University of Michigan



Lecture 7

Self-Confidence, Goal-Setting, & Concentration

1 Self-Confidence/Self-Efficacy vs. Self-Fulfilling Prophesy

1 Expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to happen

2 A psychological barrier where the expectation of failure leads to actual failure

Benefits of Self-Confidence

1 Arouses positive emotions, improves concentration, increases effort

2 Affects the setting & pursuit of challenging goals

3 Affects game strategies (play to win versus play to lose)

Optimal Confidence

1 Means being so convinced that you will achieve your goals you will strive hard to do so.

Lack Of Confidence

1 Creates anxiety, breaks concentration, and causes indecisiveness.

Over-Confidence (False Confidence)

1 One does not prepare to the extent needed to perform.

Coach/Teacher Expectations

Stage 1: Coaches form expectations

1 based on personal cues, performance information

Stage 2: Coaches’ expectations influence their behavior

1 frequency & quality of coach-athlete interaction

2 quantity & quality of instruction and feedback

Coach Expectations

Stage 3: Coaches’ behaviors affect athlete performance:

1 Low expectancy performers perform more poorly because of less reinforcement, playing time, confidence, and attributions to low ability.

Stage 4: Athlete performance confirms expectancy cycle

Self-Efficacy

1 situation-specific form of self-confidence.

Sources of self-efficacy

1 Performance Accomplishments

2 Modeling (Vicarious Experiences)

Teaching Tips

1 Inform learners of the importance of the skill for the game or activity.

2 Point out a high-status model (e.g., professional athlete) who effectively uses the skill

3 Demonstrate complex skills from several angles (e.g., tennis serve for both left- and right-handed individuals).

4 Focus learner attention on only three or four key points of the skill.

5 Repeat demonstrations of complex skills.

6 Have the learners mentally rehearse what was shown immediately after observing the demonstration.

7 Practice the skill immediately after it has been demonstrated and mentally rehearsed.

8 Follow slow-motion demonstrations with at least one demonstration performed at full speed.

Boosting Confidence

1 Ensure performance accomplishments

1 Good physical, technical, & tactical instruction

2 Game-pressure simulations

2 Act confidently

1 Instructors-coaches should display confidence

2 Teach athletes to display confidence

3 Think confidently

1 Focus on instruction & motivating thoughts

2 Avoid judgmental thoughts

Imagery

1 Imagine self as confident & successful

5 Preparation

1 Develop performance plans & precompetitive routines

Goal-setting Principles

1 Set specific goals

2 Set difficult but realistic goals

3 Set long- and short-term goals

4 Set performance goals

5 Write down goals

6 Develop goal-achievement strategies

7 Provide for goal evaluation

Why Goal-setting enhances performance

14 Direct attention to important elements of the skill

1 Mobilize performance efforts

2 Prolong performer persistence

3 Foster the development of new learning strategies

4 Goals influence performance indirectly by affecting psychological factors such as anxiety, confidence, & satisfaction.

Types of Goals

1 Individual skills

2 Team skills

3 Fitness

4 Playing time

5 Enjoyment

6 Psychological skills

Concentration Difficulties

1 Attending to past events (e.g., What was?)

2 Attending to future events (e.g.,What if?)

3 Attending to too many cues

4 Overanalysis of body mechanics

Choking: An Attentional Problem

1 Conditions that lead to choking

1 Important competition, critical moments, evaluation by others

2 Physical Changes

1 Increased muscle tension, breathing, heart rate

3 Attentional Changes

1 Internal focus, narrow focus, inflexibility

4 Performance impairment

1 Breakdown of timing and coordination

2 Muscle tightness & fatigue

3 Rushing, missing task-relevant cues

Self-Talk

1 Uses of self-talk

1 concentration

2 skill acquisition

3 breaking bad habits

4 initiating action

5 sustaining effort

2 Changing self-talk

1 thought stopping

2 changing negative self-talk to positive self-talk

Tips for Improving Concentration

1 Practice with distractions present.

2 Use cue words to focus (instructional & motivational words).

3 Employ nonjudgmental thinking.

4 Establish routines.

5 Practice eye contact.

6 Stay focused in the present.

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