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PEARSON

7 Investigating

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Senior Author

Lionel Sandner

Science Education Consultant and Writer formerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project

Authors

Nora Alexander

Rosebank Road Public School Durham District School Board

Mike Carlin

Vice-Principal Walter Scott Public School York Region District School Board

Glen Fatkin

North Surrey Secondary School Surrey School District, BC

Doug Herridge

Greensborough Public School York Region District School Board

Michael Lattner

Special Assignment Teacher Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board

Catherine Little

Program Coordinator Science, Environmental and Ecological Studies Toronto District School Board

Jim Walsh

Instructor, Science and Technology Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa

Sandy M. Wohl

Instructor, Curriculum Studies Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia

Contributing Authors

Jay Ingram

Science Journalist Daily Planet Discovery Channel Canada

Sandra Mirabelli

Academic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4?8 Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Senior Technology Consultant

Josef Martha

Science Education Consultant and Writer formerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB

Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education Canada a division of Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the Permissions Department at Pearson Education Canada. The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited and reviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader's use of this material. Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended to provide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology and are in no way intended to endorse specific products.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208004-0 ISBN-10: 0-13-208004-4

Printed and bound in Canada

3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 09 08

PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press) DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Janis Barr, David Gargaro, Susan Girvan, Georgina Montgomery,

Eileen Pyne-Rudzik, Ph.D., Rosemary Tanner CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck COPY EDITORS: Moira Calder, Louise Oborne PROOFREADERS: Maja Grip, Christine McPhee, Jennifer Hedges INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell DESIGN: Alex Li COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney PHOTO RESEARCHERS: Nancy Cook, Rosie Gowsell, Alison Lloyd-Baker

PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson

This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.

ii

Acknowledgements

Consultants and Reviewers

Program

Marietta (Mars) Bloch

Director, Education Services Let's Talk Science

Assessment

Derek Totten

Curriculum Consultant York Region District School Board

Literacy

Sandra Mirabelli

Academic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8 Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Catherine Costello

Education Consultant formerly Curriculum Coordinator, Literacy York Region District School Board

Environmental Education

Jane Forbes

Instructor, Science and Technology Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

Aboriginal Education

Darin Corbiere

Consultant, Aboriginal Education Toronto District School Board

Differentiated Instruction

Karen Hume

Student Success Leader Durham District School Board

Numeracy

Sue Continelli

Grapeview Public School District School Board of Niagara

Character Education

Dennis Caron

St. Maurice Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Leda Ostafichuk

Josyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Raymond Wiersma

Lord Elgin Public School Thames Valley District School Board

Combined Grades

Maureen Sims

St. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

ELL/ESL

Jane E. Sims

Education Consultant formerly Sir Sandford Fleming Academy Toronto District School Board

Maureen Sims

St. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Safety

Peter Bloch

Northern Secondary School Toronto District School Board

Expert Reviewers

Randy Dumont

McMaster University

Dr. Monika Havelka

University of Toronto (Mississauga)

Marina Milner-Bolotin

Ryerson University

Steven Sadura

University of Guelph

Dr. Rashmi Venkateswaran

University of Ottawa

Unit Reviewers

Daniel Birkenbergs

St. Edmund Campion Senior School Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Paul Bosacki

John P. Robarts Public School Thames Valley District School Board

Laura Christian

R.A. Riddel School Hamilton Wentworth District School Board

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Acknowledgements

Ian Christie

Aldershot School Halton District School Board

Julie Grando

Academic Consultant, Science and Mathematics, Grades 7-12 Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Jodie Hancox-Meyer

Doon Public School Waterloo District School Board

Jocelyn Harrison

D.A. Morrison Junior Middle School Toronto District School Board

Shawna Hopkins

Consultant, Science, K-12 Science District School Board of Niagara

Stephanie Insley

Chippewa Public School Thames Valley District School Board

Kristina Kernohan

Applecroft Public School Durham District School Board

Tait Luste

Glenhaven Senior Public School Peel District School Board

Heather A. Mace

Featherston Drive Public School Ottawa-Carleton District School Board

Michael J. Newnham

Learning Coordinator, 7-12 Science Thames Valley District School Board

Bruno Pullara

All Saints and St. Christopher Schools Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Katherine Shaw

