Name________________________________ PD _________ EVEN/ODD



Name________________________________ PD _________ EVEN/ODD

Body Systems – Part 1

Vocabulary lesson 1

1. cell membrane - the thin outer covering of a cell; holds the cell together

2. nucleus – the small central core in almost every cell; stores information and directs all the activities of the cell.

3. cytoplasm – the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus; made up of many parts that help the cell work

4. cell – is the basic unit of all living things

5. tissue – a group of cells that are alike and work together to do the same job.

6. organ – a body part made up of various tissues; does a certain job in the body.

7. body system – a group of organs that work together to do a certain job.

Notes – lesson 1

1. What are your cells?

a. Everything in your body is made of cells

b. Different cells have different shapes and do different jobs

c. Almost all have the same 3 parts

i. Cell membrane – thin outer covering that holds the cell together, lets in water and everything else the cell needs, keeps out most things that could harm the cell

ii. Nucleus – small center that stores information and directs all the activities of the cell, “brain”, sends messages

iii. Cytoplasm – material that is between the nucleus and cell membrane. Made up of parts that help the cell work.

2. What are your tissues?

a. Tissue – a group of cells, ex: muscles, blood, skin, hair, bone

i. Each does a different job and are specially formed for the work they do - “function”

ii. EX: bone cells are hard and cannot bend, skin cells are flat and thin and fit tightly together at the edges

3. What are your organs?

a. Tissues work together to make up organs

b. Each organ does a specific job to help you stay alive and healthy

c. EX: heart is an organ that pumps the blood, eyes are organs that help you see

4. What are your body systems?

a. Organs that work together are body systems

b. Each system takes care of a different need

c. EX: Digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestines – help you digest your food and change the food into nutrients

d. some organs are part of more than one system

e. systems work together to make sure that the body maintains homeostasis – is the condition in which the body’s internal conditions are at a stable state

Review – lesson 1

1. What are the three main parts of a cell?

2. What are the three jobs of a cell membrane?

3. Why are skin, hair, and bone considered tissues?

Vocabulary– lesson 2 – Skeletal and Muscular systems

1. skeleton – the framework of connected bones in your body

2. bone – is an organ of the skeletal system that stores minerals

3. bone marrow – soft tissue inside a bone that makes blood cells and stores fat

4. cartilage – the tissue between the bones in your movable joints

5. joint – is a place where two or more bones meet

6. ligament – connects bones together at joints

7. tendon – attaches muscles to bones

8. Osteoporosis – a disease in which the bones become weaker

9. arthritis – painful joints

10. voluntary muscles – muscles you have control over

11. involuntary muscles – muscles you do not have control over

Notes – lesson 2

1. What is your skeletal system

a. The skeleton is the framework to hold you up and protect organs

b. More than 200 bones – 206 as an adult

c. Almost every bone is connected to another bone by a joint

i. Ligaments hold two bones together at joints

ii. Joints also allow bones to move

iii. Tendons attach muscles to bones

d. types of bones – long, short, flat, irregular

2. Bone and joint development

a. cartilage between bones in movable joints, keeps bones from grinding together

b. soft flexible tissue when you are a baby, as you get older it hardens and becomes bone tissue as minerals, such as calcium

c. types of joints – fixed, slightly moveable, and synovial (ball and socket, hinge, gliding, pivot, and saddle)

d. Osteoporosis – is a disease in which the bones become weaker

e. Arthritis – is irritation of the joints, painful joints

3. What is your muscular system

a. Made up of all your muscles

b. Movement occurs by contracting the muscle (length shortens)

c. Some muscles stretch across movable joints

d. Connection of bone to muscle – tendons, bone to bone - ligaments

e. Muscles only pull, not push – helped by working in pairs - ex: bicep and tricep

i. When one contracts, the other relaxes

f. muscles you have control over are voluntary – EX: moving your arm to catch a ball, muscles that you do not have control over are involuntary – EX: heart beating

4. Kinds of muscles

a. Skeletal muscle – muscles that is attached to bones, when they contract they pull on bones causing bone movement

b. Smooth muscle – is muscle that forms some internal organs, contraction of this type of muscles pushes materials through the organ

c. Cardiac muscle – is muscle that forms the heart

Review – lesson 2

1. What does your skeleton do?

2. What does bone marrow do?

3. How do your muscles make your bones move?

Vocabulary – lesson 3 – Digestive System

1. saliva – a liquid in your mouth that starts to break down the food you eat

2. peristalsis – the squeezing action of organs that moves food all the way through the digestive system

