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 PRELIMINARY SOCIETY AND CULTURE COURSE What are the five fundamental concepts?Persons, society, culture, time, environment What do each of the concepts mean?Persons- Individuals in society who develop in social and environmental settings. Individuals are influenced by, and interacts with, other persons and groups by communicating, sharing values and beliefs and cooperating.Society- Society comprises of people, groups, networks, institutions, organizations and systems. These aspects may include local, national, regional and international patterns of relationships and organization. Culture- Culture refers to the shared knowledge, attitudes and behaviors that give each society coherence, identity and distinctive way of life. Culture is dynamic and undergoes change, demonstrated by evolving beliefs, customs, values, norms rules, laws, governance, arts and technologies that are generated to solve present and future problems, giving society coherence. Environment- Societies are located in a physical setting that individuals interact with. Locations can present societies with opportunities or constraints such as urban, rural, inland and isolated environments.Time- Time can be examined in terms of context in relation to continuity and change of the other fundamental concepts. What is power?Power is the ability to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action.What is authority?Authority is the legitimate use of power to determine, adjudicate or settle issues and disputes in society. Authority is crucial in the decision-making process and in initiating change and maintaining continuity. What is influence?Influence is the capacity to have affect the development, behavior or character of an individual.What is technology?Technologies are tools that assist interactions of individuals, leading to innovation in the micro, meso and macro operations in society. What is gender?Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between females and males, organizing social life around these expectations and dimensions. Gender also refers to cultural ideals, identities and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity, reflecting the value a society places on these social constructs which are particular and unique.What is identity?Identity refers to the sense of self, viewed from a personal, social and cultural level. Identity is formed as a result of micro, meso and macro interactions to create layers and dimension through inclusion with groups or cultures.What does social and cultural literacy mean?Social and cultural literacy encourages people to possess a body of knowledge, understanding and skills to allow them to share, communicate effectively and respect themselves and others.What are the factors that make a person socially and culturally literate? Applies skills to achieve social inclusion and is aware of issues of discrimination and prejudice.Is aware of, and sensitive to, major national and global issues such as poverty, disease and conflict, including armed conflict.Empathizes with and appreciates the diverse beliefs and values of different societies and cultures. What is a research methodology?A research methodology refers to the specific tools for investigation or ways data can be collected and analyzed. What is primary research? Give an example.Primary research is conducted firsthand by the researcher themselves in their investigation. A handout questionnaire created by the researcher would be an example of primary research.What is secondary research? Give an example.Secondary research is conducted by other researchers in which the researcher utilizes within their investigation. Survey results from a similar research project conducted by a sociologist from a university could be an example.What is qualitative research? Give an example.Qualitative research relies on methods that rely on interpretive skills to understand complex and detailed data gathered, focusing on HOW and WHY. A focus group is an example of a qualitative methodology.What is quantitative research? Give an example.Quantitative research collects specific data from a sample of relevant population to extrapolate findings and represent them, focusing on WHAT and HOW MANY. Statistical analysis focuses on using statistics to make generalizations and find trends. What are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research? AdvantagesDisadvantages Useful for individual or small group level studies.Interactive process. Finding out in depth how and what people are thinking and feeling. Can explain to the participants what the questions mean or clarify any concerns about the investigation.Gathers direct quotations from research participants.Allows for the exploration of subjective experiences.Can adapt questions as the researcher goes.Narrative report with conceptual description of behaviour, values, attitudes and beliefs.Can be more challenging to analyze in comparison to having numbers collected through a quantitative method.Risks bias in how the questions are asked (the researcher may expect a certain outcome or opinion from the participants). Gathers direct quotations from research participants.Relies on interpretation rather than factual findings. Small sample can provide inaccurate information. Takes more time.What are the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research?AdvantagesDisadvantagesLarge-scale conducted research.Structured data collection instrumentComparisons can be made to identify trends and quantities. Can be quantified into numerical data, tables, graphs and diagrams. Quick and efficient.Researcher may not know the characteristics of the