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AS UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS CASE STUDIES
CROWDED COAST
1. Coastalisation in Australia
• Most urbanised country in world with 90% urban
• 60% living in 5 largest cities on coast
• Why? Main ports and industries provide jobs
• Rainfall greater near coast so most farming 300-400km from coastline
• Droughts inland have made farming difficult so young people move to cost to work in service sector jobs
• New immigrants move straight to coastal settlements
• Outdoor lifestyle at coast as well as urban attractions eg culture, restaurants
• house prices cheaper in small towns at coast so young families choose to move there
2.Coastalisation in Spain – Costa Geriatrica (ie old people!)
• 65% of Mediterranean is urbanised and by 2025 there are expected to be 135 million people just of the N coast of the Mediterranean
• 1.2% per year growth of population at the coast in Spain since 2000 as people migrate from inland cities and international migration of people from countries like UK
• In 2005 22% of people at the coast were over 65
3.Coastalisation in Florida
• 75% of people in Florida live at the coast
• Value of property along the Florida coast in $1.9 trillion
• Florida Everglades wetlands has shrunk by 80% and providing freshwater to locals is becoming a problem
• 9% of Florida coast is low-lying and more people are moving in and becoming at risk from hurricanes, flooding, storm surges etc
4. Coastalisation in Bournemouth
• Bournemouth is Dorset’s largest city and it is rapidly growing
• In 1851 there were 695 people and by 2001 163,600
• Highest population in SW of UK with 3543 people per km squared
• 1995-2005 growth of 6.4%
• Natural population decrease of 300 people in 2005 as births below deaths
• BUT inwards migration (especially over 50 years of age)
Why?
• Climate – second sunniest place in UK with less frost and snow
• High environmental quality – attractive area to live in near the World Heritage Jurassic Coast
• Accessibility – local urban amenities easily available as less than 2 hours by train from London
How did Bournemouth grow?
• Started back in the Victoria period with the development of the railway.
• In 1859 railway was built from London to Bournemouth to bring in tourists
• Wealthy tourists came as the ‘Grand Hotel’ and the Winter Gardens for the symphony orchestra were added as attractions
• 1880s pier was built to appeal to the mass market – including people with lower wages as day trippers
• 1960s and 1970s package holidays to Europe meant that less tourists arrived
• 1980s regeneration – railway was upgraded and it now took less than 2 hours to reach London
• Airport linked people with channel islands and later Europe – attracting major employers
• Growth of service sector in Bournemouth – banking, finance and tourism
• Financial institutions (like JP Morgan Chase, Barclays Bank) employed 14889 in 1999 and by 18300 by 2003
• These industries are footloose and are attracted to Bournemouth because of :
Land with planning permission available
University to supply highly skilled workers
Access to London easy and airport allows access to Europe
Wages lower than SE and London
House prices also lower than SE
• Retirement boom – as people from SE move in and downsize their homes releasing money to reinvest and many facilities for the elderly like day centres, clubs and social activities
• University expanded in recent years attracting younger people for vibrant nightlife
Results of growth?
• Coastal squeeze as city is squashed between the coast and rural green belt on the edge of city (where planning permission not granted)
• Bournemouth council encourages people to renovate existing buildings and to use brownfield sites (99% of new homes), not build new ones
• Many hotels on seafront now converted into flats or student accommodation
5. Conflict on the Jurassic coast
• In 2001 UNESCO named the Jurassic coast of Dorset and East Devon a World Heritage Site – so it is of global importance because the geology spans several periods
GEOLOGY AND LANDFORMS-
• The rocks vary greatly on the coastline and create a varied landscape
• Resistant Purbeck and Portland limestone form steep cliffs and headlands.
• Less resistant clays and sands form bays or coves, like Lulworth
• The cliffs of Kimmeridge are less resistant and fossils can easily be found there
• Fossil hunters can disturb the marine rocky shore, where people look at crabs and limpets, as the shale from the cliffs is crumbles and falls as they look remove fossils.
• There is the Limpet Protection Zone there which tries to educate tourists to stop this!!
ECOLOGY-
• Studland has sand dunes and much of it is a SSSI (site of special scientific interest)
• The dunes are home to rare plants (eg marsh gentian), insects (eg ladybird spider), birds (eg Dorset nightjar) and reptiles (eg sand lizard)
• Inland the dunes change to heathland with heather and then trees like birch.
