Global Submission Form - YODA Project
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY CONCEPT SUBMISSIONRECIST response of measurable disease as a surrogate endpoint in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancerCONTACT INFORMATIONINVESTIGATOR INFORMATIONInvestigator Name (include degree):PI: Guru Sonpavde, MDCo-I: Gregory R. Pond, PhDEqual Senior authors: Charles J. Ryan, Johann De BonoInstitution:UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center Address:1802 6th Ave S, NP2540BCity:BirminghamState:ALZip Code:35294Phone:205-975-2914Fax:205-975-3910Email:sonpavde@uab.edu CONCEPT INFORMATION Objective(s):Study of association of RECIST response as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival (OS) in men receiving abiraterone plus prednisoneStudy Phase: FORMCHECKBOX Phase I FORMCHECKBOX Phase II FORMCHECKBOX Phase II/III FORMCHECKBOX Phase III FORMCHECKBOX RetrospectiveAbstractBackground: Objective RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria have not been generally applicable to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) due to mostly non-measurable bone metastases. Given the more frequent detection of measurable disease with current CT imaging technology, the accrual of mCRPC patients with measurable tumors in phase II trials to assess RECIST changes may provide a more objective signal of efficacy of new drugs. The COU-AA-302 and COU-AA-301 phase III trials, which evaluated abiraterone, were both ‘positive’ for extension of overall survival (OS), and afford a unique opportunity to study the surrogacy of RECIST response to predict OS. The surrogacy of RECIST changes may then be examined across other agents to confirm universal applicability. Such a development will allow the objective determination of activity of agents in phase II trials and resources will be better utilized since the most suitable agents will be selected for phase III development. Objectives: To study RECIST response as a surrogate for OSStudy design and participants: The COU-AA-302 will be employed as the discovery dataset and COU-AA-301 as the validation dataset. Outcome measures: The association RECIST changes with OS will be studied.Statistical analysis: Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses will evaluate the prognostic ability of RECIST changes. A landmark analysis will be performed using day 90 as the landmark time. RECIST changes will be evaluated as potential surrogates using the likelihood reduction factor.Specific aimsGiven the limitations of objectively measuring tumor burden in bone in men with metastatic castration prostate cancer (mCRPC) and more frequent detection of measurable disease with current imaging, the accrual of men with measurable tumors in phase II trials to assess RECIST changes may be hypothesized to provide a more robust and objective signal of efficacy of new drugs compared to endpoints such as PSA response and radiographic progression-free survival. To study the association of RECIST response with survival in docetaxel-na?ve and post-docetaxel men with mCRPC receiving prednisone combined with placebo or abirateroneCox regression analyses of COU-AA-301 and COU-AA-302 trials will evaluate the prognostic ability of RECIST changes to predict survival after adjusting for previously reported baseline prognostic factors. The impact of RECIST changes independent of PSA response will be studied.To evaluate RECIST response as a surrogate endpoint in docetaxel-na?ve and post-docetaxel men with mCRPC receiving prednisone combined with placebo or abirateroneRECIST changes will be evaluated as potential surrogates for OS using COU-AA-302 as the discovery dataset and COU-AA-301 as the validation dataset, using the likelihood reduction factor.CONCEPT RATIONALE AND DESIGNIntermediate endpoints correlating with survival in men with mCRPCmCRPC has been historically plagued by the lack of an optimal intermediate endpoint correlating with survival due to the presence of mostly bone metastases and lack of measurable disease. The Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG)-2 guidelines recommend the use of time to event endpoints and provide guidelines to assess bone scan changes PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1]. However, the use of bone scan changes is problematic and subjective and prone to flare phenomena. The bone scan index has been proposed to measure volume of bone disease, but is also a subjective assessment and warrants validation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EZW5uaXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [6, 7]. Radiographic PFS based on PCWG2 guidelines (RECIST or bone scan progression) was sown to be associated with OS in the setting of docetaxel-based chemotherapy as well as second-line therapy ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sonpavde</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1132</RecNum><DisplayText>[8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="1413513111">1132</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sonpavde, G.</author><author>Pond, G. R.</author><author>Armstrong, A. J.</author><author>Galsky, M. D.</author><author>Leopold, L.</author><author>Wood, B. A.</author><author>Wang, S. L.</author><author>Paolini, J.</author><author>Chen, I.</author><author>Chow-Maneval, E.</author><author>Mooney, D. J.</author><author>Lechuga, M.</author><author>Smith, M. R.</author><author>Michaelson, M. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (UAB) Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Radiographic progression by Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG)-2 criteria as an intermediate endpoint for drug development in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer</title><secondary-title>BJU Int</secondary-title><alt-title>BJU international</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BJU Int</full-title><abbr-1>BJU international</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>BJU Int</full-title><abbr-1>BJU international</abbr-1></alt-periodical><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 3</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1464-410X (Electronic)