participant.Lack of direct contact with the sample creates detachment.Quantitative research questions heavily rely on developing a non-biased set of questions.Can not explain questions if participants are confused.What is an interview?An interview is methodology where the researcher asks the participants face-to-face questions and record them accordingly. It can be open ended or close ended depending on the structure of questions. What is a survey?A survey, or questionnaire, features a series of questions that researchers hand out and receive back from the participants. It can be open ended or close ended depending on the structure of questions.What is passive observation?Passive observation involves recording what the researcher can see to gain information based on objective observations. What is participant observation?Participant observation involves the researcher themselves joining in an activity to gain information based on experiences.What is content analysis?Content analysis refers to the analysis of media to gather statistics or observations about the topic of research. What is a focus group?A focus group is facilitated as a discussion between a small group of participants where the researcher asks questions to them. What is action research?Action research is conducted to solve solutions and actively improve a situation in society.What is the difference between open and close ended question?Close ended questions have “yes” or “no” options or limited rating scales to tabulate results more effectively. Open ended questions require qualitative responses with description and can be categorised and analysed to gain understanding. What three factors make research ethical?Ensuring confidentiality and respect towards the rights of the participant.Researcher is honest about the scope of the investigation and the topic, as well as the nature of the participation or information expected of the participant.Avoiding sensitive topics that might make a participant uncomfortable or unlikely to want to provide a genuine contribution to the investigation. What is the micro world? Give an example from your life.The micro world is the world within a personal sphere such as members in the immediate family. What is the meso world? Give an example from your life.The meso world refers to the structured groups in between micro and macro levels of society. This includes the school that a student attends. What is the macro world? Give an example from your life.Macro world interactions occur with the larger institutions such as the government.What is socialization?Socialisation is the process in which individuals learn to become functioning members of society through interacting with the agents of socialisation. The individual learns to internalise roles, norms and values to perform social roles and behave appropriately to be accepted by their society.What factors influence a person’s socialization?Family and kinshipFamily sizePolitics of birth orderEthnicity and cultureGenderSexualityLocation, class and statusPeersSchoolMediaGive an example for each of the factors listed above to show how that factor has had an influence on your own socialization.Family and kinship- My family have raised me with their morals and values which have in turn influenced me.Family size- My nuclear family has allowed me to grow up in an environment with closeness to my parents and sibling which may not be the case for larger families. Politics of birth order- Being the eldest child, I have more responsibilities and expectations to be a role model for my younger sibling.Ethnicity and culture- My culture dictates my behaviours such as taking shoes off in the house or bowing in respect towards older figures I meet.Gender- Gender roles heavily influence me in that I am expected to exude feminine attributes that would be appropriate for certain situations such as being obedient and submissive towards male figures in my micro world. Sexuality- Being heterosexual became more apparent during puberty and I was interested in getting into a relationship.Location, class and status- My socio economic situation has shaped my interests in local television shows and Australian-based news/content.Peers- Friends have given me networks to share common interests in film, music and literature.School- I have been fortunate to have an education and school has helped me discover more about the world I live in.Media- Social media allows me to connect to people from all across the globe.How can culture influence an adolescent’s socialization?Cultural heritage has a profound influence upon the adolescent as they learn more about their personal and social identity. They are influenced by the traditions, values and beliefs of their cultural context and this can affect their behaviors, attitudes and decisions, particularly in conflict with more than one cultural influence. The shared knowledge of culture shapes how an adolescent will think and act as they navigate their way through life. How can technology influence an adolescent’s socialization?Communication-based technologies are a form of secondary socialization. Technology can broaden the adolescent’s networks and enable almost instantaneous communication, aiding the adolescent in allowing them to effectively facilitate interactions. This can greatly dictate how an adolescent accesses information, interacts with the micro, meso and macro levels of society and provide them with tools that assist in socialization. What is nature?Nature refers to an individual’s biology such as bodily being, genetics and DNA.What is nurture?Nurture refers to the aspects of an individual acquired throughout life experiences.What is adolescence?Adolescence