Developing Cyber Resilient Systems

NIST Special Publication 800-160

Volume 2

Developing Cyber Resilient Systems:

A Systems Security Engineering Approach

RON ROSS VICTORIA PILLITTERI RICHARD GRAUBART DEBORAH BODEAU ROSALIE MCQUAID

This publication is available free of charge from:

C OM P U T E R S E C U R I T Y

NIST Special Publication 800-160

Volume 2

Developing Cyber Resilient Systems:

A Systems Security Engineering Approach

RON ROSS VICTORIA PILLITTERI Computer Security Division National Institute of Standards and Technology RICHARD GRAUBART DEBORAH BODEAU ROSALIE MCQUAID Cyber Resiliency and Innovative Mission Engineering Department The MITRE Corporation

This publication is available free of charge from:

November 2019

U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology Walter Copan, NIST Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology

This publication is available free of charge from:

NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Authority

This publication has been developed by NIST to further its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA), 44 U.S.C. ? 3551 et seq., Public Law (P.L.) 113-283. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for federal information systems. Such information security standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems without the express approval of the appropriate federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130.

Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. Nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, OMB Director, or any other federal official. This publication may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis, and is not subject to copyright in the United States. Attribution would, however, be appreciated by NIST.

National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-160, Volume 2

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-160, Volume 2, 229 pages (November 2019)

CODEN: NSPUE2

This publication is available free of charge from:

Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts, practices, and methodologies may be used by federal agencies even before the completion of such companion publications. Thus, until each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative. For planning and transition purposes, federal agencies may wish to closely follow the development of these new publications by NIST.

Organizations are encouraged to review draft publications during the designated public comment periods and provide feedback to NIST. Many NIST publications, other than the ones noted above, are available at .

Comments on this publication may be submitted to:

National Institute of Standards and Technology Attn: Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory

100 Bureau Drive (Mail Stop 8930) Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 Email: sec-cert@

All comments are subject to release under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) [FOIA96].

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NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reports on Computer Systems Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology (IT). ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the costeffective security of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information systems security and privacy and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.

This publication is available free of charge from:

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This publication is available free of charge from:

NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

This publication is used in conjunction with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, Systems and software engineering--Systems life cycle processes, NIST Special Publication 800-160, Volume 1, Systems Security Engineering--Considerations for a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Engineering of Trustworthy Secure Systems, and NIST Special Publication 800-37, Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations--A System Life Cycle Approach for Security and Privacy. It can be viewed as a handbook for achieving the identified cyber resiliency outcomes based on a systems engineering perspective on system life cycle processes in conjunction with risk management processes, allowing the experience and expertise of the organization to help determine what is correct for its purpose. Organizations can select, adapt, and use some or all of the cyber resiliency constructs (i.e., objectives, techniques, approaches, and design principles) described in this publication and apply the constructs to the technical, operational, and threat environments for which systems need to be engineered. The system life cycle processes and cyber resiliency constructs can be used for new systems, system upgrades, or repurposed systems; can be employed at any stage of the system life cycle; and can take advantage of any system or software development methodology including, for example, waterfall, spiral, or agile. The processes and associated cyber resiliency constructs can also be applied recursively, iteratively, concurrently, sequentially, or in parallel and to any system regardless of its size, complexity, purpose, scope, environment of operation, or special nature. The full extent of the application of the content in this publication is guided and informed by stakeholder protection needs, mission assurance needs, and concerns with cost, schedule, and performance. The tailorable nature of the engineering activities and tasks and the system life cycle processes ensure that systems resulting from the application of the security and cyber resiliency design principles, among others, have the level of trustworthiness deemed sufficient to protect stakeholders from suffering unacceptable losses of their assets and associated consequences. Trustworthiness is made possible, in part, by the rigorous application of the security and cyber resiliency design principles, constructs, and concepts within a structured set of systems life cycle processes that provides the necessary traceability of requirements, transparency, and evidence to support risk-informed decision-making and trades.

Keywords

Advanced persistent threat; controls; cyber resiliency; cyber resiliency approaches; cyber resiliency design principles; cyber resiliency engineering framework; cyber resiliency goals; cyber resiliency objectives; cyber resiliency techniques; risk management strategy; system life cycle; systems security engineering; trustworthiness.