• 1.5 million tourists visit the beach and dunes here each year
• In summer queues of cars can extend all the way along the Studland peninsula
• On bank holidays 35,000 people may come in one day
• There are problems with traffic congestion, litter and dune trampling
• Also jet skiing and water skiing is noisy, causes swash to affect the plant life and dolphins are threatened by outboard motors
6. Conflict on the Dorset coast: Boscombe surf reef
• Boscombe’s new surf reef is 2.5km from Bournemouth pier
• It was completed in 2008
• Large sand geotextile bags have been laid over a hectare of sea floor
• It forces waves to break out to sea and creates a greater wave height so that surfing can take place
• £1.4 million in costs
• Flats, restaurants, cafes and shops have also been developed in what was previously a run down area
• 10,000 surfers a year could be attracted
• These spend 8% more than average tourists
• Council expects to earn £10 million annually
• 60 full time and 30 part time jobs created
• But noisy for locals, especially for elderly retired people, as surfers are young (so may have more hoody culture to deal with!!!)
• Also most surfers will not pay to stay in local hotels
• Car parking shortages
• Some people argue that this quantity of money should not have been spent on a minority sport
7. Industry on the coast: Southampton Water
• Southampton water and the Solent together are one of Britain’s best natural harbours
• It has many advantages for industry – it is sheltered from storms in the English channel by the Isle of Wight, it has a deepwater channel for large ships and around the estuary is a large area of flat land for development
• Competition for land and conflicts occur as:
a)expansion of suburbs as high demand for new homes eg coastal squeeze at Hythe and Fawley
b)Industrial development at Fawley oil refinery and Southampton docks
c) Sewage disposal from housing estates
d)Sailing and leisure craft on Southampton water
FAWLEY OIL REFINERY
• Opened in 1951
• Largest oil refinery in Uk with 3000 employees
• Owned by ESSO
• Handles 2000 ships and 22 million tonnes of crude oil a year
• Location of Solent is suitable for all tankers from Europe
• When opened in 1951 planted 50,000 trees and shrubs
• Environmental impacts :
Salt marsh reduced in size as the refinery has expanded in size – changes plant succession, ecology and reduced sheltering
Effluent – liquid water may be as warm as 30 degrees and hard clams breed more and consume more algae, leaving less for other species
Metal pollution – metals like cadmium, lead and mercury as well as phosphates are emitted, at legal levels.
Oil spills – 1 October 1989 ship offloading oil spilt 20T of oil into water, which spread to Calshot spit.
Beaches, saltmarsh and 800 birds affected
• Sewage – pipes discharge 300 million litres of treated sewage every day into the Solent. Clams and Oysters are harvested for food from Southampton Water and they are dangerous if contaminated
• Runoff from farmland is high in nitrates and phosphates causes the Solent to become eutrophic with algal blooms – it encourages the growth of algae and waterweeds which produced toxins that kill off plants and sunlight is blocked out (eutrophication).
• Waste – Solid waste like sanitary towels and marine litter from boats ends up on beaches
• Metal pollution – paints used to stop organisms like barnacles growing on the side of boats contain lead (and it is legal to use them on large container ships). Tin levels in UK waters are high and they get trapped in sediments
• DIBDEN BAY
• In 2001 Associated British Ports (ABP) announced plan to build a container port next to Southampton water
• 2.1km of docks on 350 heactares opposite the Southampton docks proposed
• They wanted to do this as Southampton could not compete with other Uk ports like Felixstowe and so would go into decline
• They would dredge the bed to get the channel deeper to allow larger container ships and cruise boats
• £700 million costs
• 3000 jobs would be created
• New road and rail links would be added
• There were many protests by Friends of the Earth, English nature etc
• Dibden is a SSSI with 50,000 wading birds
• Local homes would lose their views
• Traffic would increase in the New Forest
• Increased fuels spills would be a risk to the ecosystem
• In 2004 the Transport Secretary announced the scheme would not go ahead as the environmental effects would be worse than economic benefits
8. Exxon Valdez Oil spill
• 24 March 1989
• Oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska
• 1.2 million barrels of crude oil were being carried and of these 240,000 were spilled
• Oil spread out over 2300km square affecting 1750km of coastline
• 100,000-300,000 seabirds died
9. Erosion and Management : Holderness coast, UK
Erosion
• Holderness is a coastline that is 61km long
• It is in East Yorkshire
• It is the fastest eroding coast in Europe
• It stretches from Flamborough Head in the North to Spurn Head in the South
• In some places like Cowden it has been eroding at 10m per year in recent times
Why?
• Geology – the cliffs on this coast South of Flamborough Head are mainly till/boulder clay and this is easily eroded by corrosion, corrosion and hydraulic action. It is prone to slumping and mass movements when wet.
