Historical Archaeology



Landscape Archaeology

Anth. 453

Course Syllabus

Prof. Christopher Fennell Spring 2006

Department of Anthropology Location: TBD

296 Davenport Hall Meeting times: TBD

Office phone 244-7309 3 credits

email cfennell@uiuc.edu Office hours: TBD

Course Description and Objectives

Landscape archeology addresses the complex issues of the ways that people have consciously and unconsciously shaped the land around them. Human populations have engaged in a variety of processes in organizing space or altering the landscape around them for a diversity of purposes, including subsistence, economic, social, political, and religious undertakings. People often perceive, protect, and shape the land in the course of symbolic processes engaging with their sense of place, memory, history, legends, and the boundaries of realms sacred and profane. Archaeology provides invaluable tools for examining such processes, and we can provide morphological and environmental data on past landscapes that are available from no other sources.

Landscape archaeology thus involves the use of archaeological, documentary, and oral history evidence to study and interpret the ways past peoples shaped their landscapes through the deployment of cultural and social practices, and the ways, in turn, that such people were influenced, motivated, or constrained by their natural surroundings. The archaeological evidence utilized in landscape archaeology ranges across a continuum of methods including the uses of satellite and aerial imagery, ground surface surveys, topographic modeling, stratigraphic excavations, geomorphology assessments, paleoethnobotany analysis, macrofloral and microfloral studies, and ground penetrating prospection technologies. Such techniques have been utilized to study and interpret subjects as diverse as prehistoric roadways in Chaco Canyon, formal gardens of elite Anglo-American houses, spatial configurations of antebellum plantation structures and the domestic sites of enslaved laborers, and the field systems of Mesoamerican civilizations.

This course covers a range of topics within landscape archaeology that relate to core principles of the field of archaeology: methods of investigation, interpretation and modeling of results; archaeological ethics and cooperative project designs working with local and descendant communities concerned with the heritage of the landscapes under study; and strategies for protecting the cultural resources manifest in those landscapes. The course will also provides students with opportunities to learn fundamental archaeological skills such as surveying, sampling strategies, remote sensing, applications of GIS to archaeology, and the creation of interpretive frameworks for a public audience.

By the conclusion of this course, each student should have acquired skills in the following areas: understanding the theoretical and methodological principles utilized in conducting landscape archaeology studies and the interpretations of data produced in such projects; critical reading and assessment of particular of landscape archaeology studies and the basic assumptions, theories, and methods utilized in those studies; an enhanced ability to communicate in written and oral form a research design and interpretive framework for an archaeological site; enhanced skills in locating and utilizing sources for landscape archaeology, including those available through libraries, the internet, research groups, and professional organizations.

The course is organized around reading, class presentations, and critical discussions. Responsibilities for class presentations and leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among pairs of class participants. There will be occasional lectures to offer background on theoretical issues and particular methodological topics. The quality of your course experience will depend in large part on your willingness read thoughtfully and participate actively in class discussions. This course will provide you with the opportunity to hone your skills in articulating significant arguments presented within a particular range of archaeological studies. The course also provides a supportive environment in which to practice your skills at written exposition, classroom debate, and public presentations. This is, for the most part, a reading and discussion course intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in anthropology and archaeology.  Previous course work in archaeology is assumed, along with familiarity with basic archaeological and anthropological concepts.

Graduate students, who receive the equivalent of four credits or one graduate unit, will be expected to produce seminar papers of greater length and depth of analysis than undergraduate participants in this course. In addition, graduate students will be expected to meet with the instructor for an additional one to two hours of course discussion each week. For undergraduate students to enroll in this course, they should have already taken an introductory archaeology course, such as Anth. 220, or an introductory landscape architecture course, such as LA 215, and a 300 level course in socio-cultural anthropology or archaeology, or an equivalent of experiences in prior course work may be accepted as sufficient with the instructor’s permission.