3. pancreas – the digestive organ that makes pancreatic juices, which help break down starches, proteins, and fats

4. bile – a digestive fluid made by the liver, helps digest fats

5. gallbladder – the organ in the digestive system that stores bile

6. digestion – is the process of breaking down food into a form your body can use

7. nutrients – are substances in food that the body needs to work properly

Notes – Lesson 3 (review on page 174)

1. What happens in your mouth?

a. Teeth chop and grind food into smaller pieces

b. Chopped food mixes with saliva that helps break down food

i. Liquids are called digestive juices

c. More saliva is made when you eat

2. What happens in your esophagus and stomach?

a. After swallowing, food goes to the esophagus

b. Food is moved by a wavelike, squeezing action called peristalsis

c. Food then enters the stomach, which is a hollow, muscular organ that breaks down food

i. Glands in the stomach make acid and other digestive juices

ii. The walls squeeze food and mix it with juices to form a thick liquid

3. What happens in your small and large intestines?

a. Food enters the small intestines after the stomach (most absorption occurs here)

b. The pancreas makes pancreatic juices that break down starches, proteins, and fats in the food

c. Cells in the pancreas also make a hormone called insulin, which helps your body use sugar

d. The liver is another digestive organ that makes a fluid called bile, which flows into the gallbladder

e. Gallbladder stores bile, and doesn’t make any of it’s own fluids

i. Bile is squirted out when fats enter the small intestines

f. nutrients enter the blood in the small intestines though capillaries

g. not all food can be digested in the body – those parts pass to the large intestines

i. wider and shorter than small intestines

ii. takes most of the remaining water out of food and forms solid waste removed during a bowel movement

iii. Eating food with water and indigestive materials, like fresh fruits and vegetables help the large intestine empty regularly

Review – Lesson 3

1. What does the digestive system do?

2. What happens to food in the stomach?

3. How do the materials in food get to the cells of your body?

Vocabulary – Lesson 4 – Excretory System

1. kidneys – two bean-shaped organs that remove most of the extra water and cell wastes from your blood

2. urine – the liquid waste filtered from the blood by the kidneys

3. ureter – a narrow tube that comes out of each kidney and connects to the urinary bladder

4. urethra – a tube connected to the bladder that releases urine outside of the body

Notes – Lesson 4

1. How does the urinary system get rid of waste?

a. Made up of kidneys, bladder, and tubes – all hold liquid waste

b. Kidneys are in your back at about waist level, look like 2 beans

i. Remove most of the cell wastes and extra water from the blood

ii. Water and waste combine to form urine

c. a narrow tube called the ureter comes out of each kidney and connect to the urinary bladder (bag-like)

d. bladder fills with urine and then is released through a tube called the urethra

2. How does your skin help get rid of waste?

a. Sweat glands remove water, salt, and other waste from the blood in the form of perspiration, or sweat

b. Sweat leaves your body through small openings in the skin called pores, water in the sweat evaporates, other wastes stay on skin until you wash them away

c. The excretory system helps keep wastes from remaining in your body, which keeps your cells healthy

Review – Lesson 4

1. What is the job of your excretory system?

2. What does your urinary bladder do?

3. How do the sweat glands remove wastes from your body?

Name ____________________________________ PD _______ EVEN/ODD

Body Systems – Part 2

Vocabulary – Lesson 5

1. plasma – the clear, light-yellow liquid that makes up most of your blood

2. hemoglobin – a substance in red blood cells that picks up and carries oxygen

3. carbon dioxide – a gas that is one of the wastes made by your cells.

4. antibodies – substances in blood that attack and destroy microbes

5. platelets – tiny parts of cells in your blood that help the blood thicken, or clot, when you have a cut or wound

6. atrium – an upper chamber in your heart

7. ventricle – a lower chamber in your heart

8. lymph – a mixture of plasma and tissue fluid that collects cell wastes

Notes – Lesson 5 – Circulatory System

1. What is your blood?

a. 1 gallon (4 liters) of blood in your body

b. It circulates through your body over and over and never stops moving

c. Body cells take from your blood what they need and send their wastes to be taken away

d. Most of the red blood seen with a cut is made up of a clear, light-yellow liquid called plasma

i. Cells in the plasma give your blood the red color

ii. Blood also contains (4 parts of the blood)