• Narrow beaches – do not provide a lot of protection for the cliffs. They are narrow as Flamborough Head stops sediment from the North replenishing the beaches along Holderness. Also it is made of chalk which dissolves when eroded rather than making sand for the beach. Also the coastal defences at Mappleton lead to narrow beaches
• Powerful waves – the fetch is long- all the way from the Arctic Ocean
• The sea floor is deep so there is less friction to slow down the wave
• The coast faces the dominant wind and wave direction – from the NE.
• Low pressure weather systems pass in from the North Sea
• SO destructive waves – with large wave height and high frequency crash on the cliffs. Many storms increase their action.
• Weathering – physical, chemical and biological weathering
Effects?
• Around 30 villages have been lost to the sea since Roman times
• Property prices along the coast have fallen dramatically due to risk of erosion
• Visitor numbers dropped 30% between 1998-2006 in Bridlington
• Many caravan parks at risk from erosion eg Ulrome is losing about 10 pitches a year on average
• Very expensive to protect the coastline - £2 million spent to protect Mappleton in 1991
• Gas Terminal at Easington is at risk as it is only 25 metres from the cliff edge. This accounts for 25% of Britain’s gas
• 80,000 square metres of Britain’s best farmland lost per year – which has a huge effect on farmer’s livelihoods
• SSSIs (sites of special scientific interest) are threatened. Eg at Easington there are lagoons where terns (a type of bird like a sea gull) breed. 1% of British terns are from there. The lagoons are separated from the sea by a narrow band of sand and shingle if this erodes the lagoons would be destroyed.
Management
• 11.4km out of 61km currently protected by hard engineering
• Bridlington protected by 4.7km of sea wall as well as timber groynes
• Hornsea village protected by concrete sea wall, timber groynes and rip rap
• Gabions just south of Hornsea protect Hornsea caravan park
• Mappleton – in 1991 two rock groynes and 500m long revetment were built, They cost £2 million and were built to protect the village and the B1242 coast road
• Withernsea – groynes, sea wall have been built and rip rap placed in front of all when damaged in severe storms in 1992
• Easington gas terminal protected by a revetment
• Eastern end of Spurn Head protected by groynes and rip rap
Effects of the management
• Groynes trap the sediment but down the coast the erosion increases eg downdrift of Mappleton the cliffs in the South are eroding and Cowden farm may fall into the sea
• Sediment does not flow down to the Humber estuary due to the protection and tidal mudflats are decreasing so flooding may be more problematic
• Protection is encouraging bays to form and this may increase pressure on headlands and it may be too expensive to protect them
• Many of these schemes are unsustainable
Management in future?
• Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)for Holderness for next 50 years recommends holding the line in some places eg (Bridlington, Withernsea, Mappleton and Easington Gas Terminal) where there are villages and industry
• Do nothing in more unpopulated stretches – unpopular with locals
• Coastal realignment of businesses eg Caravan parks move further inland – but should they be financially compensated?
• Sea wall proposed at Easington gas work – would cost £4.5 million but would eroded Easington more (where 700 people live) If longer sea wall to protect both would cost £7 million
• Offshore reefs of tyres suggested – but would these harm the environment?
10. Coastal flooding and sea level rise: Thames estuary
• The Thames Gateway is at risk from rising sea levels and storm surges
• Thames barrier protects central London but not the Thames Gateway
• 160,000 new homes planned for the area as there is a severe housing shortage in the SE
• Southend- on-Sea will have a new university, retail, nightlife venues and a new airport
• There is over 10% unemployment so job creation is vital
• Much of the farmland is low grade so it will not be a loss to farming, although many salt marshes may be threatened
• BUT 1.25 million already at risk of flooding
• Sea level rise of 26-86cm expected by 2080
• By 2100 sea level rise could increase flood frequency by 8-12 times
• Flood walls are planned for the riverbank to protect urban settlements
• There are plans to have areas set aside as reserves that will be allowed to flood
11. 1953 storm surge/flooding
• The 1953 North Sea flood was a major flood caused by a heavy storm, that occurred on the night of Saturday 31 January 1953 and morning of 1 February 1953. The floods struck the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Scotland.
• A combination of a high spring tide and a severe European windstorm over the North Sea caused a storm surge
• The combination of wind, high tide and low pressure had the effect that the water level exceeded 5.6 metres above mean sea level in some locations.
• The flood and waves overwhelmed sea defences and caused extensive flooding.
• In England, 307 people were killed in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex.
