January 1939



DateEvent Key Words Problems for the Weimar government 1918World War One ends, with Germany surrendering. Germany had no choice to surrender as they were close to collapse. Kaiser abdicates (King leaves Germany)Weimar Republic declared.Armistice – treaty that ends the war.Stabbed in the Back - Belief that Germany had been betrayed.November Criminals - the name given to those that ended the war.1919January – Spartacist Uprising – Communists revolt against the Weimar government. They take over buildings. There is righting on the street Weimar looks weak. Stopped by the Freikorps. January – Nazi Party formed in part because of the fear of communists taking control. June – Treaty of Versailles is signed. The Big three decided the terms that Germany has to agree to. Germany was not allowed to have any input into the treaty. Caused real anger in Germany and weakened Germany Maria Luxemburg – One of the leaders Freikorps – returning soldiers from WW1Reparations – 6.6billionSaarland, Polish Corridor, Danzig -bits land that was taken away.Article 231 – the clause of the treaty that blamed Germany for the war.Big Three – Name for America, Germany, and France.1920Kapp Putsch – The army angry with the Weimar government tried to overthrow the government in Berlin. At first it was successful and the government fled Berlin. However, it failed after a few days, when large sections of the German population followed a call by the government to join a?general strike. Most civil servants refused to cooperate. Weimar looked weak as it was hard to deal with it. People’s attitudes towards political parties split and were moved to the extremes e.g. Communists. 25 point programme of The Nazis - The Nazis set out their policies and ideas, including anti-Semitism, rearmament, crushing communism, and undoing the treaty of VersaillesKapp – The general and leader of the revolt. Anti-Semitism- Hatred of Jews Rearmament – Growing the army and arms that Germany has. Aryan- Belief in a pure race of blonde hair and blue eyes. 1921Reparations were set by the Allies. The amount decided would be hard to pay as land that was take in the treaty of Versailles had many of Germany’s factories and coal that it could have sold. The government start to print money to help pay of reparations and help the economy, this starts hyperinflation. Hitler Creates the SA. This provides unemployed people or ex-soldiers a new purpose and structure to their life. People are given free uniforms as well. It’s impressive and threatening at the same time as it acts like an army and beats up communist.Hyperinflation – This is when the value of money drops and prices increase dramatically as a result. SA- This was in practice a Nazi army wing which could beat up opposition and help protect their own meetings. Making the Nazis look strong and stable.1922June- Walther Rathenau was assassinated. He was foreign minister for Weimar government. Shows that there was political instability which angered people and made them want a strong leader who could sort out these problems Assassination – Killing a political or well-known person. Coalitions – No party go enough seats to work on their own so hard to work together.Crisis Year1923Invasion of the Ruhr this was as a period of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic's failure to continue its reparation payments. The Germany government told the words in the Ruhr to go on strike. To pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the printing more money making hyperinflation?that destroyed the German economy in 1923 even worse. Hyperinflation This is when money became worthless and prices were out of control. A loaf of bread cost 100,000 million marks.Passive resistance – The Weimar government was not strong enough to physically remove France so decided to create a strike to stop anything of value being produced and then taken. It also helped create sympathy for Germany. Stresemann- was chancellor then foreign minister that helped Germany to recover. Reichsmarks – The currency that became worthless during hyperinflation. Crisis Year1923November - Stresemann become chancellor – Stresemann becomes chancellor and attempts to fix Germany’s problems. He introduced a new currency to help stop hyperinflation. This help reduce the prices in shops.He also called off Passive resistance to help make peace with France and again gain time to repair the economy. November - Munich Putsch (or Beer Hall Putsch) - Hitler and Nazi party attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government but it fails. The leaders were arrested and charged with treason.Rentenmark – The new currency introduced that stopped hyperinflation.Ludendorff – army general that supported Hitler in the Putsch. Kahr, Lossow - Two politicians that promised to helped Hitler than betrayed him.Golden Age and Recovery1924February Hitler's trial- Hitler was allowed to speak at his trial and his judge was supportive. He was sentenced to five years but served 10 months.Hitler wrote Mein Kampf whilst in Prison this allowed him to organise his party’s beliefs and gained him publicity. The Nazis in their first election 52 seats wonApril Dawes plan to aid Germany's economy. Germany was to be given loans from America to help pay off reparations. This helped to reduce hyperinflation. However, economy only helped in short term, it was built on debt. Dawes Plan- was described as Dancing on a volcano. As you didn’t know what might happen when America asks for loans back 1925Locarno Treaties- Helped create peace in Europe by agreeing post war borders and territories to stop arguments between countries. German feels safer. Hindenburg becomes presidentHitler sets up the SS, his personal protection squad of elite soldiers. President – The President had to choose the chancellor and remove the chancellor. This was the most powerful person in Germany at the time.1926Germany becomes a member of the league of nations – This helps Germany feel safer as now countries will discuss before they attack. Stresemann wins the Nobel peace prize Hitler Youth, was formed. This new re-organised Hitler Youth was aimed at indoctrinating children, it looked modern and new. It attracted many children and their parents.League of Nations- An organisation aimed at creating peace in the world, this was the processor of the UN.Hitler Youth- A youth group for children included free holidays, hikes, many children saw it as fun.19271928No major events1929Young Plan – Stresemann negotiations that Germany won’t have to pay as much reparations payments each month. This would help the Germany economy grow and get stronger. October- Stresemann dies of a heart attackOctober – The Wall Street Crash – American economy starts to fail and the American banks start to ask for all their loans back. Germany economy collapses as the loans were holding