1464-4096 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24298897</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[8]. In this post-hoc analysis of two randomized trials, radiographic progression by PCWG-2 criteria was significantly associated with poor OS in patients with mCRPC receiving docetaxel-based chemotherapy or post-docetaxel therapy. Shorter time to progression was associated with shorter survival regardless of whether death and symptomatic progression were considered progression events. Another presentation demonstrated the association of radiographic PFS (by PCWG-2 criteria) and OS in patients with mCRPC receiving pre-docetaxel prednisone alone or with abiraterone in a phase III trial ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryan CJ</Author><RecNum>735</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>735</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="0">735</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryan CJ, Morris M, Molina A, Piulats JR, De Souza P, Li J, et al</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association of radiographic progression-free survival adapted from Prostate Cancer Working Group-2 consensus criteria with overall survival in patients wuth metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer</title><secondary-title>ESMO Congress September 2012, Vienna, Austria, abstract 8940</secondary-title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Ryan CJ</Author><RecNum>735</RecNum><record><rec-number>735</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="0">735</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryan CJ, Morris M, Molina A, Piulats JR, De Souza P, Li J, et al</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association of radiographic progression-free survival adapted from Prostate Cancer Working Group-2 consensus criteria with overall survival in patients wuth metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer</title><secondary-title>ESMO Congress September 2012, Vienna, Austria, abstract 8940</secondary-title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]. Although circulating tumor cell (CTC) changes carry prognostic value, all patients do not have detectable CTCs and costs may be a barrier PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hlciBIPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [10-13].Objective measurable disease responseMeasurable disease response was associated with OS in the setting of chemotherapy as shown in an analysis of the TAX327 trial ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sonpavde</Author><RecNum>192</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>192</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="0">192</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sonpavde, G.</author><author>Pond, G. R.</author><author>Berry, W. R.</author><author>de Wit, R.</author><author>Eisenberger, M. A.</author><author>Tannock, I. F.</author><author>Armstrong, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Texas Oncology and Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.</auth-address><titles><title>The association between radiographic response and overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving chemotherapy</title><secondary-title>Cancer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cancer</full-title><abbr-1>Cancer</abbr-1></periodical><edition>2011/03/03</edition><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-543X (Print)
0008-543X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21365623</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[14]. Objective measurable disease response may be an excellent intermediate endpoint. Historically, measurable disease has only minimally been examined as a potential intermediate endpoint, in large part due to the small number of patients with radiologically measured disease. However, the longer survival seen with the sequential administration of currently available agents and better CT scan technology has increased the number of patients with measurable disease. In a retrospective analysis of the TAX327 trial, the relation of WHO-defined radiologic response with OS was performed by using Cox proportional hazards regression. Four hundred twelve patients (~42%) enrolled on the TAX327 trial had measurable tumors. Thirty-seven patients exhibited a complete or partial objective response (CR/PR, 9.0%), 116 had stable disease (SD, 28.2%), 99 had progressive disease (PD, 24%) and 160 (38.8%) did not have an after-baseline objective assessment. Partial responders demonstrated longer median OS (29.0 months) than patients with SD (22.1 months) or those with PD (10.8 months) or those who were not assessed (12.7 months). A significant association between ≥ 30% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines and radiologic response was found, with ≥ 30% PSA declines occurring in all patients with CR/PR, 79.8% of patients with SD, and 34.4% with PD. Radiologic response remained a significant but modest post-treatment prognostic factor for OS after adjusting for treatment, pain response, and ≥ 30% PSA decline (P = 0.009), and remained significant based on landmark analyses. Thus, in men with metastatic CRPC and measurable disease receiving chemotherapy, objective tumor response was prognostic for OS and appeared to complement PSA assessment. Recently, response by RECIST criteria was examined for association with OS in the VENICE dataset of patients receiving docetaxel-based chemotherapy (confidential; data submitted to GU ASCO symposium 2015) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tannock</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1067</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1067</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="1405370167">1067</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tannock, I. F.