001-029 U1-AK BIO11TR

Answer Key

to the equator it will mean less rainfall. Polar regions

could experience more precipitation. As Earth¡¯s

atmosphere warms, so do its oceans. This warming

could result in increased severity and frequency

of storms.

Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things

Unit Preparation Questions

(Assessing Readiness)

(Student textbook pages 4¨C7)

1. d

2. e

3. c

4. a. Photosynthesis is the process that producers, such as

plants, algae, and some bacteria, use to chemically

convert carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose

using light energy from the Sun. Oxygen is also

produced in the process.

b. Cellular respiration is a process that releases

the energy stored in glucose. Carbon dioxide

and water are also produced in the process. The

chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration

occur in most species, including species of plants

and animals.

5. An ecosystem is all the interacting parts of a biological

community and its environment¡ªterrestrial are

land-based ecosystems, while aquatic are waterbased ecosystems.

6. A sustainable ecosystem is one that is capable of

withstanding pressure and giving support to a variety

of organisms. Sustainable ecosystems endure, but they

also support a wide variety of organisms.

7. Sustainable ecosystems continue in the same state,

while supporting a wide variety of organisms. If the

ecosystem cannot continue in the same state, then

organisms will have to move to another ecosystem

or perish.

8. Sample answers: I agree with the statement because

consumers need the oxygen produced by producers

or that consumers need to eat producers; I disagree

with the statement because producers need carbon

dioxide made by consumers and need nutrients made

by consumers (for example, feces or decomposer

products).

9. The average global temperatures are increasing.

Scientists predict this trend will continue. Warmer

average temperatures will increase evaporation. Closer

10. Ecosystem services are the natural result of all the

activities that occur in the biosphere. Ecosystem

services allow ecosystems to function, which is a

requirement of sustainability.

11. A sustainable ecosystem must maintain a state of

balance between its diverse living parts and its nonliving, physical environment. This state of balance is

called equilibrium. An ecosystem that is in equilibrium

tends to have a high degree of biodiversity. Such an

ecosystem tends to be a sustainable ecosystem.

12. Five times in the past there were short periods when

many species disappeared. These are known as

mass extinctions.

13. a

14. d

15. A microscope is a delicate and expensive piece of

technology. Not handling it properly or not following

the proper procedures could damage or even destroy

the microscope. You should use two hands¡ªone hand

holding the arm while the other holds the base of

the microscope.

16. a

17. a. and b. Sample answer:

Letter

Structure

Function

A

Eyepiece (ocular You look through the eyepiece

lens)

and it magni?es the object.

B

Revolving nose

piece

This rotating disk holds two or

more objective lenses; turn it to

change lenses.

C

Stage clips

These hold microscope slides

above the light source, under

the lens.

D

Diaphragm

The diaphragm controls the

amount of light reaching the

specimen being viewed.

E

Light source

Shining a light through the

specimen makes it easier to

see the details.

Biology 11 Answer Key Unit 1 ? MHR TR

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F

Base

The base supports the

microscope.

G

Fine-adjustment Use the ?ne-adjustment knob

knob

with medium- and high-power

objective lenses to bring the

object into sharper focus.

H

Coarseadjustment

knob

The coarse-adjustment knob

moves the tube up and down

to bring the object into focus;

only use it when using the lowpower objective lens.

I

Stage

The stage supports the

microscope slide; an opening in

the centre of the stage allows

light from the source to pass

through the specimen.

J

K

Objective lenses Objective lenses magnify

the specimen; each lens

has a di?erent power of

magni?cation¡ªlow (4x),

medium (10x), and high

power (40x).

Arm

The arm connects the base

and the tube; use the arm for

carrying the microscope.

18. Step 1: Obtain a piece of onion epidermis by bending

a piece of onion until it snaps. The two halves will only

be attached by the epidermis.

Step 2: Carefully peel off the transparent epidermis

from the rest of the onion piece. Lay the epidermal

cells flat on a clean microscope slide.

Step 3: Add several drops of iodine stain to the onion

cells. Leave the stain on the section for several minutes.