Course Assignments and Grading Policy

Your grade in this course will be based on your performance in completing the following assignments:

1. Class Presentations (10 percent of course grade).  Each week, assigned pairs of seminar participants will be responsible for preparing a joint presentation on the week’s reading and leading class discussion.  Presentations should not simply summarize reading assignments one by one, but rather highlight significant theoretical and methodological themes that emerge in the articles, the manner in which they relate to one another and to previous topics discussed in the course, and their implications for archaeological practice. For example, one should address questions such as: Do the authors’ positions agree?  Do you find their arguments persuasive?  How do they fit (or fail to fit) with other anthropological and archaeological ideas you find helpful or attractive?  A key focus of your presentation should be the manner in which abstract theoretical models can actually be implemented in studying the archaeological record.  If particular patterns in the archaeological record are discussed and explained in an assigned reading, can you think of other ways to account for them?  Your presentations should also include a series of questions for discussion by other participants in the class.

2. Class Discussion (10 percent of course grade). Non-presenting participants should come to class prepared to discuss critically the week’s readings, along the same lines as if they were responsible for the week’s  presentation. I also reserve the right to lower the course grade (by one letter grade) of any student who fails to regularly attend class during the semester.

3. Short Essay (20 percent of course grade).  In the sixth week of the course, participants will complete a 5-6 page introductory essay entitled “What is Landscape Archaeology?” and present a short oral synopsis (5-10 minutes) in class.  In writing the essay, you should draw on the assigned reading, class presentations, discussion, and your own insights.  This is a first opportunity for you to outline your vision of just how landscape archaeology is a distinctive enterprise in the theoretical, methodological, and empirical realms.  The short essay and the oral presentation based on it are due in class at the beginning of Week 6.  After revision, this short paper will become the introductory section of a longer seminar paper (see below). The grade for any writing assignment will be reduced if a student submits the completed assignment late (by one letter grade for each day it is late).

4.  Seminar Paper (50 percent of course grade).  During the last three weeks of the course, participants will complete drafts of their seminar paper, which should be 15-20 pages in length for undergraduates or 20-25 pages in length for graduate students.  In the seminar paper, you will explore a particular aspect of landscape archaeology that interests you.  Your paper can have a theoretical (e.g., landscape and the “new ecology”), methodological (e.g., landscape and GIS), or substantive focus (e.g., colonial gardens or symbolic landscapes).  This is your opportunity to explore in greater detail a subset of the theoretical and methodological ideas encompassed by landscape archaeology.  A revised version of your short essay (“What is Landscape Archaeology?”) should serve as the conceptual foundation for this effort and as the introductory section of your seminar paper.  The focus of the rest of the paper is up to you, but it needs to be cleared in advance with the instructor.  An abstract or preliminary statement, with key bibliographic references, is due in class at the beginning of Week 9. The final seminar paper is due by 5:00pm on the first day of the final exam period as scheduled by the University.

5. Seminar Paper Presentation and Discussion (10 percent of course grade). During the last two weeks of the course, each participant will present in class a 15-minute synopsis of the seminar paper.  This will be followed by 10-minute evaluation and comment by a designated discussant. Following a response by the author, the floor will be opened to general discussion.  Drafts of the seminar paper will be distributed one week before this presentation to all class members, including the designated discussant.

When preparing these assignments, be careful that you do not plagiarize the works of another; that is, do not present the work or words of another author in a verbatim manner as your own. Consult the UIUC regulations for more information on the hazards of plagiarism, at . Assignments handed in late will lose 10% of the possible credit after the class in which they are due, and 10% more for each subsequent day late. No make-ups are provided for missed assignments in the absence of documented and legitimate medical or family emergencies.

Required Readings

Texts

Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).

Rapp, George (Rip), Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Readings on Reserve

The other readings listed below under each week’s discussion topic, consisting of articles and excerpts from other texts, will be available on electronic reserve or a photocopy reading packet.

Additional Resources

I have provided below, following the “Class Schedule” section of the syllabus, a bibliography of additional print sources and a list of internet resources related to the subjects of landscape archaeology. These source lists should be helpful for students in choosing topics for their seminar papers and conducting research related to the course.

Class Schedule

Week 1. Course Introduction // Sites, Non-Sites and Landscapes.

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge, Making Space (Oxford: Berg).

Introduction: time, place and people.

Thinking about landscapes, pp. 1-35.

(b) Dunnell, Robert C. (1992). The Notion Site, in Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes, ed. by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wandsnider, pp. 21-41 (New York: Plenum Press).

(c) Dewar, Robert E., and Kevin A. McBride (1992). Remnant Settlement Patterns, in Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes, ed. by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wandsnider, pp. 227-256 (New York: Plenum Press).