</author><author>Fizazi, K.</author><author>Ivanov, S.</author><author>Karlsson, C. T.</author><author>Fléchon, A.</author><author>Skoneczna, I.</author><author>Orlandi, F.</author><author>Gravis, G.</author><author>Matveev, V.</author><author>Bavbek, S.</author><author>Gil, T.</author><author>Viana, L.</author><author>Arén, O.</author><author>Karyakin, O.</author><author>Elliott, T.</author><author>Birtle, A.</author><author>Magherini, E.</author><author>Hatteville, L.</author><author>Petrylak, D.</author><author>Tombal, B.</author><author>Rosenthal, M.</author><author>VENICE investigators</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Aflibercept versus placebo in combination with docetaxel and prednisone for treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (VENICE): a phase 3, double-blind randomised trial</title><secondary-title>Lancet Oncol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet Oncol</full-title><abbr-1>The lancet oncology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>760-8</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1474-5488</isbn><accession-num>23742877</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>(13)70184-0</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]. To briefly summarize the findings, 363 of 612 patients (59.3%) who received docetaxel-prednisone had measurable lesions. Objective changes in tumor size by RECIST within 90 days were robustly associated with OS in patients with mCRPC receiving first-line docetaxel-based chemotherapy (specific data available on request). COU-AA-302 and AA-301 trialsThe COU-AA-301 (N=1195) and AA-302 (N=1088) phase III trials are randomized trials that are considered positive for the extension of survival with abiraterone + prednisone compared to placebo + prednisone in the post-docetaxel and pre-docetaxel settings, respectively. The AA-301 post-docetaxel trial randomized patients in a 2:1 ratio and showed an extension of OS to 14.8 months vs. 10.9 months (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.77; P<0.001) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>de Bono</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1108</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1108</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="1405824217">1108</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Bono, J. S.</author><author>Logothetis, C. J.</author><author>Molina, A.</author><author>Fizazi, K.</author><author>North, S.</author><author>Chu, L.</author><author>Chi, K. N.</author><author>Jones, R. J.</author><author>Goodman, O. B.</author><author>Saad, F.</author><author>Staffurth, J. N.</author><author>Mainwaring, P.</author><author>Harland, S.</author><author>Flaig, T. W.</author><author>Hutson, T. E.</author><author>Cheng, T.</author><author>Patterson, H.</author><author>Hainsworth, J. D.</author><author>Ryan, C. J.</author><author>Sternberg, C. N.</author><author>Ellard, S. L.</author><author>Fléchon, A.</author><author>Saleh, M.</author><author>Scholz, M.</author><author>Efstathiou, E.</author><author>Zivi, A.</author><author>Bianchini, D.</author><author>Loriot, Y.</author><author>Chieffo, N.</author><author>Kheoh, T.</author><author>Haqq, C. M.</author><author>Scher, H. I.</author><author>COU-AA-301 Investigators</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title><abbr-1>The New England journal of medicine</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1995-2005</pages><volume>364</volume><number>21</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4406</isbn><accession-num>21612468</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[16]. All the secondary end points analyzed provided support for the superiority of abiraterone acetate over placebo, including the confirmed PSA response rate (29% vs. 6%, P<0.001), the objective response rate on the basis of RECIST among patients with measurable disease at baseline (14% vs. 3%, P<0.001), time to PSA progression (10.2 months vs. 6.6 months), and median progression-free survival on the basis of radiographic evidence (5.6 vs. 3.6 months). The COU-AA-302 pre-docetaxel trial randomized in a 1:1 ratio and showed improved median OS with abiraterone–prednisone (median not reached, vs. 27.2 months for prednisone alone; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.93; P=0.01), however, the p-value did not cross the pre-determined efficacy boundary of P≤0.001 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SeWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [17]. The rates of PSA decline ≥50% (62 v 24%, p<0.001) and objective response to therapy in those with measurable disease (36 v 16%, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the abiraterone–prednisone group than in the prednisone-alone group. Rationale and statement of significanceGiven the limitations of objectively measuring tumor burden in bone and more frequent detection of measurable disease with current imaging, the accrual of patients with measurable tumors in phase II trials to assess RECIST changes may provide a more objective signal