• As a result of the widespread damage, the Netherlands particularly, and the United Kingdom had major studies on means to strengthen coastal defences. The UK constructed a storm surge barrier on the Thames River below London, as well as one on the Humber estuary.
12. Tsunami /Coastal flooding: Boxing Day Tsunami 2004
• Submarine earthquake in Indian Ocean - 9.0-9.3 Richter so one of the biggest ever recorded
• Over 100 times bigger than the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan
• Huge volume of water above displaced as the thrust heaved the floor of the Indian Ocean towards Indonesia 15m
• Travelled across the Bay of Bengal at speeds of 800km/hr and radiated outwards in a ripple effect
• Waves struck the shallow coast of Banda Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia in only 15 minutes – Indonesia worst affected with 236169 deaths
• 17 metre high wave hit Sri Lanka – second worst affected country with 31,147 deaths
• India, Thailand, Somalia, Burma , Maldives, Malaysia, Tanzania, Seychelles, Bangladesh, Kenya all affected
• 4 metre high swell hit Maldives
• Total 289,601 deaths
• In Ampara, Sri Lanka:
12.9% of 3533 people died
More than double the number of women died than men
56% of victims were children
15% of deaths were over 60
People at home were more likely to die – women and children
Quality of building made a difference – 14% of deaths were in buildings that collapsed and only 5% were in buildings that held up well
Fishing families had 15% of deaths
Those with higher education to secondary level were 20% less likely to die
60% less chance of dying if educated to university level as could afford to live in less risky areas
Fewer deaths occurred in higher earning families
• In areas where tourism has increased the damage was higher
• In Thailand and Sri Lanka where mangroves had been destroyed the damage was worse as a natural buffer had been lost
• Places that maintained mangroves, reefs and beach forest had far less damage
• There was no early warning system in the Indian Ocean, which made the people less able to cope and increased vulnerability
• By the time it reached Africa the US Geological Survey had let the governments know that it may strike and warnings had been given where possible
• Loss of tourism industry for a long time
• Loss of fishing industry as boats destroyed
• Fear, stress and psychological impact
• Loss of agriculture – crops and animals
13. Sustainable management of the coast at Abbott’s Hall Farm, Essex, UK
• Abbott’s Hall farm in Essex is part of the Thames gateway
• It is part of the Blackwater estuary
• The salt marshes here are going to be protected and extended as sustainable coastal management
• The sea has been allowed to breach the seawall to convert 84 hectares of farmland back to saltmarsh
• This will act as a natural form of defence for the land behind it
• If sea levels rise as expected the salt marsh will migrate inland naturally
• Marsh birds like Brent geese and salt marsh plants like sea lavender will benefit greatly
• Several groups support this decision to allow coast to retreat the line with new sea walls established further back etc
UNEQUAL SPACES
14. ELSTAT – Inequality in Greece January 2013
• Fertility – (average number of babies per woman ) 1.3 in 2001 and 1.4 in 2011
• Female life expectancy – 81 in 2001 and 83.1 in 2011
• Male life expectancy – 75.9 in 2001 and 78.3 in 2011
• Unemployment at the end of 2012 – 26.4% (up to 60% of young people in April 2013)
• 17.7% of people are in a jobless family (2012)
• 21.4% at risk of poverty in 2011 (increase from 20.8% in 2003)
• Even 11.9% of workers at risk of poverty
• 28.4% in 2011 suffer material deprivation – without 4 of TV, car, washing machine, 1 week holiday, heated home, telephone (decrease from 31% in 2003)
• Poor housing – 25.2% noise, 15.3% damp and 1.7% no flushing toilet
• Gini coefficient – measure of inequality( remember 0% is no inequality) 33.6%
• 6 doctors per 1000 people
• 32% smoke daily and 10% drink alcohol daily
• Internet – 53.6% of homes have internet and of this 94.8% broadband. (it was 1.4% in 2004)
• 58.5% social network, 75% send email and 38% phone on internet . Only 16.6% do e banking
• 18% of family money spent on food
• 31% of people live in detached houses, 60% in apartments and 9% semi detached and terraced
• Housing – 58.8% owner occupied, 23.4% rented, mortgage 11.7% and free 6.1%
15. Rural inequality and schemes in Penwith, Cornwall, UK
• OECD classifies Cornwall as predominantly rural
• Penwith is most westerly part of Cornwall – ageing population, low wage economy and a shortage of affordable housing (price houses are high due to second home ownership)
• 2001 Penwith has 63,058 people with 1/3 in villages. 3 towns – Penzance, St Ives and Hayle
• Over Summer months 800,000 visitors stay and 1+ million daytrippers
• Average wage less than 1/3 over UK average – so child and adult poverty
• Urban wards of Penzance and Hayle have the highest poverty
• Even in the tourism high season unemployment is above UK average
• Lone parents are suffering the most
• Higher poverty, unemployment and poor housing has lead to higher morbidity and mortality rates
• Lowest provision of services in sparsely populated places
• 49% of settlements lack any permanent shops and 23% only have one
