Wastewater Spills in Southeastern North Carolina



Wastewater Spills in Southeastern North Carolina

The Environmental Impact & the Growing Need for Sound Infrastructure

By

Timothy Griesbauer

Legal Foundations of Coastal and Environmental Management

Fall Semester, 2005

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Summary

Wastewater spills are problematic events for local municipalities that have repercussions that can be especially harmful to the environment and pose a significant risk to public health. According to the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), there are more than fifteen thousand sewer overflows in North Carolina each year. There are many causes that contribute to sewer system overflows:

• Tree roots can find their way into sewer lines and create obstructions.

• Foreign objects can be dropped in sewers and manholes.

• Failure to properly dispose of grease and other such materials.

• Excessive rainfall causing an overload of sewer lines or pump stations malfunctioning due to electrical or mechanical failure.

Additionally, one other major cause of sewage overflows is worn infrastructure that is in need of replacement. In 2005 several areas in southeastern North Carolina experienced significant wastewater spills as a result of failing infrastructure, most notably the port city of Wilmington. The problems experienced by the magnitude of these infrastructure failures were unlike anything the city had ever seen before with prior wastewater system malfunctions. Each spill had a significant short-term impact on the local environment and also moved the issue of infrastructure repair and replacement to the forefront of the city’s agenda. The spills began in July with a massive spill into the Hewletts Creek watershed.

Hewletts Creek: The First Spill

Hewletts Creek covers portions of central and eastern Wilmington, NC and also borders the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Approximately ten miles long, the creek spans 6,537 acres that cover 9.28 square miles.[1] The creek is home to spartina alterniflora that vegetate along the creek edge and around the lower marshes and Juncus roemerianus which are located in the higher marshes. The creek is also designated as a “primary nursery area” by the N.C. Division of Marine Fisheries and has supported shellfish harvesting for many years. Additionally, it is one of the most developed creeks in New Hanover County. Forty-six percent of the area is classified as residential while only twenty-eight percent is undeveloped. Areas of the creek that are developed but are not classified as residential include areas used for commercial purposes, roads, and for the Pine Valley and Wilmington Municipal golf courses.

At 6:00am on Friday, July 1st, 2005, City of Wilmington officials were notified by the Wilmington Police Department about a force main break near the sewage pump station in the vicinity of Pine Grove Drive and Greenville Loop Road. The police were informed of the break through a telephone call from a local citizen. The break in the main, which carries millions of gallons of sewage coming from various smaller lines in Wilmington, Wrightsville Beach, and much of eastern New Hanover County to the Southside treatment plant on River Road each day, caused a massive spill of raw, untreated sewage into the Hewletts Creek watershed which lasted approximately eighteen hours from 5:00am to 11:00pm. City officials, classifying the spill as “significant”, originally estimated it to be around one million gallons, leaking into the creek at a rate of about 56,000 gallons per hour. However, the spill was much bigger than originally thought. In actuality, three million gallons of sewage were spilled into the creek at a rate of 167,000 gallons per hour, making it the biggest wastewater spill in the history of the city and far more serious than “significant”. By comparison, the amount of sewage spilled into the creek was approximately twenty-seven percent of the total amount of oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound off the coast of Alaska in 1989.

Repair crews responded quickly to the spill, arriving on site shortly after the city was notified. Power to the pump station was shut off at 10:00am, but raw sewage continued to flow because the city didn’t have an alternate route to direct the wastewater toward the Southside treatment plan. The cause of the spill was found to be the result of a stainless steel coupling that failed which held two 24-inch sections of the main together. The coupling was replaced with the exact same type of coupling that had failed in order to stop the flow. The city replaced the temporary coupling with a permanent, sturdier device on August 9th, 2005. According to city officials, the city’s sewer service was not affected and the water supply was not threatened despite the severity of the spill.[2]

Environmental Impact

The spill had a tremendous impact on the environment. An investigation of the Hewletts Creek watershed conducted by boat just after the high tide and by vehicle on July 3rd, 2005 by UNCW scientists Mike Mallin and Doug Parsons found there to be numerous visible effects[3]. Exploring up to about the halfway point of the main channel of the creek, they encountered numerous dead fish, some being fed on by crabs and birds, including mullet, eel, flounder, sunfish, menhaden, and numerous other small fish species. Overlooking the creek from a vehicle on a bridge, they counted over two hundred dead fish. They suspect that there were many other dead fish that could not be counted because of the geography of the creek and lack of available access to many portions of it. In addition to the dead fish, many waterfowl also died as a result of feeding on the dead fish. Algal blooms also appeared in large numbers as a result of the spill. The blooms are caused due to the high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous found in the water from the bacteria. The blooms will have an impact on available space in the creek to fish and shellfish. When the blooms die, they turn into a kind of “organic mush” which will then serve as food for bacteria in the water. The bacteria will multiply and will use additional amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water. This results in less dissolved oxygen available to fish and shellfish.[4]