1. red blood cells

a. hemoglobin – makes the cells red and picks up oxygen in lungs, carries it to the body cells

b. When cells pick up oxygen the release carbon dioxide to the hemoglobin – CO2 is a waste made by the cells

c. Blood has more red blood cells than any other kind – 60,000 would fit in the dot of an “i”

d. RBC looks like a doughnut with the hole filled in

2. white blood cells

a. largest cell

b. actually have no color

c. help fight disease by destroying germs (immune system)

d. different kinds of WBC that defend the body in different ways

i. some destroy disease causing microbes

ii. some make antibodies that attack and destroy microbes so that they cannot make you ill again

iii. made in lymph

3. platelets

a. platelets help your blood become thick by sticking to the walls of injured blood vessels

b. other cells are trapped making a clot that closes the torn vessel

c. scabs are dried clots

4. plasma – light yellow liquid

e. Blood Types

i. These are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.

1. A

2. B

3. AB

4. O

ii. RH factor – is an antigen that is either present (+) or

absent (-)

1. Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients

2. Heart

a. Hollow, muscular and about the size of your fist

b. A wall divides the right side from the left and each side has an upper and lower half (4 chambers)

c. Upper chamber – atrium

d. Lower chamber – ventricle

e. Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs to get oxygen and give off carbon dioxide

f. Left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of your body where the cells take the oxygen from the blood and give carbon dioxide

g. Blood flows back to the atrium on the right side of your heart

3. Blood Vessels

a. Arteries – carry blood away from your heart

i. thick, flexible muscle walls to stand pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart

b. Veins – carry blood toward your heart

i. thinner walls than arteries because the pressure of blood is lower in veins

ii. they have small flaps in veins keep blood flowing in 1 direction

c. Capillaries – thin blood vessels that connect arteries to veins

i. very thin walls

ii. every tissue has these next to it

iii. nutrients, oxygen, and wastes pass in and out through capillary walls

iv. plasma also passes through walls

v. lymph – excess plasma, plus tissue fluid that surrounds body cells, colorless (blister)

1. carries cell wastes and other materials

2. lymph tissue also produces a kind of white blood cell

Review – Lesson 5

1. What are two main kinds of cells in blood?

2. How do white blood cells help fight disease?

3. What are the chambers of the heart called?

Vocabulary – Lesson 6 – Respiratory System

1. trachea – the tube through which air moves from your throat to your chest; the windpipe

2. bronchial tubes – two branches of the trachea, which go into the lungs

3. alveoli – small, hollow air sacs inside your lungs

4. inhalation – is the process in which the air enters the lungs

5. exhalation – is the process in which the air leaves the lungs

6. breathing – moving air in and out of the lungs

7. diaphragm – is a muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, helps to also force air out of the lungs

Notes – Lesson 6

1. Organs that help you breath make up the respiratory system – function - draws air into your lungs, takes oxygen from the air for your body to use, helps remove carbon dioxide

2. How does air travel to your lungs

a. Air comes into your body through your nose and mouth

b. It then enters your throat (pharynx) to your voice box (larynx)

c. From this point it moves through a pipe called the trachea, or windpipe

d. The trachea is divided at the end into 2 branches called bronchial tubes or bronchi

e. Air moves into your lungs through these tubes, which branch into smaller tubes (bronchioles), which lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli

f. In the lungs (sponge like)

i. Air you breathe in fills up the alveoli

ii. Oxygen passes from the alveoli into the capillaries

iii. RBC in the capillaries pick up the oxygen

iv. Your blood takes the oxygen to the rest of your cells

g. Deoxygenated blood

i. Blood delivers oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide given off by your cells

ii. Carbon dioxide moves through the body to the capillaries in the alveoli and into the lungs

iii. It then leaves the body when you breathe out or exhale

3. The breathing process

a. Breathing – moving air in and out of the lungs

b. Breathing involves both inhalation and exhalation

c. Inhalation – is the process in which the air enters the lungs

d. Exhalation – is the process in which the air leaves the lungs

e. Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage expands

f. Diaphragm – is a muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, helps to also force air out of the lungs

4. How does your body clean the air you breathe? (3 ways)

a. Hairs in your nose being the cleaning by screening out some particles

b. Sticky mucus traps more

i. this lines your nasal passages and the walls of your trachea and bronchial tubes

ii. it may trap germs and other harmful matter

c. Trachea and bronchial tubes have tiny hairs called cilia

i. Cilia wave quickly back and forth and push mucus that has trapped dirt and dust up toward your throat

ii. When you swallow, much of the mucus passes into the digestive system

Review – Lesson 6

1. What does your respiratory system do?

2. What is the job of the alveoli?

3. How is the air you breathe cleaned by the respiratory system?

Vocabulary – Lesson 7 – Nervous system

1. neurons – nerve cells, which make up your nervous system

2. cerebrum – the largest part of the brain; where most of your thinking takes place