(d) Deetz, James (1990). Landscapes as Cultural Statements, in Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, pp. 1-4 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).

(e) Crumley, Carole, and William H. Marquardt (1990). Landscape: A Unifying Concept in Regional Analysis, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 73-79 (London: Taylor and Francis).

Week 2. Landscape and Historical Ecology

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Balle, William (1998). Historical Ecology: Premises and Postulates, in Advances in Historical Ecology, ed. by William Balle, pp. 13-29 (New York: Columbia University Press).

(b) Whitehead, N. (1998). Ecological History and Historical Ecology: Diachronic Modeling vs. Historical Explanation, in Advances in Historical Ecology, ed. by William Balle, pp. 43-66 (New York: Columbia University Press).

(c) Ingerson, Alice E. (1994). Tracking and Testing the Nature-Culture Dichotomy, in Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed. by Carole Crumley, pp. 30-41 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research).

(d) Bettinger, Robert L. (1998). Cultural, Human and Historical Ecology in the Great Basin: Fifty Years of Ideas about Ten Thousand Years of Prehistory, in Advances in Historical Ecology, ed. by William Balle, pp. 169-89 (New York: Columbia University Press).

(e) Crumley, Carole L. (1994). The Ecology of Conquest: Contrasting Agropastoral and Agricultural Societies’ Adaptation to Climatic Change, in Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed. by Carole Crumley,  pp. 183-202 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research).

 

Week 3. Landscape, the New Ecology, and Environmental History

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Zimmerer, Karl S. (1994). Human Geography and the “New Ecology”: The Prospect and Promise of Integration, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84(1):108-125.

(b) McEvoy, Arthur F. (1988). Toward an Interactive Theory of Nature and Culture: Ecology, Production and Cognition in the California Fishing Industry, in The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History, ed. by Donald Worster, pp. 211-29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

(c) Lansing, J. Stephen, and James N. Kremer (1993). Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape, American Anthropologist 95:97-114.

(d) Erickson, Clark L. (1993). The Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 7: 369-426.

(e) Erickson, Clark L. (1999). Neo-environmental Determinism and Agrarian “Collapse,” Antiquity 73:634-42.

Week 4. Experiences of Landscape

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Tilley, Christopher (1994). A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments (Oxford: Berg).

Space, place, landscape, and perception: phenomenological perspectives, pp. 7-34.

The social construction of landscapes in small-scale societies: structures of meaning, structures of power, pp. 35-69.

(b) Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge: Making Space (Oxford: Berg).

  Prehistoric Stonehenge Landscapes, pp. 39-68.

  Dialogues 1: Prehistoric Stonehenge Landscapes, pp. 69-95.

(c) Bradley, Richard (1995). Symbols and Signposts: Understanding the Prehistoric Petroglyphs of the  British Isles, in The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology, ed. by Colin Renfrew and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 95-106 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

(d) Llobera, Marcos (1996). Exploring the Topography of Mind: GIS, Social Space, and Archaeology, Antiquity 70:612-22.

(e) Orians, Gordan H., and Judith H. Heerwagen (1992). Evolved Responses to Landscapes, in The Adapted Mind, ed. by Jerome, H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, pp. 555-80 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

(f) Aveni, Anthony F., and Helaine Silverman (1991). Between the Lines: Reading the Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large, The Sciences July/August.

Week 5. Doing Landscape Archaeology: Geoarchaeology and Site Formation Processes

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Rapp, George, Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Sediments and soils and creation of the archaeological record, pp. 18-49.

Contexts of archaeological record formation, pp. 50-85.

(b) Stein, Julie K. (1992). Organic Matter in Archaeological Contexts, in Soils in Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, ed. by Vance T. Holliday, pp. 193-216 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).

Week 6. Doing Landscape Archaeology: Geoarchaeology, Remote Sensing, and GIS Methods

Deadline: Introductory essay due.

Classroom presentations on subjects of introductory essay.

Readings will include selections from the following:

a) Rapp, George, Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions: humans, climates and ancient landscapes, pp. 86-111.

Estimating age in the archaeological record, pp. 153-74.

Geologic mapping, remote sensing and surveying, pp. 175-97.