The scientists also investigated oxygen and bacteria levels present in the creek. Dissolved oxygen levels, which support aerobic life forms and should ideally hover around 5 milligrams per liter[5], were measured at 1.9 milligrams per liter, reflecting the impact of the algal blooms. Samples taken from the lake showed fecal coliform levels as high as 270,000 colonies per 100 milliliters of water. Safe levels for swimming[6], as outlined by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ), are 104 colonies per 100 milliliters of water for a single sample. That is 2,600 times higher than the state regulated level. Subsequent samples taken from the water of the creek over the next few days showed that this extremely high concentration of bacteria reduced quickly. The effects of sunlight and the natural flushing action of tidal forces are the main reasons for this significant drop. According to Dr. Mallin, water sample results from a test taken on August 8th, 2005, a little over a month after the incident, show that “contaminant levels are within the state’s safe-water standards.”[7] However, the longer term impact of the bacteria in the environment is not immediately known due to the fecal coliform settling down into the sediment that makes up the bottom of Hewletts Creek. Dr. Larry Cahoon of the UNCW Biological Sciences Department said concentrations of bacteria in the sediment remained high in the days immediately following the spill and it was unknown how long it would take for the bacteria to naturally work its way out of the bottom.[8] Testing of sediments nearly two weeks after the Hewletts Creek spill found bacteria levels that ranged from three to 30 times normal levels.[9] Mallin added that, despite the safe water levels, it would not be recommended to wade in the creek specifically because of the bacteria in the sediment. Any disturbance of the bottom would “kick up” the bacteria that had settled and make the water unsafe again.

The NCDENR issued an advisory the morning of the spill warning the public against swimming in Hewletts Creek due to the potential public health risks that could result from doing so. The Department warned that “adverse health effects such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and skin defections” could occur if people swim in these contaminated areas. Additionally, the spill resulted in the closing of all waters between the Wrightsville Beach Bridge and the Intracoastal Waterway near Peden Point for fishing, shellfishing, and swimming purposes.[10] The NCDENR lifted the swimming part of the advisory from the Wrightsville Beach Bridge to Peden Point on July 11th, 2005[11] and for the downstream portions of Hewletts Creek on July 26th, 2005[12] due to analysis of water samples in both areas that showed that bacteria levels had dropped below the state and federal standards set for swimming and water play.

The NCDWQ imposed a $51,491.84 fine on the City of Wilmington on August 9th, 2005. They cited four reasons[13] for the fine:

• Making an outlet to waters of the state without a required permit

• Failure to properly maintain the collection system

• Impairing use of the public’s waters for shellfishing and recreation

• Enforcement costs which cover staff time, materials, or other costs accrued during the investigation

The fine was the second largest in state history for a wastewater spill behind the $65,414.81 fine assessed to Elizabeth City on the same day for its 5.6 million-gallon sewage spill back on May 3rd, 2005.

Hewletts Creek: The Second Spill

During the morning hours of September 15th, 2005, just eleven weeks after the worst sewage spill in the city’s history, the same force main that broke and sent three million gallons of raw sewage into Hewletts Creek ruptured again, this time spilling approximately 905,000 gallons of raw sewage onto Shipyard Boulevard and into many ditches and yards along Pine Valley Dr. At 10:00am, the city was informed of the spill again by a local citizen who in this case just happened to be passing by. The city had crews working to repair the spill by 10:30am. A berm, a raised bank that serves as a barrier, was formed by the repair workers in an attempt to keep the waste from spreading so they could then pump it back into the sewage system. However, the berm failed and raw sewage continued to spread, including over the parking lot of the Pine Valley Church of God. By 9:00pm that evening, the flow was contained and the sewage had been pumped back into the sewer system. City officials again maintained that the sewer service was not interrupted as a result of the spill and that there was no threat to drinking water. The heavy rains that poured down on the city as a result of Hurricane Ophelia were the reason cited for the spill. The main became overwhelmed by the amount of wastewater flow and a section of the pipe that had extensively corroded then burst, causing the spill. Most of the sewage again found its way into Hewletts Creek by way of drains that empty there.