is considered the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood, typically describing the years from age 13 to 19.Does everyone go through adolescence? If not, why not?Adolescence in traditional societies are less likely to have a period of adolescence because the transition from childhood to adulthood is instant and a requirement for the individual to be accepted as a functioning member in society. As a phase that Western societies deem crucial for self-discovery, cultural and social growth, adolescence is valued for the development of youth into adult members of society. This contrasts with the necessity for individuals to mature in traditional societies in order for them to be social beings and recognized as such by their community. What is coming of age?Coming of age refers to a young person’s transition from being a child to an adult.What is rite of passage?Rites of passage are legal, ritual or spiritual conventions and occasions that mark coming of age. They celebrate and formally recognize the individual’s transition into a new stage of their life.What was Jean Piaget’s theory about?Psychologist Jean Piaget’s theory was based on human, intellectual development throughout an individual’s lifetime. What were the stages of Piaget’s theory?Sensorimotor periodPre-operational periodConcrete operations periodFormal operations periodWhat was Lawrence Kolhberg’s theory?Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory was based on the development of human morals and values. What were the stages of Kohlberg’s theory?Pre-conventional periodConventional periodPost-conventional periodWhat is generational theory?The generational theory explains that the era in which a person is born affects how they view the world. Individuals born in a generation share similar underlying values, driving behaviors, attitudes and expectations.What were the names of these generations?Silent GenerationBaby BoomersGeneration XGeneration YGive two characteristics and core values of each generation.Silent Generation- conservative, “waste not, want not”, stability, conformityBaby Boomers- Hippies movement, Civil Rights movement, personal and social expression, idealismGeneration X- “latch key kids”, legalized divorce, independence, cynicism Generation Y- WWW and technology, “you can change the world”, social activism, tolerance for diversity What is communication?Communication is the exchange of information which is interpreted to derive meaning.What are the three components of communication?Personal experienceCultural backgroundIntended message and behaviorsWhat is verbal communication?Verbal communication uses the voice as a medium for generating sound and information is interpreted from it.What is non-verbal communication?Non-verbal communication requires the interpretation of body language, gestures and eye contact to gather information.What is intercultural communication?Intercultural communication occurs between individuals or groups of different social, cultural and linguistic origins. It refers to how communication is affected by culture and social contexts.What is an intercultural misunderstanding?Intercultural misunderstandings occur when communication is misinterpreted by a recipient due to a lack of cultural sensitivity or empathy.What country did we study in relation to intercultural misunderstandings?The country studied in relation to intercultural misunderstandings for this unit was Vietnam.Why do intercultural misunderstandings occur between Vietnamese and Australian people?Cultural values differ between the two countries, causing intercultural misunderstandings. What may be deemed as appropriate or respectful to one culture can be perceived as the opposite from the other. Other interfering factors from effective communication include empathy towards the other culture and awareness of the potential differences between them, notably because the modes of communication and body language are contrasting. List five verbal intercultural misunderstandings between Vietnamese and Australian culture.Indirect speech can be frustrating for Australians who tend to be literal. When the Vietnamese tell stories, Australians may often mistake them for lies or exaggerations.The Vietnamese tend to say “yes” when they actually mean “no”, causing an Australian to see them as unreliable when they are trying to save face.The Vietnamese may be reluctant to express an opinion which can cause difficulty for supervisors of teachers in Australia.The Vietnamese tend to speak softly as a sign of politeness and the Australian may mishear, and thus misinterpret, information from this.List five non-verbal intercultural misunderstandings between Vietnamese and Australian culture.The Vietnamese eat with their mouths open and make noise which can be seen as improper to Australians.The Vietnamese tend to bring the plate to the mouth, rather than leaning over to their plates like Australians. Australians may misinterpret physical contact of people from the same sex as homosexuality.The lack of eye contact by Vietnamese often indicates guilt or weakness to Australians. The Vietnamese tend to stand closer to the person they are communicating with which can be seen as invasion of personal space.What strategies can be used to deal with these misunderstandings?Understand that cultural factors shape cultural differences in communication.Being willing to accept, understand and appreciate other cultures.Having self-awareness of personal cultural practice including prejudice, stereotyping and bias.Acknowledge differences and attempt to balance the interests of both parties accordingly. ................
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