Regents Review



Regents Review HEGSAP, Social Sciences, Neolithic Revolution, River Valley Civilizations

Global History IIR Commack High School

Global History Regents Review Class #1

Early Civilizations, Culture, Social Sciences

1. Social sciences

2. Culture

3. Cultural Diffusion

4. Interdependence

5. Ethnocentrism

6. Middle Kingdom

7. hunter-gatherer

8. Paleolithic

9. Neolithic

10. Monotheism

11. Polytheism

12. River Valley

13. Fertile Crescent

14. Mesopotamia

15. Code of Hammurabi

16. ziggurats

17. cuneiform

18. Nile River Valley

19. hieroglyphics

20. pyramids

21. Huang He

22. yin and yang

23. Mandate of Heaven

24. Indus River Valley

25. Harappa and Mohenjo–Daro

26. Golden Age

I. HEGSAP:

Social sciences: Any discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects.

History: Use of written records, oral traditions and physical artifacts to study the past.

Economics: The study of how people and societies use their limited resources to produce goods

and services to satisfy needs and wants.

Geography: The study of the natural features of the earth's surface, including topography

(surface features – mountains), climate, soil, vegetation, and man's response to them

Sociology: The study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human

society

Archeologists: Scientists who study the way of life of early peoples by studying and analyzing

physical remains (fossils) left by early people.

Anthropologists: Social scientists who use artifacts (tools, weapons, etc.) to study human and

societies that they created

Political Science: A social science dealing with political institutions and with the main

beliefs and conduct of government.

II. Historical Sources

A) Historians are concerned with the examination of written records from the past. There are two types of sources that historians study:

1) Primary Source- A firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event (Examples- Diaries, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies).

2) Secondary Source- A secondhand record of a historical event created by a person who did NOT actually experience the event (Examples- Textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies).

III. Economic Systems:

|Economic Systems |

|Traditional |Based on agriculture |

| |Limited barter trade |

| |Neolithic Civilizations |

| |Early River Valley Civilizations |

|Market |Based upon Supply and Demand |

| |Usually focus on consumer goods |

| |Little government control |

|Command |Controlled by strong, centralized government |

| |Usually focuses on industrial goods |

| |Little attention paid to agriculture and consumer |

| |goods |

|Mixed |Combination of Market and Command economic systems |

| |Market forces control most consumer goods |

| |Government directs industry in need areas. |

Included in this theme are factors of production, which are the resources necessary to produce goods and services. These factors include human resources, natural resources, and capital or money resources. Human needs and wants also must be balanced within an economic system. Attention must be paid to the resources humans need to survive, and to those goods and services that serve to enhance living. Finally, the concept of scarcity must be explored and balanced. Scarcity is the conflict between limited resources and unlimited need. When scarcity of any resource occurs, new factors of production must be explored for humans to continue to survive.

IV. Culture – the way of life of a group of people at a particular time

The 7 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE (SCLARGE)

| Social Organization |Social classes based on education, occupation, money |

| |Family most important unit |

| |Matriarchal- women have authority |

| |Patriarchal – men have authority |

| Customs and Traditions |Rules of behavior |

| |Set of unwritten practices passed down from generation to generation |

| Language |Communication of thoughts, feelings, and knowledge through language |

| |Not all cultures have a system of writing |

| Arts and Literature |Used for entertainment and to teach about a culture’s values |

|(Music) |Promote cultural pride and unity |

| Religion |Helps people answer questions about the meaning of life |

| |Monotheism – belief in one god |

| |Polytheism – belief in many gods |

| Government |People who hold power in society and make laws |

| |Keep order in society and protect citizens |

| Economy |How people use limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs |

I. Cultural Diffusion

a. The process by which a cultural characteristic, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another

II. Culture Shock

a. A condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture

III. Ethnocentrism

a. The belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture over every other culture.

b. A tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own.

IV. Interdependence

a. Dependent on others for some needs.

b. In other words, you cannot produce everything you need.