Step 4: Blot off the extra stain with a paper towel. Add a

few drops of water to the specimen to remove the extra

stain, and then blot off the water.

Step 5: Add one drop of water. Place a cover slip on the

microscope slide, edge first. Carefully lower the cover

slip over the section.

19. Step 1: Place the microscope on a flat surface.

Step 2: Look from the slide and rotate the revolving

nosepiece until the low-power objective lens clicks

into place.

Step 3: Use the coarse-adjustment knob to lower the

low-power objective until the objective lens is 1 cm

above the stage.

Step 4: Look through the eyepiece and adjust the

diaphragm until the view is as bright as possible. Use

the coarse-adjustment knob to raise the objective lens

until the specimen comes into focus.

Step 5: Use the fine-adjustment knob to sharpen

the focus.

Step 6: Once the onion epidermal cells are in focus,

carefully rotate the revolving nosepiece to the mediumpower objective lens.

Step 7: Sharpen the focus using the fine-adjustment

knob only.

Step 8: Next, view the cells using the high-power

objective. Carefully rotate the nosepiece until the highpower objective clicks into place.

Step 9: Sharpen the focus using the fine-adjustment

knob only.

20. c

21. d

22. b

23. a

24. a

25. a

26. A ¨C vacuole, B ¨C nucleus, C ¨C cell wall, D ¨C cell

membrane, E ¨C mitochondria, F ¨C chloroplast

27. a ¨C site of protein synthesis; b ¨C converts energy in

food molecules into a form cells can use; c ¨C stores

water and nutrients in plant cells; d ¨C transports

materials throughout the cell

28. Step 1. Place cells on a microscope slide Step 2. Add

a drop of water Step 3. Cover with a cover slip Step

4. Observe under a microscope. If a cell wall and or

chloroplasts are present, the cells came from a plant.

If no cell wall is visible, then the cells came from an

animal. NOTE: Not all plant cells will have chloroplasts

e.g., onion epidermal cells

29. The nucleus is where ribosomes are made. The

ribosomes move into the cell to help produce proteins.

Proteins make up much of a cell¡¯s structure and are

required for activities necessary for the cell¡¯s survival.

30. d

31. a (NOTE: Some students may pick (c) but point out

that this diagram is showing an animal cell, not a

plant cell.)

32. Sample answer: The image shows the diffusion of ink in

water. Ink moves from an area of high concentration to

an area of low concentration.

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MHR TR ? Biology 11 Answer Key Unit 1

33. A cell membrane is referred to as selectively permeable

because not all materials can cross it; some are kept

out¡ªor in.

34. Diffusion occurs through a selectively permeable

membrane. Particles diffuse from areas of high

concentration to areas of low concentration until they

reach a point of equilibrium.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a

selectively permeable membrane in response to water.

Water moves from areas of greater concentration to

areas of lesser concentration to equalize the number of

water molecules inside and outside the cell.

35. Materials that the cell needs, such as oxygen, diffuse

across the membrane from outside the cell (where they

are more concentrated) to the inside (where they are

less concentrated). It also is the process that allows

some waste products to leave the cell.

36. a. Water would move across its cell membrane and the

amoeba would swell up and could burst.

b. There would be more water molecules inside the

organism than in the salt water. Water would move

across the cell membrane by osmosis. The amoeba

would shrivel up and die.

37. Water will leave the tubing due to the fact that water

is in higher concentration inside the tubing and

lower concentration outside the tubing. The tube will

decrease in size. Ink will not enter the tubing because

the membrane is not permeable to it (even though it is

in higher concentration outside the tube).

Chapter 1 Classifying

Life¡¯s Diversity

Learning Check Questions

(Student textbook page 13)

1. Scientists must identify, define, and name species

to ensure species are correctly described using

scientifically accepted standards. Correctly naming

species allows scientists to communicate and share

findings about endangered species, disease causing

organisms and their cures, native and invasive species.

The scientific name reduces any confusion about

what species are being discussed. In comparison, the

common name can vary regionally.

2. Species exhibit tremendous variation and each of the

species concepts has limits as to how it can be applied.