The environmental impact of this second spill was not as severe as the first spill due only to a far less of amount of raw sewage that was spilled, but the effects were similar. Numerous fish were again killed as a result of the toxic water in the creek. Water samples were taken the morning after the spill and showed fecal coliform bacteria levels to be 31,000 colonies per 100 milliliters of water. This amount of bacterial pollution is approximately 300 times the state regulated level for swimming, far less severe than the samples taken immediately following the first spill, but still at an extreme level. However, the NCDENR did not issue a swimming advisory for this spill because the pollution did not spread to recreational swimming areas. Additionally, the NCDWQ did not impose any sewage violation fines on Wilmington for this spill as they did with the first spill. The reason why no fine was assessed is not known.

Other Notable Spills

The two sewage spills in Hewletts Creek received a lot of press coverage and attention, but they are not the only spills Wilmington and the surrounding areas of southeastern North Carolina have dealt with in recent memory. Within approximately one month of the second Hewletts Creek spill in Wilmington, three other major spills occurred. Two occurred on September 27th, 2005; a break in the force main around the area of Plantation Landing Drive in New Hanover County spilled 11,700 gallons of sewage into Futch Creek and a separate break in New Hanover County spilled 20,000 gallons of sewage into Bradley Creek. These spills prompted swimming advisories from the NCDENR as well. The other spill of note was a third major spill for Wilmington in four months time. Only weeks after the second Hewletts Creek spill, a wastewater line near the intersection of River and Brian Roads broke which caused yet another major spill. This time, 15,000 gallons of sewage leaked into the Cape Fear River by way of a storm drain. The city’s director of Public Utilities, Hugh Caldwell, noted that having three broken sewer lines within a few months was not common, saying “It’s been an unusual summer for us.”[14]

Areas of Brunswick County are also experiencing problems with sewage spills. Most of the spills have been minor, but come as the result of a failure to get residents to integrate into new central sewage systems being implemented in the county. As a result, old septic systems are continuing to leak, outright failing in some instances, and are spilling onto the ground and in local waterways. In addition to the age of these septic systems, many recent failures have been attributed to the stresses caused by tropical storm activity. Tropical Storm Tammy was the cause of a sewage spill at Bald Head Island’s sewage treatment facility, resulting in approximately 10,000 gallons being spilled as well as a spill at the Carolina Shores sewage treatment facility, resulting in approximately 4,000 gallons spilled. Hurricane Ophelia was the cause of a nearly 3,000 gallon spill that was isolated primarily inside the residence of one Brunswick County woman.[15] Ms. Ingrid Larson’s home was flooded with raw sewage as the result of the lack of a back-flow prevention system that should have been installed on her plumbing. The spill effectively destroyed her home and most of her possessions.

The Infrastructure Problem

“The concerns were always there. It’s just unfortunate that it took something of this magnitude to see how bad the system was failing in certain areas.”

- Ted Wilgis, Cape Fear Coastkeeper[16]

All the wastewater spills that have occurred in this region over the course of the last year represent a growing problem with the area’s infrastructure. Quite simply, a growing number of pipes, pump stations, and other important parts of wastewater treatment systems in the area are beginning to show signs of aging, resulting in the failures that are leading to these kinds of spills. It’s probable that the central reason why these systems have been allowed to deteriorate is due to simple neglect and ignorance on the part of decision makers.

Wilmington City Councilman Jim Quinn stated after the second Hewletts Creek spill that the pipes that had failed were “supposed to last another ten years or longer.”[17] However, before Wilmington had its massive sewer system woes in 2005, their system was one of twenty-five statewide identified by the NCDWQ in a 2004 report as “problematic”.[18] City leaders did not necessarily ignore the report when the findings were released, but they did not make the findings an immediate budgetary priority either. Long-range sewer-related projects were planned for the city that are designed to significantly upgrade the infrastructure to provide sound, clean wastewater service for the future, but these projects are included in budgets beginning in 2009-2010.[19] The projects involved are part of a five-year capital improvements program that will include more than thirty new public utilities estimated to cost approximately seventy-seven million dollars. Included in these projects are planned upgrades to the Southside wastewater treatment plant at an estimated cost of 15.4 million dollars and an expansion of the Sweeney water treatment plant at an estimated cost of twenty million dollars.[20] The City has acknowledged after the fact that this timetable needs to be accelerated in order to properly address these sewage spill issues. Another project the city has proposed is the construction of a new secondary force main pipeline that would run parallel to the nine-mile system which failed resulting in the Hewletts Creek spills. Several years ago, this project was estimated to cost in the neighborhood of five million dollars, but the costs are likely to have gone up over time. After the construction of this proposed project is complete, the plan would be to use both the old and new pipes at the same time to regulate wastewater flow.