3. cerebellum – the part of the brain that makes your muscles work together; controls most movements that you do without thinking

4. hemispheres – two halves of a sphere, or ball-shaped object, such as the brain

5. brain – the major organ in the nervous system

6. spinal cord – an organ that carries messages to and from the brain

7. nerve – is a bundle of cells that conducts messages from one part of the body to another

8. reflex – an automatic response to stimuli

Notes – Lesson 7

1. The nervous system controls all the systems in your body

2. What do your nerve cells and nerves do?

a. Cells of your nervous system are called nerve cells, or neurons

i. Neurons have long branches that come out both ends

ii. They are long and thin

iii. Bundles of neurons make up nerves

b. nerves receive and send messages

c. some carry messages to the brain to let it know what is happening in and around your body – sensory nerves

d. others carry messages from the brain to muscles, telling muscles what to do – motor nerves

3. How does your brain work

a. The brain is the “control center” of the body

b. Always receiving messages and sorts them out looking for meaning, then tells the body what to do

c. 3 main parts

i. Cerebrum – largest part, where most thinking takes place, solves problems, forms emotions (feelings), makes decisions, and controls how you learn, receives and answers messages from senses

1. divided into 2 halves called hemispheres, each side responsible for different tasks

2. 2 halves connected by the corpus callosum

3. right side deals with imagination and the arts

4. left side deals with words and facts, math

5. both are always working together

ii. Cerebellum – the part of the brain that makes muscles work together, helps move and keep balance, cerebellum directs most movement without you thinking about it

iii. Brain stem – lowest part of the brain, messages moving between brain and the rest of the body pass through the brain stem

1. medulla oblongata takes care of critical life functions – breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, blood vessels, controls inner organs

4. What is the job of your spinal cord?

a. Starts at the base of the brain, main path for messages entering and leaving the brain

b. Surround and protects spinal cord connecting nerves to brain

c. Sudden actions that are done without thinking are reflexes

Review – Lesson 7

1. What does your nervous system do?

2. How are sensory and motor nerves different?

3. What are the jobs of the cerebrum?

4. How are the hemispheres of your brain able to exchange nerve messages?

Vocabulary – Lesson 8 – Endocrine System

1. endocrine system – the body system that directs certain activities such as growth and development

2. endocrine glands – organs that make up the endocrine system

3. hormones – chemicals made in one part of the body that is released into the blood, that is carried through the bloodstream, and that causes a change in another part of the body; controls growth and development and many other body functions.

4. pituitary gland – the gland in the endocrine system that produces growth hormone

5. thyroid gland – the gland that controls how fast your cells turn nutrients into energy; also controls how fast nutrients are used for building and repairing cells.

6. adrenal glands – glands that make many different kinds of hormones that control how the body uses nutrients

7. gonads – reproductive organs that make reproductive cells and hormones

Notes

Causes of Body Changes

A. Endocrine system – the body system that directs certain activities, such as growth and development

1. Endocrine glands – organs that make up the endocrine system, located at different parts in the body

a. Control the way your body works and produce changes

b. Endocrine glands make hormones – chemical messengers that help control some of your body’s activities by changing the way the cells work

1. Testosterone (testis) – growth and function of men’s bodies

2. Estrogen (ovary) – controls growth and function of a women’s body

c. Hormones are carried by your blood from the endocrine glands to your cells

d. Different glands in your body make different hormones

B. Pituitary gland – the kidney bean shaped gland in the endocrine system that produces growth hormone (makes your body grow)

1. Pituitary gland makes more than growth hormone – it also controls the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and the gonads

a. Thyroid gland

- butterfly shaped gland is located in the neck

- controls how fast your cells turn nutrients into energy

- controls how fast nutrients are used for building and repairing cells

b. Adrenal glands

- lie on top of the kidneys, shaped like triangles

- glands that make many different kinds of hormones that control how the body uses nutrients

- EX: epinephrine or adrenaline – gives short burst of energy and strength

c. Gonads

- gonads are reproductive organs that produces reproductive cells (ovaries produce ovum in women and testes produce sperm in men)

- when signaled by the pituitary, the gonads start to produce their own hormones

Lesson 3 Review

1. How do hormones affect growth and development?

2. What are the male and female gonads? What does each produce?

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