of efficacy of new drugs compared to currently used intermediate endpoints. The major advantage of RECIST changes is the objective property of RECIST measurements in contrast to bone scan changes and symptomatic and PSA progression. The aforementioned data showing the robust association of WHO and RECIST defined changes with OS shown in TAX327 and VENICE trials warrant external validation in a separate dataset that employed RECIST. The COU-AA-302 and AA-301 trial datasets offer the opportunity to validate the association between RECIST response and survival in the setting of abiraterone plus prednisone. In the setting of these 2 trials, It is proposed that COU-AA-302 be employed as the discovery dataset and AA-301 be employed as the validation dataset. If RECIST changes show at least moderate surrogacy for OS using these datasets, the surrogacy of RECIST changes may be examined across other classes of agents.Study Design: Retrospective analyses of COU-AA-302 and AA-301 will be conducted to assess the association of RECIST changes with OS. The suitability of RECIST response as a surrogate endpoint will be assessed. COU-AA-302, the pre-docetaxel trial, will be employed as the discovery dataset and AA-301, the post-docetaxel trial, will be employed as the validation dataset. Clinical data (deidentified) will be requested from the COU-AA-302 and AA-301 trials. The following clinical and laboratory variables are requested:AgeTherapy armTrial (AA-301 and AA-302)ECOG-PSMetastatic sites (PCWG2 subtype)PainHbAlkaline phosphatasePSA-DTPSATestosterone levelGleason scoreAlbuminDate of therapy startDate of protocol-defined progression on trialType of progression: Radiographic progression (measurable disease or bone scan), PSA progression, skeletal-related event, pain progression, and radiotherapy for symptoms or deathDate of last follow-upSurvival at last follow-upNeutrophil count (baseline)Lymphocyte count (baseline)Measurable tumorRECIST response status and % decline in RECIST dimension by day 90PSA responseSTATISTICSBrief Statistical Rationale:COU-AA-302 will be employed as the discovery dataset and AA-301 will be employed as the validation dataset. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses will evaluate the prognostic ability (with primary endpoint of overall survival and secondary endpoints of rPFS) of RECIST changes (PR, SD, PD) and the previously reported baseline prognostic factors PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TbWFsZXR6PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [18-25]. The impact of RECIST changes independent of PSA declines will be studied. Since there is the potential of a time-bias when using RECIST changes, a landmark analysis will be performed using day 90 as the landmark time. The Kaplan-Meier method will be used for to estimate OS within selected subgroups. Validation of factors previously hypothesized to be prognostic will be initially examined in the discovery dataset, and then validated in the validation dataset. Results will be reported using a combination of hazard ratios, overall survival estimation, c-statistics, discrimination plots, tables, descriptive statistics and confidence intervals. RECIST changes will be evaluated as potential surrogates using the likelihood reduction factor ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>O'Quigley</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>833</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zz5w90xt12a9rre9te6xtpa9tdtad9d5e5se" timestamp="1378073027">833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>O'Quigley, J.</author><author>Flandre, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>INSERM, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Quantification of the prentice criteria for surrogate endpoints</title><secondary-title>Biometrics</secondary-title><alt-title>Biometrics</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biometrics</full-title><abbr-1>Biometrics</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Biometrics</full-title><abbr-1>Biometrics</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>297-300</pages><volume>62</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Biological Markers/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Endpoint Determination</keyword><keyword>Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Models, Statistical</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-341X (Print)
0006-341X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16542258</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[26]. All analyses will be two-sided and statistical significance will be defined at α=0.05 level. FINANCIAL Please complete below and attach a copy of an itemized budget*Per Patient CostsTOTAL FEE$ 0TYPE OF SUPPORTType of Support: FORMCHECKBOX Drug FORMCHECKBOX Financial FORMCHECKBOX Material transfer (plasma) FORMCHECKBOX Data transfer (deidentified clinical outcomes and baseline variables)Will other support be provided by other entities: FORMCHECKBOX No FORMCHECKBOX Yes (UAB Urologic Oncology startup funds)PUBLICATION PLAN Target Abstract Submission(s)ASCO 2015Intend to submit final manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX NoJCO, Lancet Oncol, Cancer, Ann Oncol, CCRIRB approvalUAB Protocol X120917005 (RUAB2012-11)-Retrospective study of prognostic factors in advanced urologic cancers: This protocol covers analysis of samples derived from deidentified patients with all urologic cancers at UAB or from other deidentified datasets.References ADDIN EN.REFLIST [1]Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Mar 1: 26:1148-59[2]Dennis ER, Jia X, Mezheritskiy IS, et al. Bone scan index: a quantitative treatment response biomarker for castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2012 Feb 10: 30:519-24[3]Ulmert D, Kaboteh R, Fox JJ, et al. A novel automated platform for quantifying the extent of skeletal tumour involvement in prostate cancer patients using the Bone Scan Index. European urology. 