In addition to what is already budgeted for the repairs, the city should also address whether the current budgetary strategies address what types of materials should be used to lengthen the overall lifespan of the sewage system. Wilmington’s city manager and public utilities director acknowledge in a question and answer session that the city had no indication that the pipe in the first Hewletts Creek spill was about to fail.[21] Based on this disclosure, it is easy to assume, like Councilman Quinn did, that city leaders thought the materials that make up the current infrastructure would last for many more years. With the future wastewater infrastructure improvements budgeted for prior to the spills, it is possible that the designated replacement materials are the same as the current infrastructure materials, in this case iron and steel pipes. Dr. Cahoon recommends that the city not spare any expense in fixing the problem and encourages city leaders to explore material options other than iron and steel with materials that are less likely to corrode over time, thus preserving the system for many years in the future and preventing system replacement with as much frequency.[22]

New permanent projects, in addition to those already budgeted for, may also come as a result of the city’s assessment of their wastewater infrastructure. Wilmington voted September 20th, 2005 to contract an engineering firm at an estimated cost of one hundred thousand dollars to fully assess the city’s sewer system and recommend necessary improvements. An assessment could show the state of the city wastewater infrastructure to be worse off than originally budgeted for and will require additional funds to meet the recommendations of the assessment. How will the city be able to pay for these costs? Wilmington City Manager Sterling Cheatham says the costs are likely to be paid for by raising the rates the city currently charges for water and sewer. “If we’re going to make substantial upgrades to our wastewater infrastructure, it’s not in our current rates and they will have to be raised to accommodate that.”[23] In addition to conducting a citywide assessment of the infrastructure issues, the Wilmington City Council also unanimously voted on October 4th, 2005 to hire three new employees to serve as capital project managers, increasing the number of such positions from two to five. These managers would be responsible for ensuring that contractors adhere to their contracts and to time schedules while overseeing tens of millions of dollars in planned water and sewer projects. The positions are estimated to cost the city about $140,000 annually.[24] Revenues from water and sewer charges for fiscal year 2004-2005 were slightly higher than projected and were anticipated to cover the salary costs of these positions for 2005-2006. The hiring of these additional managers not only helps to take some of the pressure off the current wastewater staff, but also sends the message to the public that the city is serious about addressing these infrastructure issues and correcting them.[25]

Also not included in the costs of the budgeted projects are those incurred by the city to clean up and temporarily repair the recent sewage spills. The actual construction repair cost from the first Hewletts Creek spill was approximately 3,500 dollars, although those costs were only for replacing the coupling that broke which caused the spill.[26] The immediate repair costs for the second Hewletts Creek spill were more extensive. As a result of that pipe failing, approximately 2,600 feet of replacement pipe was installed at a cost of nearly 140,000 dollars.[27]

In addition to Wilmington residents having to shoulder some of the costs to repair these problems, other municipalities are also likely to contribute. Wilmington, New Hanover County, and Wrightsville Beach all use the pipelines involved in the two Hewletts Creek spills. In 2004, New Hanover County accounted for sixty-three percent of the 1.6 billion gallons of wastewater carried to the Southside treatment facility. Wilmington accounted for twenty-three percent and Wrightsville Beach accounted for fourteen percent.[28] At present, there is no clear plan as to how these costs will be spread out, but Bruce Shell, the finance director for New Hanover County, agreed that the costs for the repairs should be shared.

Additional Prevention Measures

While the main reasons for the Hewletts Creek and New Hanover County spills were largely due to problems with aging infrastructure, other measures are put in place to help control the amount of wastewater that is actually spilled when such occurrences happen. Every city has a response plan in place to deal with wastewater spills as well as a monitoring system at all their wastewater facilities. It is imperative in responding to a wastewater spill that both of these be more than adequate in order to help contain the flow and make repairs while doing everything to protect the public from harm and limit damage to the environment.