3. B is correct because both parts of the name are

italicized, the genus name is capitalized, and the species

portion begins with a lowercase letter. A is incorrect

because the name is typed and underlined. The name

should only be underlined if it is hand written. C is

incorrect because it is not italicized. D is incorrect

because the species portion is capitalized.

4. Because each species has only a single (2-part)

scientific name that is applied throughout the world

in all languages. People discussing the same species

can communicate without the confusion of multiple

common names.

5. Graphic organizers should include clear descriptions

of each concept and appropriate organization to easily

compare the advantages and disadvantages of each

concept, as provided in Table 1.1.

6. According to the biological species concept, donkeys

and horses are not members of the same species

because the horse and the donkey produce mules,

which although viable, are not fertile.

(Student textbook page 19)

7. The main goal of modern classification is to assign

species to taxa so that the classification reflects both

morphological similarities and hypotheses about their

evolutionary history.

8. Answers should show that anatomy is a branch of

morphology that focuses on the structure of organisms.

Physiology is about physical and chemical functions

of organisms.

9. New information might show that previous

classifications did not reflect the most accurate

relationships between organisms. Therefore, new

species need to be classified and previously identified

species may need to be reclassified according to the

most up-to-date information.

10. By examining their anatomy and physiology in greater

detail, one could determine how many characteristics

they have in common and therefore, exactly how

closely related the two groups really are.

11. Pair B, a red panda and a raccoon, are more closely

related because they are found on the same branch of

the tree diagram.

12. Most closely related are gorillas (1), followed by dogs

(15), chickens (45), and frogs (57).

(Student textbook page 26)

13. Scientists look for similarities and differences at a

much higher taxonomic rank, such as kingdoms or

even domains.

Biology 11 Answer Key Unit 1 ? MHR TR

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14. The study of cell types and genes led scientists to add

a rank higher than kingdom, called the domain.

15. Sample answer:

Prokaryotic cells

Meanining of name

Eukaryotic cells

¡°Before the nucleus¡± ¡°True nucleus¡±

Presence of nucleus No membranebound nucleus

Has a membranebound nucleus

Size

Small compared to

eukaryotic

cells

On average, 1000

times larger than

prokaryotic cells

Internal structure

Simple internal

structure

Complex internal

structure

Caption Questions

Figure 1.1 (Student textbook page 10): One possible

response is that scientists may analyze differences between

the two organisms, such as size, appearance, behaviour,

or chemistry.

Figure 1.6 (Student textbook page 18): Sample

answer: Both the oviraptor and cassowary appear to have

similar leg structures and both have crests on the top of

their heads.

Figure 1.12 (Student textbook page 21): Rangifer tarandus

16. Answers should contain the three domains and six

kingdoms, as seen in Figure 1.15.

Figure 1.14 (Student textbook page 25): Sample answers:

The prokaryotic cell has a flagellum while the eukaryotic

cell does not. The prokaryotic cell has a cell wall, while the

eukaryotic cell shown here does not.

17. The tool is a dichotomous key. A dichotomous key

consists of a number of steps, each of which has two

choices. In this case, the animal either has hair or it

does not have hair.

Figure 1.18 (Student textbook page 31): Examples of

genetic diversity are different hair colour or eye colour

within humans. An example of ecosystem diversity is a lake

ecosystem versus a pond ecosystem.

(Student textbook page 33)

18. Genetic diversity: refers to the variety of heritable

characteristics (genes) in a species; species diversity:

refers to the variety and abundance of species in a

given area; ecosystem diversity: refers to the variety of

ecosystems in the biosphere

19. In Algonquin Park, you will find river ecosystems,

forest ecosystems, and marsh ecosystems.

20. A gene pool is the sum of all the versions of all the

genes in a population.

21. Gene pools of different populations usually contain

different types or combinations of versions of genes.

All of these variations are contained by the species,

which therefore has larger genetic diversity than the

gene pools of any given population.

22. Genetic diversity increases the likelihood that a species

can survive changes in their environment, such as

climate change, a change in resource availability, a

change in a population of predators, the introduction

of a non-native species, or a disease.