(b) Conyers, Lawrence B. (1997). Introduction, in Ground Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists, pp. 11-21 (Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press).

(c) Riley, D. N. (1987). How Sites Show, in Aerial Photography in Archaeology, pp. 17-40 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).

(d) Kantner, John (1997). Ancient Roads, Modern Mapping: Evaluating Chaco Anasazi Roadways using GIS Technology, Expedition 39(3):49-62.

(e) Madry, Scott, and Carole L. Crumley (1990). An Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in a Regional Archaeological Settlement Pattern Analysis: The Arroux River Valley, Burgundy, France, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 364-80 (London: Taylor and Francis).

Week 7. Doing Landscape Archaeology: A Case Study of Chesapeake Agricultural Landscapes

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Earle, Carville (1975). The Evolution of a Tidewater Settlement System: All Hallowes Parish, Maryland, 1650-1783. University of Chicago, Department of Geography Research Paper No. 170.

Introduction, pp. 1-4.

Settlement systems, area, and agenda, pp. 5-13.

Parameters of the settlement system, pp. 15-37.

(b) Carr, Lois G., and Lorena S. Walsh (1988). Economic Diversification and Labor Organization in the Chesapeake: 1650-1800, in Work and Labor in Early America, ed. by Stephen Innes, pp. 144-88 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).

(c) Earle, Carville (1988). The Myth of the Southern Soil Miner: Macro-history, Agricultural Innovation, and Environmental Change, in The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History, ed. by Donald Worster, pp. 175-210 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

(d) Brush, Grace (1986). Geology and Paleoecology of Chesapeake Bay: A Long-term Monitoring Tool for Management, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 76:146-60.

(e) Upton, Dell (1985). White and Black Landscapes in Eighteenth-century Virginia, Places 2(2):59-72.

[Note: the subject of this case study lesson will varying from year to year, and will likely include alternative case studies in other semesters that focus on subjects such as Cahokia in the American Bottom region, the ideographic landscapes of Peru, town landscapes of the late Medieval period in Southern India, and historic period landscapes of western Illinois.]

 

Week 8. Landscape Aesthetics

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).

Chapters 1-5: surveying and applying theoretical approaches to landscape aesthetics, including “habitat theory” and “prospect-refuge theory”; chapters on defining the problem, the quest, behavior and environment, framework of symbolism, and balance.

Week 9. Landscape Aesthetics (cont’d)

Deadline: Seminar paper abstract with key bibliographic references due.

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).

Chapters 6-11: applying theoretical approaches to landscape aesthetics; chapters on involvement, landscape in several arts, fashion, taste, and idiom, aesthetic potential of places, stocktaking, and a postscript of methodological developments.

Week 10. Spring Break! Classes do not meet.

Week 11. Gardens and Ornamental Landscapes

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Martin, Peter (1991). The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

The plantations, pp. 100-33.

Landscape gardening at Mount Vernon and Monticello, pp. 134-64.

(b) Leone, Mark P. (1984). Interpreting Ideology in Historical Archaeology: Using the Rules of Perspective in the William Paca Garden in Annapolis, Maryland, in Ideology, Representation and Power in Prehistory, ed. by Christopher Tilley and Daniel Miller, pp. 25-35 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

(c) Luccketti, Nicholas (1990). Archaeological Excavations at Bacon’s Castle, Virginia, in Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, pp. 23-42 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).

(d) Pogue, Dennis (1996). Giant in the Earth: George Washington, Landscape Designer, in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by Rebecca Yamin and Karen B. Metheny,  pp. 52-69. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press).

(e) Kryder-Reid, Elizabeth (1994). The Archaeology of Vision in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Gardens, Journal of Garden History  1:42-53.

(f) Williamson, Tom (1999). Gardens, Legitimation, and Resistance, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3(1): 37-52.

(g) Gundaker, Grey (1993). Tradition and Innovation in African-American Yards, African Art (April 1993) 26(2):58-71, 94-96.

Week 12. Cultural Landscapes: Heritage and Preservation Issues

Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 13 are due in class at the beginning of Week 12.

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Archibald, Robert R. (1999). Facing the Past, in A Place to Remember: Using History to Build Community, pp. 9-25 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).

(b) Birnbaum, Charles, and Christine C. Peters (1996), The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service).

