Chapter 9 – reporting and analysing long-lived assets



Chapter 9 – reporting and analysing long-lived assets Plant assets are resources that have Physical substance (a definite size and shape)Are used in the operations of a businessAre not intended for sale to customersAre expected to provide service to the company for a number of years, except for land. ?Referred to as property plant and equipment or plant and equipment or fixed assets ??Determining the cost of plant assets?Historical cost principle ?Requires that companies record plant assets at cost Cost consists of all expenditures necessary to acquire an asset and make it ready for its intended use Revenue expenditures - cost incurred to acquire a plant asset that are expensed immediately Capital expenditures - costs included in a plant asset account ?Cost?Cash paid in a cash transaction or the cash equivalent price paid Cash equivalent price is the Fair value of the asset given up orFair value of the asset receivedWhichever is more clearly determinable.?Land?All necessary costs incurred in making land ready for its intended use increase (debit) the Land account Costs typically includeCash purchase priceClosing costs such as title and attorney's feesReal estate brokers' commissions Accrued property taxes and other liens on the land assumed by the purchaser ?Land improvements ?Includes all expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended useExamples: driveways, parking lots, fences, landscaping, underground sprinklersLimited useful livesExpense (depreciate) the cost of land improvements over their useful lives ?Buildings ?Includes all costs related directly to purchase or constructionPurchase costs:Purchase price, closing costs and real estate brokers' commissions Remodelling and replacing or repairing the roof, floors, electrical wiring and plumbingConstruction costs Contract price plus payments for architects' fees, building permits and excavation costs ?Equipment Includes all costs incurred in acquiring the equipment and preparing it for use Typically include: Cash purchase priceSales taxesFreight chargesInsurance during transit paid by the purchaserExpenditures required in assembling, installing and testing the unit ?To buy or lease?A lease is a contractual agreement in which the owner of an asset (lessor) allows another party (lessee) to use the asset for a period of time at an agreed price. Advantages of leasing: Reduced risk of obsolescenceLittle or no down paymentShared tax advantagesAssets and liabilities not reported. ?Capital lease - lessees show the asset and liability on the balance sheet?Accounting for plant assets?DepreciationProcess of allocating to expense the cost of a plant asset over its useful life in a rational and systematic manner Process of cost allocation NOT asset valuationApplies to land improvements, buildings and equipment, not land Depreciable because the revenue producing ability of asset will decline over the asset's useful life?Factors in computing depreciation?Cost: all expenditures necessary to acquire the asset and make it ready for intended use Useful life: estimate of the expected life based on need for repair, service life and vulnerability to obsolescence Salvage value: estimate of the asset's value at the end of its useful life. ?Depreciation methods Management selects the method it believes best measures an asset's contribution to revenue over its useful life. Examples include:?Straight line Expense is the same amount for each other Depreciable cost = cost less salvage value ?Declining balanceAccelerated method Decreasing annual depreciation expense over the asset's useful lifeDouble declining-balance rate is double the straight line rateRate applied to book value ?Units-of-activityCompanies estimate total units of activity to calculate depreciation cost per unitExpense varies based on units of activity Depreciable cost is cost less salvage value ?Comparison of depreciation methods ?Each method is acceptable because each recognizes the decline in service potential of the asset in a rational and systematic manner?Revising periodic depreciationAccounted for in the period of change and future periods (change in estimate)Not handled retrospectively Not considered error ?Expenditure during useful life ?Ordinary repairs expenditures to maintain the operating efficiency and productive life of the unit Debit: repair (or maintenance) expense ?Additions and improvements Costs incurred to increase the operating efficiency, productive capacity or useful life of a plant asset Debit: the plant asset affected ?Plant asset disposalCompanies dispose of plant assets in 3 ways RetirementSaleExchange Record depreciation up to the date of disposal Eliminate asset by debiting accumulated depreciation and crediting the asset account ??Plant asset disposals?Sales of plant assetsCompare the book value of the asset with the proceeds received from the sale If proceeds exceed the book value, a gain on disposal occursIf proceeds are less than the book value, a loss on disposal occurs?Retirement of plant assets ?No cash is received Decrease (debit) accumulated depreciation for the full amount of depreciation taken over the life of the asset Decrease (credit) the asset account for the original cost of the asset ?Analysing plant assets ?Return on assets Indicates the amount of net income generated by each dollar of assets=net?income?Average?total?assets ?Asset turnoverIndicates how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate sales =net?sales?Average?total?assets ?Profit margin revisited Tells how effective a company is in turning its sales into income That is how much income each dollar of sales provides. Profit margin x asset turnover = return on assets ??Intangible assets?Rights, privileges and competitive advantages that result from ownership of long-lived assets that do not possess physical substance Limited life or an indefinite life Common types of intangibles: PatentsCopyrights Franchises or licensesTrademarksTrade namesGoodwill ?Accounting for intangibles Limited life intangibles:Amortize to expenseCredit asset account or accumulated amortization Indefinite-Life intangiblesNo foreseeable limit on time the asset is expected to provide cash flowsNo amortization ?PatentsExclusive right to manufacture, sell or otherwise control an invention for a period of 20 years fro the date of the grant Capitalize costs of purchasing a patent and amortize over its 20 year life or its useful life whichever is shorterExpense any R&D costs in developing a patentLegal fees incurred successfully defending a patent are capitalized to Patent account. ?Research and development costs Expenditures that may lead to PatentsCopyrightsNew processes New products ?Note: all R&D costs are expensed when incurred ?Copyrights Give the owner the exclusive right to reproduce and sell an artistic or published work Granted for the life of the creator + 70 yearsCapitalize costs of acquiring and defending it Amortized to expense over useful life ?Trademarks and trade names Word, phrase, jingle or symbol that identifies a particular enterprise or productMonopoly, Kleenex, Coca-Cola, Big Mac, JeepLegal protection for indefinite number of 20 year renewal periods Capitalize acquisition costsNo amortization ?FranchisesContractual arrangement between a franchisor and a franchiseeToyota, shell, subway and Mariott are franchisesFranchise (or license) with a limited life should be amortized to expense over the life of the franchise Franchise with an indefinite life should be carried at cost and not amortized?GoodwillIncludes exceptional management, desirable location, good customer relations, skilled employees, high-quality products etc.Only recorded when an entire business is purchasedInternally created goodwill should not be capitalized ? ................
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