The City of Wilmington treats any wastewater spill, regardless of size, as a top priority. Specific plans and protocols are in place for responding to any spill.[29] A twenty-four hour emergency telephone number is maintained by the city to help report spills. Often, the city will learn of the spill either through this number or a call to an emergency service such as the police or firefighters. The first action after a call comes in is to report the event and its nature to the NCDWQ. The city then makes calls to its local emergency repair contractors, who are on standby for these types of emergencies twenty-four hours a day, year-round. These crews and the necessary repair parts can be mobilized and on the scene sometimes in as little as thirty minutes. During the 2004-2005 fiscal year, these crews responded to 1,016 separate calls for service across the area, most of them for the purpose of clearing obstructions from sewer lines, but also to respond to sewage spills. The city is then responsible for working with the NCDENR to inform the public about the spill and any precautions that need to be taken to avoid any public health risk.

Wilmington officials admit that their 1:00pm press release informing the public about the first Hewletts Creek spill came much too late and that in the case of any future spill they will work more closely with the news media and the NCDENR to inform the public sooner. The city does not have the authority to close off a waterway or a recreational area. That can only be done by the NCDENR. However, the city can issue statements to the public warning of the dangers of coming into contact with contaminated waters caused by a wastewater spill.

In addition to their response plan, Wilmington also has technological measures in place to monitor their wastewater system. In 2000, at a cost of 1.5 million dollars, the city implemented a new supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) computer monitoring system for all thirty-one of its sewer pump stations as well as their two main wastewater treatment facilities.[30] The new system monitors activity and signals an electronic alarm to the control room of the treatment plants in case of an event such as power and/or pump failure. One element to the monitoring system that was not in place prior to the Hewletts Creek spills was an alarm that would be signaled should the system experience conditions of low flow, which occurred due to the flow being spilled into the creek. The absence of the alarm was a major reason why so much wastewater was spilled as a result of the failed coupling and the broken pipe. Had such an alarm been part of the monitoring system, the impact of both spills may not have been nearly as severe because repair crews would have been able to respond sooner. The city is now exploring options to add the alarm to its monitoring system. In addition to the SCADA system, there is always an employee on duty at both of the wastewater treatment facilities at all times. The pump stations themselves are monitored mostly by the SCADA system, but all thirty-one stations receive a daily visit from wastewater treatment personnel to ensure that the system is in proper order.

Conclusion

As southeastern North Carolina continues to grow, existing infrastructure and the future likelihood of wastewater spills will continue to be an issue that local governments will have to address. Since 1990, Wilmington has had a 42% increase in population and New Hanover County has had a 32% increase.[31] Since 2000, neighboring Brunswick County has seen its population increase by 17% and is projected to have its population grow to an estimated total of 34% by 2015.[32] The current infrastructure system simply will not support this accelerated growth without making significant changes in repair, replacement, and expansion. Additionally, the spills sparked a review of the monitoring systems the city uses to prevent these kinds of incidents and of their response plans should it have to. The major spills over the course of 2005 were a large indication of the scope of the infrastructure problem and the timetable that needs to be adopted to address these issues. Doing so will help to avoid spills of such magnitude and their environmental impacts in the future.

Sources

New Hanover County Soil and Water Conservation District –Hewletts Creek Watershed



City of Wilmington – Citizen Questions & Comments Related to Hewletts Creek Sewage Spill



Sea Grant of North Carolina – “Researchers Monitor Hewletts Creek Sewage Spill”



“Sea Grant Researchers Monitor Hewletts Creek Sewage Spill”



Surfrider Foundation: State of the Beach 2005



Wilmington Star News – Articles about Hewletts Creek Spills/Infrastructure

– “Sewage fouls Brunswick County home

Woman sues sanitary district after backflow during Ophelia” – Published November 17, 2005

– “How will Brunswick grow?” – Published October 29, 2005

– “Sewer woes just keep coming” – Published October 21, 2005

– “Questions on sewer failures mount

Old pipes blamed in 3 spills; city planning repairs” – Published October 18, 2005

– “Line break leaks sewage into river” – Published October 17, 2005

– “Wastewater spills reported” – Published October 12, 2005

– “City to hire water, sewer workers” – Published October 5, 2005

– “Two sewage spills trigger state advisories” – Published September 28, 2005

– “Spills prompt assessment of sewer system” – Published September 21, 2005

– “Spill’s cost could spread

City wants other sewer pipeline owners to share repairs” – Published September 20, 2005