• Less than half have a post office
• 30% have no milk delivery service
• 32% of settlements have no meeting place
• Length of journey time, lack of bus provision mean people do not always access health care
Management
• European Objective 1 support as one of EUs most deprived areas
• Funds given to develop infrastructure, education and training, employment and enterprise
• Also for environmental protection
• West Cornwall partnership – public, private, voluntary and community sectors work together to improve quality of life and standard of living:
jobs, sufficient housing (including for homeless), safe and diverse communities, healthy and active life, learning opportunities, environmental protection and culture and heritage
• Community Regeneration Team –from the council supports community groups and gives them grants eg Village Hall Grant scheme – focus points in village for parties, wedding receptions farmers markets, old people meetings etc
16. Rural inequality and schemes in an LEDC: Katine, Uganda
• Katine is a remote rural community in north-eastern Uganda with much deprivation
• The Katine project has changed lives in a remote rural community in north-eastern Uganda
• The Guardian's editor, Alan Rusbridger, launched the project in October 2007 and appealed to the generosity of Guardian readers. Barclays pledged to match-fund donations up to £1m and, with the help of Care International, added a microfinance strand to the project. Farm-Africa was brought in to provide agriculture expertise.
• Expertise and money from MEDC people have wrought change for a community of 29,000 Ugandans.
• The development project focussed on five aspects of deprivation: health, education, water and sanitation, livelihoods and governance.
• New borehole wells save women such as Edith Apiango a 4km walk through an often flooded swamp to collect water. Apiango knew that the swamp water was dirty and gave her children diarrhoea; once, it nearly killed her small son. The gratitude of the women at the new water sources around Katine is overwhelming; they know all too well that the clean water which gushes from the pump has saved young lives. After malaria, dirty water (and the infections it brings) is the biggest killer of children under five.
• The project has repaired and drilled boreholes, trained mechanics, provided rain water tanks in schools and water jars in homes. There are toilets in some schools and homes, hygiene promotion has taken place with the water source committees
• 150 village savings and loans associations have been set up in Katine. With a starting membership fee of just 8p, residents have had access for the first time to small loans. Some have borrowed to set up small businesses, others to pay for medicines. In one year, a total of £22,482 has been banked.
• A grain store has been built and a co-operative established to market farmers' agricultural surplus, ensuring they get a better price. Farmers have been trained to use a new, disease-resistant strain of cassava.
• More than 7,000 malaria nets have been distributed to families with small children, and village health teams (VHTs) have been instrumental in more than doubling the immunisation rate, to above 90%. The testing rate for HIV/Aids has increased nearly fourfold.
• Every one of the achievements listed above has necessitated slowly building up the community's ability to organise and run itself.
• Over three years, a network of committees has been nurtured: VHTs, parent-teacher associations, water source committees, farmers' groups, parent-teacher associations, and village savings associations.
• Each group has been trained, with chairs appointed and basic equipment, such as bicycles, provided. VHTs have been taught basic diagnostic skills, how to gather data and how to spread the word throughout the community about hygiene, handwashing and how to dig pit latrines. It's the essence of development: giving people the skills to help their communities, encouraging leadership so they can interact and lobby their political representatives in local government. This work of building relationships and helping communities to tackle their own needs was particularly pressing in Katine. The area had experienced decades of violence and instability, most recently in 2003, when the rebel Lord's Resistance Army swept through, leaving a legacy of bitterness and suspicion.
• This community rebuilding is essential to the project's sustainability. The water source committees will determine whether the boreholes are well maintained and repaired on time. Can they collect the small water user fees for the repair fund? Will the VHTs still be supervising the immunisation of babies in five years' time?
• There have been many DIFFICULTIES along the way:
The very high costs of the new school building in Amorikot,
a strike by the VHTs when their modest remuneration was cut,
lack of regular electricity
inability to get a doctor to stay permanently in the local area
national healthcare budget cuts of 14%
and villagers' loss of confidence in the water quality of the new boreholes.
17. Anavra, Greece: a village that has found strategies to reduce inequalities and be ‘green’ /sustainable
• Anavra (Greek: Ανάβρα) is a village in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece.