V. What is the difference between culture and civilization?

a. Civilization: complex society with an advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, and science

V. Political Systems

Throughout history, many kinds of political systems developed in different areas of the world depending on the needs of the people, and the economic resources available.

|Type of System |Structure |Examples |

|DEMOCRACY |a political system in which the government is under the control of |ANCIENT ATHENIANS IN GREECE, ROMANS |

| |the citizens themselves. A government of the masses. | |

|REPUBLIC |Authority is derived through the election by the people of public |UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |

| |officials best fitted to represent them. | |

|MONARCHY |a political system in which the government is under the control of |ENGLAND (CONSTIUTIONAL MONARCHY – POWER IS SHARED WITH A |

| |one powerful leader. Common during ancient/medieval times. |REPRESENTATIVE BODY) |

|ARISTOCRACY |a political system in which the government is under the control of |ANCIENT GREECE HAD SOME CHARACTERISTICS |

| |wealthy landowners. | |

|BUREAUCRACY |an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides |GOVERNMENTS, ARMED FORCES, CORPORATIONS, HOSPITALS, |

| |work into specific categories carried out by special departments of |MINISTRIES, SOCIAL CLUBS, SPORTS LEAGUES, ACADEMIC |

| |nonelected officials |INSTITUTIONS |

|DICTATORSHIP |A government that has the power to govern without consent of those |SADDAM HUSSEIN, KIM JONG IL, FIDEL CASTRO (RAUL CASTRO), |

| |being governed. A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of |ADOLPH HITLER, BENITO MUSSOLINI. JOSEPH STALIN |

| |government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the | |

| |dictator, without hereditary rule. | |

|OLIGARCHY |a political system in which the government is under the control of |SOME CITY STATES OF ANCIENT GREECE |

| |the merchant class. | |

VI. The Neolithic Revolution

The life style of humankind in the Neolithic Age changes in a way that it had never happened the same way before, The two important events caused this change, first was the cultivation of plants, and the second was the domestication of wild animals that both were acquired wild before. So, humans had to leave the rock and wood shelters and build homes to stay within a close distance from his farm. The Neolithic period is a turning point because it is considered as the beginning of real civilization.

Paleolithic Neolithic

| Time period and lifestyle |Time period and lifestyle |

|Paleolithic - 2,000,000 B.C. – 10,000 B.C. |Neolithic – 10,000 B.C. – 30,000B.C. |

|Nomads — small groups(20/30) |Farming/settled communities |

|Hunters – Men |Agricultural revolution |

|Gatherers – Women |Social Classes |

| |Status of women decline – bearing children |

| |Elite warriors at top of social ladder. |

| Technology/Advancements | Technology/Advancements |

|Made simple tools (stone/bone) |Planting seeds (represents permanent settlements) |

|Developed spoken language |Domesticate animals (protein) |

|Invented clothing (skins) |Tools/weapons made of metal |

|Fire! |Develop of calendars, plow ,wheel |

VII. Early River Valley Civilizations: About 5,000 years ago, the first civilizations began to develop along river valleys. The rich fertile soil helped these civilizations prosper.

|Egypt – Nile River Valley |Mesopotamia |

|Mummification = understanding death/ human body. (Medicine) |The Fertile Crescent - Tigris & Euphrates rivers |

|The architecture of pyramids and temples. |Cuneiform = First writing system, invented in 3200 B.C. |

|Hieroglyphics – an example of pictograms – early writing was made up of simple |Wheeled vehicles |

|drawing representing words. |Hammurabi’s Code (Eye for an eye) 1st written law code. Made laws readily |

|Papyrus (paper) |available for people of Babylon to see and know. This law code shows the |

|Calendars |divisions in social classes that exist in Babylon. You are not punished/treated |

| |the same way if you are wealthy or poor. |

| |Ziggurat - Temple where all religious and economic activities took place. |

|Huang He – China |Indus Valley – Pakistan |

|Mountains isolated them from other cultures leading to ethnocentrism. Called |Monsoons – rain in summer that they depended on to grow crops. |

|themselves the Middle Kingdom – center of the earth. |Sanskrit – written language |

|Ethnocentrism: belief that your civilization is the best. |Plumbing and drainage systems. |

|Developed a written language (pictographs). |Cities built with a grid pattern |

|Made silk | |

Common Features- Many ancient societies had important traits in common:

1) They existed in river valley regions.

2) They were all polytheistic- People believed in many gods associated with nature (i.e.- Sun God, Rain God, Wind God, etc).

3) They often had traditional economic systems with the following characteristics:

a) Barter- Trade without using money.

b) Subsistence agriculture- Farming in which the crops are used only to feed the farmer and his family. Food is not sold for a profit.

c) People have the same occupation (job) as their parents (usually related to farming/agriculture).

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