(c) Davis, Karen Lee (1997). Sites without Sights: Interpreting Closed Excavations, in Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, ed. by John Jameson, Jr., pp. 84-98 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).

(d) Derry, Linda (2000). Southern Town Plans, Story Telling, and Historical Archaeology, in Archaeology of Southern Urban Landscapes, ed. by Amy L. Young, pp. 14-29 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).

(e) King, Thomas (2003). Places that Count: Traditional Cultural Properties, pp. 1-20, 99-128 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).

Week 13. Cultural Heritages and Multivalent Spaces //

Beginning of Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop

Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 14 are due in class at the beginning of Week 13.

Readings will include selections from the following:

(a) Lavine, Steven D. (1992). Audience, Ownership, and Authority: Designing Relations between Museums and Communities, in Museums and Communities: The Politics of Public Culture, ed. by Ivan Karp, Christine Mullen Kreamer, and Steven D. Lavine, 137-57 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).

(b) Mullins, Paul R. (2004). African-American Heritage in a Multicultural Community: An Archaeology of Race, Culture and Consumption, in Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp. 57-70 (London: Routledge).

(c) Lucas, Michael T. (2004). Applied Archaeology and the Construction of Place at Mount Calvert, Prince George’s County, Maryland, in Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp. 119-34 (London: Routledge).

(d) Horning, Audrey (2001). Of Saints and Sinners: Mythic Landscapes of the Old and New South, in Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape, ed. by Paul A. Shackel, pp. 21-46. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida).

Week 14. Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop

Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 15 are due in class at the beginning of Week 14.

Week 15. Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop

Deadline: Final seminar papers due by 5:00pm on the first day of the final exam period as scheduled by the University.

* * * * * *

Bibliography of Additional Sources related to Landscape Archaeology

Aberg, A., and C. Lewis, eds. (2000). The Rising Tide: Archaeology and Coastal Landscapes (Oxford: Oxbow).

Adams, Robert McC. (1981). Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement Systems and Land Use of the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Analen, Arnold N., and Robert Melnick, eds. (2000). Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).

Archibald, Robert R. (1999). Facing the Past, in A Place to Remember: Using History to Build Community, pp. 9-25 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).

Ashmore, Wendy, and A. Bernard Knapp, eds. (1999). Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives (Malden, MA: Blackwell).

Aston, Michael (1985). Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology and Local Studies (London: B.T. Batsford).

Aston, Michael and Trevor Rowley (1974). Landscape Archaeology: an Introduction to Fieldwork Techniques on Post-Roman Landscapes (Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles).

Aveni, Anthony F., and Helaine Silverman (1991). Between the Lines: Reading the Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large, The Sciences July/August.

Baldwin, A. Dwight, Jr., et al., eds. (1993). Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).

Balée, W., ed. (1998). Advances in Historical Ecology (New York: Columbia University Press).

Banning, E. B. (2002). Archaeological Survey (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum).

Basso, Keith (1996). Wisdom Sits in Paces: Notes on a Western Apache Landscape, in Senses of Place, ed. by Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, pp.53-90 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press).

Baugher, Sherene (2001). Visible Charity: The Archaeology, Material Culture, and Landscape Design of New York City’s Municipal Almshouse Complex, 1736-1797, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 5(2): 175-202.

Beaudry, Mary C. (1986). The Archaeology of Historical Land Use in Massachusetts, Historical Archaeology 20(2):38-46.

Beaudry, Mary C. (1999). The Archaeology of Domestic Life in Early America, in Old and New Worlds, ed. by Geoff Egan and Ronald L. Michael, pp.117-26 (Oxford: Oxbow).

Bender, Barbara (1992). Theorizing Landscape and the Prehistoric Landscapes of Stonehenge, Man 27: 735-55.

Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge: Making Space (Oxford: Berg).

Bender, Barbara, ed. (1993). Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (London: Berg).

Birnbaum, Charles, and Christine C. Peters (1996), The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service).

Blaikie, P. M., and H. C. Brookfield, eds. (1987). Land Degradation and Society (London: Methuen).

Borchert, James (1986). Alley Landscapes of Washington, in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. by Dell Upton and John M. Vlach, pp. 281-91 (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press).

Bowden, M., ed. (1999). Unraveling the Landscape: An Inquisitive Approach to Archaeology (Stroud: Tempus).