• According to the census of 2001 the population of Anavra was 987 citizens.
• The village of Anavra is located 900 metres above the sea level
• It is 72 Kilometres from Magnesia's administrative center of Volos.
• Visitors will be delighted by the natural environment, with its dense vegetation and clear waters
• In the past 20 years, so many projects have been developed there it could be seen like a small miracle.
• Town Councilor Mr. Dimitris Tsoukalas started the projects after he was elected in 1990.
• Almost all the inhabitants are employed in farming and herding (cattle, sheep, pigs).
• There are 80 modern livestock facilities in 3 livestock ‘eco stock’ farms/parks around the village
• The employment with organic farming led Anavra to be considered as a phenomenon/model for Greece, since it has a 0% unemployment rate and many new homes have been developed.
• The residents of Anavra enjoy one of the highest GDP per capita in Greece and the rest of the EU with incomes that range from 30,000 to 100,000 Euros.
• Anavra has been recognized as a model of sustainable development.
• The town produces its own electricity by 20 wind-powered generators. Surplus electrical power is sold.
• They have the strength of 17,5 megawatts that can power 12,5 to 13-thousand homes
• A hydroelectric plant is scheduled for construction.
• The village plans to develop teleheating. Biomass and leftover materials will be burned in a central boiler that will then be funneled to provide heat and hot water for the entire village.
• Plans are being proposed for the creation of a Winter Ski centre on the slopes of the Othry mountain and its highest peak Gerakovouki (1726 m), West of the village.
• In Anavra there is a primary school with 2 teachers and kindergarten housed in new buildings. The school building has a home for the tutor.
• Similarly, the medical clinic, which exists there, provides a residence for the physician
• Also the village has a Folk Museum, two halls, retirement home, asphalt road works, Citizens Service Centre (CSC), a fully equipped gym (free for residents), football and basketball courts, while a two-storey parking in the central square provides free parking, particularly useful in difficult winters.
• Another large development project that protects the environment and highlights the nature and culture of the region is the Environmental and Cultural Park "Goura" in the springs of Anavra area 240 acres and a length of 2 km..
• There are three climbing areas that can provide outstanding experiences to fans of the activity.
• Today Anavra is a settlement that has all those facilities and conditions to ensure a comfortable and smooth stay, and a quality of life that the inhabitants of many urban centres envy.
• Mr. Tsoukalas says the key to success is to put taxes and Community Structural Funds from the European Union to good use.
18. Urban inequality and schemes: London, UK
INEQUALITIES
• London is a world city with massive inequality
• The inner city or zone of transition has the worst deprivation – Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Newham and Islington. Shining new offices stand next to derelict industrial sites. Business people rub shoulder with many people who are on income support
• Towards the suburbs in Richmond is the lowest deprivation/greatest wealth
• Minority groups are concentrated in specific areas and suffer high levels of child poverty and unemployment
• Spitalfields in East London is now the heart of Banglatown – the largest Bangladeshi community outside of Bangladesh – near the CBD to access work and now an ethnic enclave with 63% Asian/Asian-British
• Spitalfields and Banglatown is ranked 46/8414 in terms of deprivation (bad) 15th for income, 41st for child poverty and 1st for housing (the worst in the whole of the UK)
DEPRIVED HACKNEY
• Hackney has high environmental (POOR BUILDING QUALITY, GRAFFITI, VANDALISM, POLLUTION, FEW OPEN SPACES, NOISE), economic ( UNEMPLOYMENT 136/8414, HIGH STATE SUPPORT, LOW INCOMES -154/8414, POOR SERVICES AND TRANSPORT ) and social( LITTLE AFFORDABLE HOUSING -80/8414, POOR EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, POOR HEALTH -1239/8414, CRIME, POOR AMENITIES) deprivation
• NON DEPRIVED/PRIVELEGED HAMPSTEAD
Hackney has high environmental (GOOD BUILDING QUALITY, LITTLE GRAFFITI OR VANDALISM, LOWER POLLUTION, MORE OPEN SPACES, LESS NOISE), economic ( EMPLOYMENT 5253/8414, LOW STATE SUPPORT, HIGH INCOMES -6510/8414, GOOD SERVICES AND TRANSPORT ) and social( NICER HOUSING -2706/8414, GOOD EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, GOOD HEALTH -6927/8414, LESSS CRIME, AMENITIES 8186/8414) deprivation
SCHEMES TO IMPROVE/DEVELOP
• Nightingale Estate, in Hackney was home to 2000 people and government in 1960s and 70s bulldozed terrace houses and built tower blocks
• Landscaped open spaces, wider roads and improved access
• But elderly felt trapped, children did not have play areas and community spirit lost
• Poor building design encouraged vandalism and crime as the corridors and passage ways were dark etc
• Unemployment was high as workplaces were not located on or near the estate
• Those who could move out did so and those who were left behind were old, young or unemployed etc
• 1990s Hackney Borough Council with the help of EU funding helped rebuild the estate
• 10 year programme cost £60 million
• Traditional homes and gardens, safe play areas, new schools, community centre, job training and social support agencies
• Mix of homes for sale, rent, low and high cost
• Demolished 5 tower blocks and replaced them with lower rise high density housing
• Residents involved with architects
• Refurbished a 22 storey tower block
• Improved security and cctv
• Olympus square in centre with play area, back to work club, pensioners lunch etc
• 1999 New Deal launched to help Shoreditch in SW Hackney
• 413 support businesses established
• 511 new jobs and 273 saved
• Training of locals with construction company
• Falling youth crime
• Affordable housing
• Hoppa Bus East-West for those who rely on public transport
• BUT gentrification too where some higher income groups have moved in…gated communities soon?
HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURBS IMPROVEMENTS
• People of all classes and levels of income should be accommodated
• Cottages and houses limited to 8 in an acre
• Roads 40 feet wide
• Gardens between all houses
• Every road lined with trees
• Woods and public gardens free to all tenants
• Noise to be avoided – no church bells
• Lower ground rents in certain areas to accommodate all people
19.Urban issues in Los Angeles (may not suit the Qs on the paper)
• Second largest city in the USA
• It forms part of the SanSan urban corridor, connecting San Francisco to San Diego.
• It had a population of 3.8 million in 2007, with a population density of 3000 per km².
• It is located near the Pacific coast in Southern California.
• Los Angeles is both a Megacity, and a world city. It does not exist in isolation, but has global connections with many other cities.
Why did Los Angeles grow?
• Arrival of railway in 1876 stimulated rapid growth, with half a million people arriving in 40 years.
• Discovery of oil
• Opening of a Ford car plant and other manufacturing industry
• Development of the film industry in Hollywood in the 1920’s and 1930’s
• By the late 1970’s it was the fastest growing city in the USA
Sub-urban Sprawl
• Arrival of electric tramways in the 1920’s and 1930’s, and later motorways, meant people could live further away from work on their own land. The 1980’s saw urban growth spreading to mountains and deserts, 2 hours travelling time from LA.
• Reasons for this include:
o Cheap fuel
o High personal mobility
o Accessibility
o Better schools and services
o Safer neighbourhoods
Impacts of this include:
• Congested motorways
• Air pollution
• Loss of farmland
• Decline of central Los Angeles
Other Problems facing LA
• Housing shortages – caused by high rates of migration
• Urban tension – due to ethnic differences (riots in 1965)
• Work – deindustrialisation results in loss of manufacturing jobs
• Water – piped from 350km away causes disputes with neighbouring states
• Transport – there are 10 million vehicles on the road, only 30% of people use public transport
• Health and Education – many migrants are excluded because they cannot afford these services
• Waste – 24 million people produce 50 000 tonnes of waste every day
• Massive Energy Usage
Sustainability in LA
• The City of Los Angeles seeks to conserve and enhance the environment and lives of residents in the City's neighbourhoods without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same.
• The Clean Tech Corridor is the cornerstone of the Mayor’s vision to put Los Angeles at the forefront of the clean techrevolution and to transform the old, downtown industrial core into an incubator for green jobs, technology and the growth of LA’s economy. It will bring together researchers, designers and manufacturers dedicated to the development of clean technology products and solutions to climate change challenges.
• In 2007, the City adopted GREEN LA: An Action Plan to Lead the Nation in Fighting Global Warming and they have already hit a major milestone by meeting the Kyoto targets for reducing greenhouse gases, four years ahead of schedule.
• GREEN LA goes further by setting the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; increasing the City’s use of renewable energy to 40 percent by 2020 and over 50 more initiatives that will reduce the City’s carbon footprint.
• With the Clean Air Action Plan, Los Angeles is leading the fight to clean our air by reducing dirty emissions from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which account for 20 percent of the toxic air emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, by 45 percent by 2011.
• The City’s transformation of its fleet of vehicles – street sweepers, refuse trucks, buses and passenger vehicles – to alternative fuel vehicles is working to improve the air quality in Los Angeles.
