemann in the Reichstag, the different parties managed to work together. The extreme parties such as the Nazis gained fewer seats in the elections. The German people were better off and more contented. The Weimar Republic looked safe.How far do you agree with interpretation 1 about the extent of German recovery in the years 1924-29? Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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far do you agree with interpretation 2 about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge.-1200151948815Interpretation 2From an online article, The Treaty of Versailles- the peace to end all peace, by A.Woods, 2009.The Versailles Treaty of 1919 was one of the most outrageous treaties in history. It was a blatant act of plunder perpetrated by a gang of robbers against the helpless, prostrate and bleeding Germany, Among its numerous provisions, it required Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of the articles 231-248, to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to the Entente powers.Interpretation 2From an online article, The Treaty of Versailles- the peace to end all peace, by A.Woods, 2009.The Versailles Treaty of 1919 was one of the most outrageous treaties in history. It was a blatant act of plunder perpetrated by a gang of robbers against the helpless, prostrate and bleeding Germany, Among its numerous provisions, it required Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of the articles 231-248, to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to the Entente powers.-44448270506Interpretation 1 From Versailles and After, 1919-1933 by D.R. Hening published pared to the treaties which Germany imposed on defeated Russia and Rumania in 1918, the treaty of Versailles was quite moderate…The Treaty of Versailles was not excessively harsh on Germany, either territorially or economically, However, the German people were expecting victory not defeat. It was the acknowledgement of defeat as much as the treaty terms themselves, which they found so hard to accept.Interpretation 1 From Versailles and After, 1919-1933 by D.R. Hening published pared to the treaties which Germany imposed on defeated Russia and Rumania in 1918, the treaty of Versailles was quite moderate…The Treaty of Versailles was not excessively harsh on Germany, either territorially or economically, However, the German people were expecting victory not defeat. It was the acknowledgement of defeat as much as the treaty terms themselves, which they found so hard to accept._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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2From Germany 1918-45, by G. Lacey and K.Shephard, published in 1971.The smoothness with which the murders of 30 June were carried out is powerful proof that no Rohm plot was imminent. There was no resistance encountered anywhere. Many victims unsuspectingly surrendered voluntarily, believing it was a big mistake. The only shots fired were those of the executioners.Interpretation 2From Germany 1918-45, by G. Lacey and K.Shephard, published in 1971.The smoothness with which the murders of 30 June were carried out is powerful proof that no Rohm plot was imminent. There was no resistance encountered anywhere. Many victims unsuspectingly surrendered voluntarily, believing it was a big mistake. The only shots fired were those of the executioners.right428625Interpretation 1From Life in Germany 1919-1945, by Steve Waugh, published in 2009.The greatest threat came from within the Nazi Party…Rohm, as a leader of the SA, was a genuine threat to Hitler’s own position as a leader. Rohm was the commander of a very large organisation of men whose members were increasingly violent and out of control…Moreover, Rohm favoured a ‘second revolution’…which would lead to more socialist policies. The purge was also the result of a power struggle (between Rohm) and leading Nazis, like Herman Goering, the leader of the SS.Interpretation 1From Life in Germany 1919-1945, by Steve Waugh, published in 2009.The greatest threat came from within the Nazi Party…Rohm, as a leader of the SA, was a genuine threat to Hitler’s own position as a leader. Rohm was the commander of a very large organisation of men whose members were increasingly violent and out of control…Moreover, Rohm favoured a ‘second revolution’…which would lead to more socialist policies. The purge was also the result of a power struggle (between Rohm) and leading Nazis, like Herman Goering, the leader of the SS.How far do you agree with interpretation 1 about the threat posed by Rohm to Hitler in 1934. Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge of the historical context.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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2An extract from The Weimar Republic by J. Hidden, published in 1996.The NSDAP was built up not only on protest but on resentment. This is evident from its programme as well as… the party’s chief followers and leading officials. Hitler incorporated in his own person many of the major features on which his movement thrived: the deep sense of frustration, hate against Jews and Marxist (communists)…dislike of parliamentary democracy. To build up a mass movement from such beginnings and keep it together required unique personal qualities. It was clear, for example, from the very beginning that the NSDAP depended heavily on Hitler’s spectacular speaking skills. Interpretation 2An extract from The Weimar Republic by J. Hidden, published in 1996.The NSDAP was built up not only on protest but on resentment. This is evident from its programme as well as… the party’s chief followers and leading officials. Hitler incorporated in his own person many of the major features on which his movement thrived: the deep sense of frustration, hate against Jews and Marxist (communists)…dislike of parliamentary democracy. To build up a mass movement from such beginnings and keep it together required unique personal qualities. It was clear, for example, from the very beginning that the NSDAP depended heavily on Hitler’s spectacular speaking skills. center481330Interpretation 1From Weimar and Nazi Germany, by S. Lee, published in 1996.The (Twenty Five Point) programme contained policies which may be described as either nationalist or socialist, or both. The nationalist policies emphasised race, expansion, the army, power and relations with other countries. The Socialist policies were to do with state controls over the living conditions of the people and the economy.Interpretation 1From Weimar and Nazi Germany, by S. Lee, published in 1996.The (Twenty Five Point) programme contained policies which may be described as either nationalist or socialist, or both. The nationalist policies emphasised race, expansion, the army, power and relations with other countries. The Socialist policies were to do with state controls over the living conditions of the people and the economy.How far do you agree with interpretation 1 about the early development of the Nazi Party? Explain your answer using both interpretations and your own knowledge of the historical context.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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