Bradley, R. (1998a). The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe (London: Routledge).

Bradley, R. (1998b). Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land (London: Routledge).

Chappell, Sally A. (2002). Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Conyers, Lawrence B. (1997). Introduction, in Ground Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists, pp.11-21 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).

Coones, P. (1985). One Landscape or Many? A Geographical Perspective, Landscape History 25: 512.

Cosgrove, D. E. (1984). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press).

Cronin, William, ed. (1996). Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: Norton).

Crumley, Carole L. (1994). Historical Ecology: A Multidimensional Ecological Orientation, in Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed. by Carole L. Crumley, pp. 1-16 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research).

Crumley, Carole L., and William H. Marquardt (1990). Landscape: A Unifying Concept in Regional Analysis, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 73-79 (London: Taylor and Francis).

Crumley, Carole L., and William H. Marquardt, eds. (1987). Regional Dynamics: Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective (San Diego: Academic Press).

Davis, Karen Lee (1997). Sites without Sights: Interpreting Closed Excavations, in Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, ed. by John Jameson, Jr., pp.84-98 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).

Deetz, James (1990). Landscapes as Cultural Statements, in Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, pp. 1-4 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).

Delle, James A. (1999). “A Good and Easy Speculation”: Spatial Conflict, Collusion, and Resistance in Late 16th-Century Munster, Ireland, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3(1): 11-35.

Denevan, William M. (1992). The Pristine Myth: The Landscapes of the Americas in 1492, Association of American Geographers 82(3):369-385.

Derry, Linda (2000). Southern Town Plans, Story Telling, and Historical Archaeology, in Archaeology of Southern Urban Landscapes, ed. by Amy L. Young, pp.14-29 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).

Dincauze, Dena F. (2000). Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), on library reserve.

Dunnell, Robert C (1992). The Notion Site, in Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes, ed. by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wandsnider, pp. 21-41 (New York: Plenum Press).

Dunning, Nicholas, et al. (1999). Temple Mountains, Sacred Lakes, and Fertile Fields: Ancient Maya Landscapes in Northwestern Belize, Antiquity 73(281) (Sept. 1999).

Ebert, J. I. (1992). Distributional Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).

Erickson, Clark L. (1999). Neo-environmental Determinism and Agrarian “Collapse” in Andean Prehistory, Antiquity 73(281) (Sept. 1999).

Evans, John G. (2003). Environmental Archaeology and the Social Order (London: Routledge).

Everson, Paul, and Tom Williamson, eds. (1998). The Archaeology of Landscape (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Feinman, Gary M. (1999). Defining a Contemporary Landscape Approach: Concluding Thoughts, Antiquity 73(281) (Sept. 1999).

Fisher, Christopher T., and Tina L. Thurston, eds. (1999). Dynamic Landscapes and Socio-political Process: The Topography of Anthropogenic Environments in Global Perspective, Antiquity 73(281) (Sept. 1999).

Fleming, Andrew (1987). Coaxial Field Systems: Some Questions of Time and Space, Antiquity 61:188-202.

Fish, S. K., and S. A. Kowalewski, eds. (1990). The Archaeology of Regions: A Case for Full-Coverage Survey (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press).

Gartner, William G. (1999). Late Woodland Landscapes of Wisconsin: Ridged Fields, Effigy Mounds and Territoriality, Antiquity 73(281) (Sept. 1999).

Gillings, Mark, D. Mattingly, and J. van Dalen, eds. (1999). Geographical Information Systems and Landscape Archaeology. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes 3 (Oxford: Oxbow).

Gleason, Kathryn L. (1994). To Bound and to Cultivate: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Gardens and Fields, in The Archaeology of Garden and Field, ed. by Naomi Miller and Kathryn Gleason, pp. 1-24 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).

Griswold, Charles L. (1986). The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall: Philosophical Thoughts on Political Iconography, Critical Inquiry (Summer 1986) 12:688-719.

Gundaker, Grey (1993). Tradition and Innovation in African-American Yards, African Art (April 1993) 26(2):58-71, 94-96.

Hardesty, Donald L., and Barbara J. Little (2000). Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press).

Hodder, Ian, and Clive Orton (1976), Spatial Analysis in Archaeology (Cambridge University Press).