Trademark Information

All names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

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NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge and appreciate the contributions from DJ Anand, Jon Boyens, Nicolas Chaillan, Ed Custeau, Holly Dunlap, Avi Gopstein, Suzanne Hassell, Bill Heinbockel, Daryl Hild, Scott Jackson, Lauren Knausenberger, Ellen Laderman, Logan Mailloux, Jeff Marron, Cory Ocker, Rebecca Onuskanich, James Reilly, Thom Schoeffling, Martin Stanley, Shane Steiger, Mike Thomas, Beth Wilson, and David Wollman whose thoughtful comments improved the overall quality, thoroughness, and usefulness of this publication. The authors would also like to acknowledge the INCOSE Systems Security Engineering and Resiliency Working Groups, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), and the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) Systems Security Engineering Committee for their feedback on the initial drafts of this publication.

In addition to the above acknowledgments, a special note of thanks goes to Jeff Brewer, Jim Foti, Jeff Marron, Isabel Van Wyk, Eduardo Takamura, and the NIST web services team for their outstanding administrative support. The authors also wish to recognize the professional staff from the NIST Computer Security Division and the Applied Cybersecurity Division for their contributions in helping to improve the technical content of the publication. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the significant contributions from individuals and organizations in the public and private sectors, nationally and internationally, whose insightful, thoughtful, and constructive comments improved the quality, thoroughness, and usefulness of this publication.

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NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

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Patent Disclosure Notice

NOTICE: The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) has requested that holders of patent claims whose use may be required for compliance with the guidance or requirements of this publication disclose such patent claims to ITL. However, holders of patents are not obligated to respond to ITL calls for patents and ITL has not undertaken a patent search in order to identify which, if any, patents may apply to this publication.

As of the date of publication and following call(s) for the identification of patent claims whose use may be required for compliance with the guidance or requirements of this publication, no such patent claims have been identified to ITL.

No representation is made or implied by ITL that licenses are not required to avoid patent infringement in the use of this publication.

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This publication is available free of charge from:

NIST SP 800-160, VOLUME 2

DEVELOPING CYBER RESILIENT SYSTEMS

A SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING APPROACH

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1

1.1 PURPOSE AND APPLICABILITY .............................................................................................. 3 1.2 TARGET AUDIENCE............................................................................................................... 4 1.3 PUBLICATION ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO THE FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................................................6

2.1 CYBER RESILIENCY ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK.................................................................. 7

2.1.1 CYBER RESILIENCY GOALS........................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 CYBER RESILIENCY OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3 CYBER RESILIENCY TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES................................................................ 10 2.1.4 CYBER RESILIENCY DESIGN PRINCIPLES .................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 RELATIONSHIP AMONG CYBER RESILIENCY CONSTRUCTS ....................................................... 14

2.2 CYBER RESILIENCY IN THE SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE ................................................................... 15 2.3 RISK MANAGEMENT AND CYBER RESILIENCY .................................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE CYBER RESILIENCY IN PRACTICE.................................................................20

3.1 SELECTING AND PRIORITIZING CYBER RESILIENCY CONSTRUCTS ...................................... 20

3.1.1 ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................. 20 3.1.2 CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY .................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 TYPE OF SYSTEM....................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.4 CYBER RESLIENCY CONFLICTS AND SYNERGIES ........................................................................ 23 3.1.5 OTHER DISCIPLINES AND EXISTING INVESTMENTS .................................................................. 24 3.1.6 ARCHITECTURAL LOCATIONS.................................................................................................... 26 3.1.7 EFFECTS ON ADVERSARIES, THREATS, AND RISKS .................................................................... 26 3.1.8 MATURITY AND POTENTIAL ADOPTION ................................................................................... 27

3.2 ANALYTIC PRACTICES AND PROCESSES .............................................................................. 28

3.2.1 UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT.................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 ESTABLISH THE INITIAL CYBER RESILIENCY BASELINE............................................................... 35 3.2.3 ANALYZE THE SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 37 3.2.4 DEFINE AND ANALYZE SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................... 40 3.2.5 DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 42

APPENDIX A REFERENCES ...................................................................................................44

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................56

APPENDIX C ACRONYMS.....................................................................................................67

APPENDIX D BACKGROUND ................................................................................................71

D.1 DEFINING CYBER RESILIENCY ............................................................................................. 71 D.2 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF CYBER RESILIENCY .............................................. 72 D.3 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SPECIALITY ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES ............................... 74 D.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CYBER RESILIENCY AND RISK..................................................... 78

APPENDIX E CYBER RESILIENCY CONSTRUCTS ......................................................................81

E.1 CYBER RESILIENCY GOALS .................................................................................................. 81 E.2 CYBER RESILIENCY OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................... 82 E.3 CYBER RESILIENCY TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................ 85 E.4 CYBER RESILIENCY IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES ........................................................ 87

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