Instructional Resource Teacher Peel District School Board

Micheline Tamminen

Five Mile Public School Lakehead Public Schools

Margaret Ward

Orchard Park Public School Halton District School Board

Matthew Wilson

Port Weller Public School District School Board of Niagara

iv

Field-Test Teachers

Chris Atkinson

St. Francis Xavier Catholic School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jody Bonner-Vickers

J.W. Walker School Rainy River District School Board

Anne Bradley

St. James the Greater Catholic School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Helen Brown

Gordon B. Attersley Public School Durham District School Board

Patricia Cava

Sacred Heart High School Ottawa Catholic District School Board

Brenda Collins

St. Jude Catholic School London Catholic District School Board

Joan D'Elia

Ruth Thompson Middle School Peel District School Board

Chris di Tomasso

Sacred Heart Catholic School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jessica Egelnick

Royal Orchard Middle School Peel District School Board

Jody Ferdinand

A.J. Charbonneau Public School Renfrew County District School Board

Heidi Ferguson

Our Lady of Sorrows Catholic School Renfrew County Catholic District School Board

Alison Fernandes

St. Sebastian Catholic Elementary School Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Andy Forgrave

Harmony Public School Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Donna Forward

Sacred Heart Intermediate School Ottawa Catholic District School Board

David Gillespie

Roland Michener Public School Durham District School Board

Jocelyn Harrison

Dixon Grove Junior Middle School Toronto District School Board

Pat Hogan

St. Francis de Sales Catholic School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Bill Hrynkiw

Nottingham Public School Durham District School Board

Nizam Hussain

Military Trail Public School Toronto District School Board

Colleen Hutcheson

Glashan Public School Ottawa-Carleton District School Board

Terry Jay

Assikinack Public School Simcoe County District School Board

Matt Johnston

Birch Cliff Public School Toronto District School Board

Kristi Johnston Bates

St. Michael Catholic High School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Tom Karrow

Wellesley Public School Waterloo Region District School Board

Kristina Kernohan

Applecroft Public School Durham District School Board

Irene Kicak

Glenview Senior Public School Toronto District School Board

Heather Lanning

General Crerar Public School Toronto District School Board

Jeff Laucke

Rosedale Public School Lambton Kent District School Board

Nicholas Lemire

Humberwood Downs Junior Middle Academy Toronto District School Board

Tait Luste

Glenhaven Senior Public School Peel District School Board

Hugh MacLean

Centennial Public School Waterloo Region District School Board

Marjory Masson

Earl Beatty Junior and Senior Public School Toronto District School Board

Acknowledgements

Irene McCuaig

Lakewood School Keewatin-Patricia District School Board

Mary Sue McIntyre

Monsignor Michael O'Leary School Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Brian Murrant

Victoria Harbour Elementary School Simcoe County District School Board

Tom Rhind

Lakewood School Keewatin-Patricia District School Board

Rebecca Ridler

Prince of Wales Public School Simcoe County District School Board

Phil Sanders

Northdale Central Public School Thames Valley District School Board

Rey Sandre

St. Mark Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Ryan Seale

Sacred Heart Catholic School Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

John Starratt

Monsignor Michael O'Leary School Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Corinna Taverna-Rossi

Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary School York Catholic District School Board

Stacy van Boxtel

St. Andrew's School Renfrew County Catholic District School Board

Cathy Viscount

Stanley Park Public School Waterloo Region District School Board

Janice Whiton

Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary School York Catholic District School Board

Raymond Wiersma

Chippewa Public School Thames Valley District School Board

Craig Winslow

St. Martin School Niagara Catholic District School Board

Students

The authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank all the students who participated in focus groups and field tests during the development of this book.

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