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Ingold, Timothy (1993). The Temporality of the Landscape, World Archaeology 25(2):152-174.

Jackson, J. B. (1994). A Sense of Place, A Sense of Time (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Jameson, John H., Jr., ed. (1997). Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press).

Kantner, John (1997). Ancient Roads, Modern Mapping: Evaluating Chaco Anasazi Roadways using GIS Technology, Expedition 39(3): 49-62.

Kelso, William M. and Rachel Most, eds. (1990). Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).

Kerber, Jordan E. (1994). Cultural Resource Management (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey).

Killion, Thomas W. (1992). Residential Ethnoarchaeology and Ancient Site Structure, in Gardens of Prehistory: The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica, ed. by Thomas W. Killion, pp. 119-149 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).

King, Thomas (1998). Cultural Resources Laws and Practices (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).

King, Thomas (2003). Places that Count: Traditional Cultural Properties (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).

Kirch, P. V., and T. L. Hunt, eds. (1997). Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Knowles, Anne K. (2002). Past Time, Past Place: GIS for History (Redlands, CA: ESRI Press).

Kristan-Graham, Cynthia (2001). A Sense of Place at Chichen Itza, in Landscape and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica, ed. by Rex Koontz, Kathryn Reese-Taylor, and Annabeth Headrick, pp. 317-69 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).

Lanier, Gabrielle M., and Bernard L. Herman (1997). Everyday Architecture of the Mid-Atlantic: Looking at Buildings and Landscapes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).

Lavine, Steven D. (1992). Audience, Ownership, and Authority: Designing Relations between Museums and Communities, in Museums and Communities: The Politics of Public Culture, ed. by Ivan Karp, Christine M. Kreamer, and Steven D. Lavine, 137-57 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).

Lawrence, Denise S., and Setha M. Low (1990). The Built Environment and Spatial Form, Annual Review of Anthropology 19:453-505.

Leighly, John, ed. (1963). Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer (Berkeley: University of Calififornia Press).

Leone, Mark P. (1984). Interpreting Ideology in Historical Archaeology: Using the Rules of Perspective in the William Paca Garden in Annapolis, Maryland, in Ideology, Representation and Power in Prehistory, ed. by Christopher Tilley and Daniel Miller, pp. 25-35 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Leone, Mark P. (1987). Rule by Ostentation: The Relationship Between Space and Sight in Eighteenth Century Landscape Architecture in the Chesapeake Region of Maryland, in Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, ed. by Susan Kent, pp. 604-33 (New York: Columbia University Press).

Leone, Mark P. (1988). The Relationship Between Archaeological Data and the Documentary Record: Eighteenth-Century Gardens in Annapolis, Maryland, Historical Archaeology 22(1): 29-35.

Leone, Mark P. (1989). Issues in Historic Landscapes and Gardens, Historical Archaeology 23(1): 45-47.

Leveau, Philippe, F. Trement, K. Walsh, and G. Barker, eds. (1999). Environmental Reconstruction in Mediterranean Landscape Archaeology. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes 2 (Oxford: Oxbow).

Lewis, R. Barry, Charles Stout, and Cameron Wesson (1998). The Design of Mississippian Towns, in Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces: Searching for An Architectural Grammar, ed. by R. Barry Lewis and Charles Stout, pp. 1-21 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).

Lippard, L. R. (1997). The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society (New York: New Press).

Llobera, Marcos (1996). Exploring the Topography of Mind: GIS, Social Space, and Archaeology, Antiquity 70:612-22.

Lock, Gary, and Z. Stancic, eds. (1995). Archaeology and Geographic Information Systems: A European Perspective (London: Taylor & Francis).

Low, Setha M., and Denise Lawrence-Zuniga, eds. (2003). The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture (London: Blackwell).

Lucas, Michael T. (2004). Applied Archaeology and the Construction of Place at Mount Calvert, Prince George’s County, Maryland, in Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp. 119-34 (London: Routledge).

Madry, Scott, and Carole L. Crumley (1990). An Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in a Regional Archaeological Settlement Pattern Analysis: The Arroux River Valley, Burgundy, France, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 364-80 (London: Taylor & Francis).

Maschner, H. D. G., ed. (1996). New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations).

McGlade, J. (1995). Archaeology and the Ecodynamics of Human-modified Landscapes, Antiquity 69: 113-32.