it up.Hitler and his Rise to power1930Great Depression – Wall Street Crash resulted in a world depression saw many Germans face unemployment and poverty. Support for the Nazi party increased dramatically.The Nazis get 107 seats. This is because they were offering work and bread. Depression- This is when unemployment becomes very high in Germany it was around 30%.1931No major eventsDateEvent Key WordsHitler and his Rise to power 1932May – Von Papen is made chancellor November elections the Nazis get 196 seats December elections Nazis get 230 seats.December – Von Papen is replaced by Von SchleicherJanuary - Von Papen makes deals with Hitler and von Hindenburg to get Hitler as Chancellor and von Papen as vice because von Hindenburg and von Papen think they will then be able to control him.February Reichstag Fire- The government building is burnt down. This is blamed on the communists and therefore Hitler gets them banned from the government. This gives Hitler control over the Reichstag as his party is now the biggest.February – Hitler passed the Enabling Act. This gives him the power to pass any law without the approval of the Reichstag, he bans freedom of speech, press and association. April – With his new powers he sets up the Gestapo (secret police)April - Boycotts of Jewish Shops beginMay - 25,000 'un-German' books burned in an “Action against the Un-German Spirit”. The move was encouraged by Joseph Goebbels, Head of Propaganda.June – Hitler makes a deal with the Pope, Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who seems Hitler as someone who can destroy communism. It allows Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone.July – Other political parties are banned in Germany. July – Frist concentration camp set up in Dachau July - Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring – this made it the law to sterilise anyone who had a disease that could be passed onto children, including mental and physical disabilities. September – The Reich Church set up.Strength Through Joy (Kdf) set up Chancellor- This was the leader of the Reichstag. They had to power to introduce laws but needed the elected members to agree. Dictator – This is someone who controls every aspect of a country, and makes all the laws in a country.Consolidate - This means getting more power and becoming a dictator.Van der Lubbe – Was the communism caught after the Reichstag Fire.Strength Through Joy- An organisation that provided affordable leisure activities such as concerts, plays, libraries, day trips and holidays. Large ships, , were built specifically for KdF cruises. They rewarded workers with taking them and their families to the movies, to parks, keep-fit clubs, hiking, sporting activities, film shows and concerts.Volkswagen – Car sold cheaply.After Hitler becomes chancellor he aims to consolidate his power and become a dictator 19331934People Courts Set up – Courts run by the Nazis that didn’t give people fair trials. June - Night of Long Knives 150 leaders of the Storm troopers SA were executed. Many members of the SA were committed socialists and demanded that Nazi policy embrace socialist aims. This was not a direction the Nazis wished to follow so the SA were eliminated. This would also give Hitler the support of the Germany army who were scared of the SA taking their jobs. August- President Hindenburg DiesAugust – Oath of Loyalty- The army and then the civil service had to swear to obey and protect Hitler. Ernst R?hm – He was the leader of the SA and was killed as Hitler saw him and his Sa soldiers as a threat. 1935Nuremburg Laws - These laws took away the rights of Jews. Jews couldn’t marry non-Jews.RAD created Men had to serve at least 6 months in the RAD (Reich Labour Service) this helped solve the problem of unemployment, and helped construct large projects in Germany to create national pride, e.g. autobahn Women were not expected to work in Nazi Germany. There had been 100,000 female teachers, 3000 female doctors. With Hitler coming to power, many female doctors and civil servants were sacked. Life in Nazi Germany1936Berlin Olympics - Anti-Semitic propaganda is suspended. December - Law concerning the Hitler Youth made membership of the Hitler Youth compulsory for all boys1937Pastor Niemoller was sent to a concentration camp for 8 years. Niemoller opposed the Nazis and set up the Confessional Church to oppose the Reich church 1938June 1938 Jewish doctors/dentists/lawyers unable to treat Aryan patientsOctober 1938 Jew passports require a red 'J' stampNovember Kristallnacht Jewish shops and synagogues were destroyed. Following the event the Jewish population was fined for the destruction. Jews who rented properties from Germans which were damaged were fined 1 billion ReichsmarksNovember 1938Jewish children only allowed in Jewish schoolsDecember 1938Jewish businesses completely confiscatedKristallnacht – Night of Broken Glass, this was in response to a Jew killing a Nazi abroad. 1939 January 1939New names for Jews - Sarah IsraelReich office for Jewish Emigration established to promote emigration to JewsOrders sent out for Jews and Gypsies to be moved to live in guarded ghettos. September 1939 WWII starts Rationing introduced on clothes. Ghettos This was a wall off part of a town, the conditions in the ghettos were generally brutal. The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on smuggling and the starvation rations supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per JewRationing - Soap and Toilet roll were low, dislike of Nazis grows. 1940No Major Events1941Operation Barbarossa - 3 million German troops invaded Russia, German advance in Russia halted by Russian winter and Russian counterattacks. Germany started toe experience mass casualties. Opposition: People start to go against the Nazis. For example Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose Group1942Wannsee Conference - approved plans for the 'Final Solution'.Final Solution - The planned extermination of undesirables predominantly Jews.1943First bombings of Germany cities such as Dresden and Hamburg.Total War begins: Women go back to work in factories Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - When SS officers came to remove all the Jews from the Ghetto, Jews armed themselves and resisted, 17 Nazis were killed. The Uprising ended with Nazis burning the whole Ghetto down with the Jews inside. Total War- As the war goes badly the Nazis try to get everyone involved in war effort. Aim to get 3 million women back to work only get 1 million. 1944July Bomb Plot - ?Colonel Von Stauffenbrug plans to try and kill Hitler. Shows that Hitler is losing support and even the army who has swan to protect Hitler is opposing 1945Hitler committed suicide2nd May 1945Germany surrendered ending the war in Europe ................
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