23. Some students may agree with humans intervening

because human actions have sometimes led to a species

being endangered in the first place. Other students may

disagree, claiming that an organism¡¯s inability to adapt

is part of a natural process.

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MHR TR ? Biology 11 Answer Key Unit 1

Section 1.1 Review

(Student textbook page 16)

1. In the morphological species concept classification

is based on the body shape, size, and other structural

features, of organisms. In the phylogenetic species

concept classification is determined by evolutionary

relationships among organisms. Both species concepts

are used to help classify organisms as separate species.

Both have advantages and disadvantages.

Sample answer:

Morphological

based on body

shape, size,

and other

structural

features

Helps to classify

organisms

as separates

Phylogenetic

determined by

evolutionary

relationships

2. Using the biological species concept I would infer

that the red-sided garter snake and the eastern garter

snake are the same species because they interbreed

and produce viable, fertile offspring. Since the eastern

garter snake and the eastern ribbon snake coexist but

do not interbreed, I would infer that these are two

separate species.

3. Binomial nomenclature is the two-part scientific

name given to a species. The first part of the name

states the genus and the second part of the name states

the species.

4. Classification (although taxonomy would also be

acceptable). Classification can apply to any objects,

for example, baseball cards. Taxonomy refers

specifically to the act of classifying living things into

hierarchical levels.

5. winter vs. non-winter; ball vs. non-ball; foot vs.

¡°implement¡±; indoor vs. outdoor; etc.

6. Sample answer: Do Keep Pond Clean Or Froggie

Gets Sick

7. A rank is a level within the classification scheme.

Currently, there are usually eight ranks ranging from

domain as the most inclusive to specific epithet, which

applies only to one species. A taxon is any named

example of a rank.

8. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, and order

9. There are more organisms in the kingdom level and

they show greater variation than the number and

variety of species at the species level. Organisms that

are the same species will be very similar.

2. Answers should focus on the idea that knowing how

organisms are related can help with classifying a

species or the development of pharmaceutical drugs.

The classification of a species may also affect its

conservation status.

a. Biologists can apply knowledge learned about one

organism to another (for example, all fish have gills).

b. Biology students can learn general characteristics

about families and apply those to understanding a

specific genus (for example, family bovidae, both

males and females, all have permanent horns of a

similar structure. Therefore, oryx, since it is in the

same family, also has permanent horns of a similar

structure). This simplifies the study process.

c. Pharmaceutical laboratory assistants can understand

that closely related species (for example, in the same

genus) will have similar physiology and should react

similarly to drugs.

d. Conservation ecologists can understand the

ecological importance of similar organisms and

concentrate conservation efforts on at-risk genera

or families.

3. dinosaur fossils with feathers, claws on bird wings,

similarities in bone structure

10. a. Animalia

b. Stagmomantis carolina

c. Domain Eukarya

4. The nucleotide sequences suggest that turkey vultures

may be more closely related to storks than to the

vultures of Asia and Africa.

11. The current system tells us the genus (which has a set

of characteristics associated with it) and the species

(which tells us a unique characteristic sometimes).

Only having two parts to the name is much simpler.

5. Some might say the genetic information should prevail

over the morphological information. Others might say

one should try to apply the biological species test to see

if that helps.

6. The leopard is more closely related to the domestic

cat because of where the branch occurs on the

phylogenetic tree. The leopard and the domestic

cat stem from the same branch. The wolf is on a

different branch.

Section 1.2 Review

(Student textbook page 23)

1. Sample answer:

Type of

evidence

Anatomical

evidence

Description

Example

Physiological

evidence

DNA evidence

Similarities in

morphology

Similarities

in body

functions

Similarities in

DNA

Dinosaurs

are related to

birds.

Guinea

pigs are not

rodents.

Fungi are more

closely related

to animals than

to plants.

7. Reindeer and red deer are in the same family. Family is

a more specific taxon than oryx.

8. By understanding the genetic relatedness of species,

you can predict the impact on an ecosystem. Genetic

analysis can identify species as they enter the country.

Biology 11 Answer Key Unit 1 ? MHR TR

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