2012 Jul: 62:78-84[4]Petrylak DP, Ankerst DP, Jiang CS, et al. Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen declines for surrogacy in patients treated on SWOG 99-16. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2006 Apr 19: 98:516-21[5]Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Ou Yang YC, et al. Prostate-specific antigen and pain surrogacy analysis in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2007 Sep 1: 25:3965-70[6]Hussain M, Goldman B, Tangen C, et al. Prostate-specific antigen progression predicts overall survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer: data from Southwest Oncology Group Trials 9346 (Intergroup Study 0162) and 9916. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009 May 20: 27:2450-6[7]Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer E, de Wit R, Tannock I, Eisenberger M. Prediction of survival following first-line chemotherapy in men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. Jan 1: 16:203-11[8]Sonpavde G, Pond GR, Armstrong AJ, et al. Radiographic progression by Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG)-2 criteria as an intermediate endpoint for drug development in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU international. 2013 Dec 3: [9]Ryan CJ MM, Molina A, Piulats JR, De Souza P, Li J, et al. Association of radiographic progression-free survival adapted from Prostate Cancer Working Group-2 consensus criteria with overall survival in patients wuth metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. ESMO Congress September 2012, Vienna, Austria, abstract 8940. [10]Scher H HG, Molina A, Kheoh T, Attard G, Moreira J, Sandhu S, Parker C, Logothetis C, McCormack R, Fizazi K, Anand A, Danila D, Fleisher M, Olmos D, Haqq C, De Bono J. Evaluation of circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration as an efficacy response biomarker of overall survival (OS) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Planned final analysis (FA) of COU-AA-301, a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study of abiraterone acetate (AA) plus low-dose prednisone (P) post docetaxel. J Clin Oncol 29: 2011 (suppl; abstr LBA4517^). 2011: [11]de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008 Oct 1: 14:6302-9[12]Beer TM, Lalani AS, Lee S, et al. C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker for men with androgen-independent prostate cancer: results from the ASCENT trial. Cancer. 2008 Jun: 112:2377-83[13]Prins RC, Rademacher BL, Mongoue-Tchokote S, et al. C-reactive protein as an adverse prognostic marker for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): Confirmatory results. Urologic oncology. Mar 5: [14]Sonpavde G, Pond GR, Berry WR, et al. The association between radiographic response and overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer. Mar 1: [15]Tannock IF, Fizazi K, Ivanov S, et al. Aflibercept versus placebo in combination with docetaxel and prednisone for treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (VENICE): a phase 3, double-blind randomised trial. The lancet oncology. 2013 Jul: 14:760-8[16]de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. The New England journal of medicine. 2011 May: 364:1995-2005[17]Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, et al. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. The New England journal of medicine. 2013 Jan 10: 368:138-48[18]Smaletz O, Scher HI, Small EJ, et al. Nomogram for overall survival of patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer after castration. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 Oct 1: 20:3972-82[19]Halabi S, Small EJ, Kantoff PW, et al. Prognostic model for predicting survival in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 Apr 1: 21:1232-7[20]Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer ES, Yang YC, de Wit R, Tannock IF, Eisenberger M. A contemporary prognostic nomogram for men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer: a TAX327 study analysis. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Nov: 13:6396-403[21]Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer E, de Wit R, Tannock I, Eisenberger M. Prediction of survival following first-line chemotherapy in men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2010 Jan: 16:203-11[22]Armstrong AJ, Tannock IF, de Wit R, George DJ, Eisenberger M, Halabi S. The development of risk groups in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer based on risk factors for PSA decline and survival. European journal of cancer. 2010 Feb: 46:517-25[23]Halabi S, Lin CY, Kelly WK, et al. Updated prognostic model for predicting overall survival in first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2014 Mar 1: 32:671-7[24]Halabi S, Lin CY, Small EJ, et al. Prognostic model predicting metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer survival in men treated with second-line chemotherapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2013 Nov 20: 105:1729-37[25]Omlin A, Pezaro C, Mukherji D, et al. Improved survival in a cohort of trial participants with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer demonstrates the need for updated prognostic nomograms. European urology. 2013 Aug: 64:300-6[26]O'Quigley J, Flandre P. Quantification of the prentice criteria for surrogate endpoints. Biometrics. 2006 Mar: 62:297-300 ................
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