• Mayor Villaraigosa has opened thirty-five (35) new or expanded parks and increasing the City’s recycling, or diversion rate, to 70 percent during his administration.
• And in 2006, the Mayor was very proud to help release the first flow of water in the Lower Owens River in 95 years.
20.Urban inequality and schemes in Mumbai
• Most populous city in India, 14 million in 2007 and set to be 26 million by 2020
• Densely populated 30,000 people per km squared
• Commercial capital of India – 33% of India’s tax from there and 40% of international flights arrive there
• Global hub for TNCs as gateway between West and China in East
• Most of money from Indian TNCs like Bata Steel, out-source work and Bollywood
• 60% live in poverty
• Slums: Dharavi – the ‘largest’ and most organized slum/shanty town in Asia
• 100,000 people live and work there on 220 heactares of land near the airport
• Land is worth up to 10 billion dollars where the shanty is
• Streets are 1-2m wide
• Goods worth 500 million pounds made here
• 80% of waste is recycled and in Dharavi, nothing is considered rubbish
• 10 people die on the overcrowded railway system everyday
• Massive traffic congestion too
Vision Mumbai –sustainable management strategy
• Aims to create a sustainable city which is good for both the people and the environment
Transport
• 2008 first metro line
• An elevated highway called Sealink as it goes along the coastline
• 25km bridge over the Bay of Mumbai to link the city with neighbouring town
• 160 energy efficient trains are being added to earn carbon credits
Housing
• 200,000+ illegal slum dwellers moved and 45,000 shanties across city destroyed
• Dharavi has its own redevelopment project
• Modern industry receiving 1.3m square land for every square metre of housing they build
Environment
• 325 new open parks built
Employment
• Hoping to increase 8-10% growth
• With 200,000 new jobs in service sector eg finance and entertainment
• Also 200,000 jobs in business park near airport with computer assembly and fashion
21. BOTSWANA: RURAL AND URBAN INEQUALITY AND SCHEMES
• Botswana is a vast land locked country in Southern Africa
• It is a middle income country with 1.8 million people
• It has both diamonds and deserts – the governments share in the diamonds provides 50% of the country’s money
• Gained independence in 1966
• Yet 47% live below the UN poverty line of $2 a day
• Wealth from diamonds is not equally distributed
• 44% urban in 1966 and now 55% urban
• Gaborone the capital is a primate city (3.3% growth in 10 years) with twice as many people as the second city Francistown
• This is from inmigration – and is called hyperurbanisation
• Many people in Gaborone still have a rural lifestyle with a homestead and animals outside the city
• HIV is a massive problem – 39% 15-49 worsening deprivation, gender inequalities and creating orphans and poverty. Life expectancy has fallen from 60 in 1996 to 35 in 2007!!
• Land Boards give out the tribal lands – but the poor are losing access to land as it is fenced off for intensive agriculture.
• Women are not given land and the 6% minority groups like the San are rarely given land
RURAL SCHEMES
• 48% rural people live in poverty and 50% of households headed by a female(as must raise child and earn money)
• National Development Plan (NDP) gives 6 years to
Increase commercial farming by increasing research and development and farming for exports (eg seeds, ostriches etc)
North South water carrier project means 88% have access to clean water
National ring road with feeder roads coming off it
Loans and materials for Self Help Housing Associations
Electrifying rural villages – 72 villages every 2 years
Education and health posts for all villages to reduce HIV
Remote Area Development Programmes to help the San bush people (clean water, primary schools, health posts, 3 permanent settlements, smallscale micro enterprise schemes)
Selling Veld products eg cochineal dyes and marula beer
Oodi Weaving and Thamaga pottery cooperatives
Sustainable ecotourism in the Okavango delta and Chobe national park to employ locals
URBAN SCHEMES IN GABORONE
• 40,000 in Gaborone live below poverty line
• Old Naledi set up as a temporary informal settlement for builders and became dirty and dangerous with 6000 people on 24 hectares in 1971
• Bulldoze it?
• 1975 decided not to bulldoze it but legalise it and begin a Self Help Programme
• Phase 1 Basic Site and Service – land marked out and roads, water, main drains and street lighting added. Families given land for 99 years and cheap building materials of their choice allocated with loans repayable in 15 years.
• Phase 2 Enhanced site and service – standpipes and refuse collection put in for 5 families to share and schools, shops and community facilities developed.
• Phase 3 Ongoing improvements – upgrading houses and addition of sewerage. Roads surfaced and electricity for all homes for some hours of the day. Small businesses set up. Plans for play areas and clinics
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