– “Sewer line breaks” – Published September 16, 2005

– “City hit with $51,492 fine for Hewletts Creek sewage spill” – Published August 10, 2005

– “Public forum on Hewletts Creek sewer spill, System was problematic” – Published July 21, 2005

– “Hewletts Creek spill restricts water access, Officials to monitor effects of line break” – Published July 2, 2005

– “Sewage spills into Hewlett's Creek, City crews working to repair broken sewer main” – Published July 1, 2005

NCDWQ – Public Swimming Advisories















NCDENR – Announcement of Fines for Sewage Spill



NCDENR - Recreational Water Quality Rules & Regulations



2004-2005 City of Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Report



North Carolina State Demographics



City of Wilmington – Population Characteristics



Appendix A

|Fiscal |Estimated |% Pop. |Storm Water |# of Employees |Waste Water |# of Employees |

|Year |Population |Growth Over |Budgeted |per 1000 |Budgeted |per 1000 |

|End | |Prior Year |Positions |Population |Positions4 |Population |

|1995 |60,886 | |19 |0.31 |69 |1.13 |

|1996 |62,269 |2.27% |19 |0.31 |74 |1.19 |

|1997 |62,968 |1.12% |19 |0.30 |645 |1.02 |

|1998 |64,513 |2.45% |29 |0.29 |64 |0.99 |

|1999 |75,629 |17.23%1 |333 |0.25 |67 |0.89 |

|2000 |76,307 |0.90% |45 |0.21 |67 |0.88 |

|2001 |90,981 |19.23%2 |45 |0.21 |67 |0.74 |

|2002 |91,441 |0.51% |57 |0.21 |72 |0.79 |

|2003 |92,668 |1.34% |57 |0.21 |72 |0.78 |

|2004 |93,524 |0.92% |57 |0.20 |73 |0.78 |

|2005 |94,344 |0.88% |57 |0.20 |73 |0.77 |

1 Annexation 1995

2 Annexation 1998

3 Storm Water Management Fund was established in mid-year 1997-98

4 Only includes positions associated with the operation of the Wastewater Treatment Plant and Utility Services Sewer

Maintenance

5 Wastewater Laboratory positions realigned into separate division

Appendix B

[pic]

James A. Loughlin

(Northside) Wastewater Treatment Plant

Permit No. NC0023965

ORC Geoffrey D. Cermak

(910) 341-7890

[pic]

M’Kean Maffitt

(Southside) Wastewater Treatment Plant

Permit No. NC0023973

ORC Milton S. Vann

(910)799-5860

ORC – “Operators in Responsible Charge”

-----------------------

[1] New Hanover Soil and Water Conservation District

[2] Wilmington Star News – 7/2/05

[3] NCDWQ; Fish Kill Summary Report – 7/3/05

[4] Wilmington Star News – 7/17/05

[5] Dr. Lawrence Cahoon, UNCW

[6] NCDWQ; Rules Governing Coastal Recreational Waters

[7] Wilmington Star News; 8/10/05

[8] North Carolina Sea Grant;

[9] ; State of the Beach

[10] NCDENR; Public Advisory – 7/1/05

[11] NCDENR; Public Advisory – 7/11/05

[12] NCDENR; Public Advisory – 7/26/05

[13] NCDWQ; Press release announcing fines for Elizabeth City and Wilmington – 8/9/05

[14] Wilmington Star News – 10/17/05

[15] Wilmington Star News – 11/17/05

[16] Wilmington Star News – 8/10/05

[17] Wilmington Star News – 9/21/05

[18] Wilmington Star News – 7/21/05

[19] City of Wilmington – Hewletts Creek Questions

[20] Wilmington Star News – 10/5/05

[21] City of Wilmington – Hewletts Creek Questions

[22] Wilmington Star News – 10/18/05

[23] Wilmington Star News – 9/21/05

[24] Wilmington Star News – 10/5/05

[25] See Appendix A

[26] City of Wilmington – Hewletts Creek Questions

[27] Wilmington Star News – 10/18/05

[28] Wilmington Star News – 9/20/05

[29] City of Wilmington – Hewletts Creek Questions

[30] City of Wilmington – Hewletts Creek Questions

[31] City of Wilmington – Population Characteristics

[32] NC State Demographics

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download