McHenry, Stewart G. (1986). Eighteenth-Century Field Patterns as Vernacular Art, in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. by Dell Upton and John M. Vlach, pp. 107-23 (Athens: University of Georgia Press).

McManamon, Francis P., and Alf Hatton, eds. (2000). Cultural Resource Management in Contemporary Society: Perspectives on Managing and Presenting the Past (London: Routledge).

Mullins, Paul R. (2004). African-American Heritage in a Multicultural Community: An Archaeology of Race, Culture and Consumption, in Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp. 57-70 (London: Routledge).

Nash, George, and George Children (2000). Walking with Landscape Syntax and Narrative: The Experiential of the Buena Vista Rock Art Site, French Glen, Oregon, in Signifying Place and Space: World Perspectives of Rock Art and Landscape, ed. by George Nash, pp.163-71 (BAR International Series 902; Oxford: Archaeopress).

Neumann, Thomas W., and Robert M. Stanford (2001). Cultural Resource Archaeology (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).

Pauketat, Timothy (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Pauketat, Timothy, and Thomas Emerson, eds. (1997). Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press).

Richmond, Jennifer R., and Marion P. Forsyth (2003). Legal Perspectives on Cultural Resources (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).

Riley, D. N. (1987). How Sites Show, in Aerial Photography in Archaeology, pp. 17-40 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).

Rossignol, Jaqueline, and LuAnn Wandsnider, eds. (1992). Space, Time and Archaeological Landscapes (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum).

Sauer, Carl O. (1952). Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, Bowman Memorial Lectures, Series 2 (New York: American Geographical Society).

Sauer, Carl O. (1956). Time and Place in Ancient America, Landscape 6(2): 8-13.

Schama, Simon (1995). Landscape and Memory (New York: Random House).

Schiffer, Michael B. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press).

Shackel, Paul A., ed. (2001). Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape (Gainesville: University Press of Florida).

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Silverman, Helaine, and David M. Browne (1991). New Evidence for the Date of the Nazca Lines, Antiquity 65(247): 208-20.

Silverman, Helaine, and William H. Isbell, eds. (2002). Andean Archaeology II: Art, Landscape, and Society (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum).

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Stapp, Darby C., and Michael S. Burney (2002). Tribal Cultural Resource Management (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press).

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Zimmerer, K., and K. R. Young (1998). Introduction: The Geographical Nature of Landscape Change, in Nature’s Geography: New Lessons for Conservation in Developing Countries, ed. by K. Zimmerer and K. R. Young, pp. 3-35 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press).

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Internet Resources related to Landscape Archaeology Subjects

Aerial Archaeology:



Aerial Archaeology in Baden-Württemberg, Germany:



Aerial Archaeology Research Group:



American Memory Project, Map Collections:



Archaeological and Geophysical Image Library (U. Arkansas):



Archaeology and Geophysical Survey (Notre Dame):



Association for Environmental Archaeology:



Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (U. Arkansas):



Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis (Rutgers U.):



Geoarchaeology: An Introduction (Ass’n Environ. Arch’y):



Geoarchaeology and GIS (U. Calgary):



Geophysics in Illinois (CERL):



Geophysics at New Philadelphia, Illinois (CERL):



Ground Penetrating Radar in Archaeology (U. Denver):



Historic Landscapes of New Philadelphia (U. Illinois):



History of Territory and State Boundaries in U.S.:



Index of Historical Map Web Sites (U. Texas):



Institute for Computational Earth System Science (U. California):



Landscape History reading list by Dr. Graham Jones (U. Leicester):



Old Compass & Bearing Equivalents:



NASA's Remote Sensing Imagery:



NASA’s Space Radar Images of Earth:



NASA's Visible Earth:



National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Initiatives:



National Park Service’s Historic Landscapes Initiatives:



National Preservation Institute:



National Register of Historic Places:



National Trust for Historic Preservation:



North America Database of Archaeological Geophysics (U. Arkansas):



Nova's Remote Sensing Imagery:



NRCS Soil Surveys:



Rumsey Cartography Collections:



Satellite Remote Sensing and Archaeology (M. Fowler):



Technology in Archaeology:



UNESCO Cultural Heritage Preservation:



U.S. Geological Survey:



U.S. Historical Declinations:



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