Post Colonialism And Migration



Post Colonialism And Migration

Postcolonial experience in India

Indian and Pakistan communities

1818-1947: colonial era

1857 : India comes under direct rule of the British crown after failed Indian mutiny

1885 : Indian National Congress founded

1920-22: The non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi opened the ``Gandhi era`` → civil disobedience

1942-43: Quit India movement

1947:India gains independence from GB, Nehru → Prime Minister, Partition

partition:

-peace between Muslims and Hindus began to break after the British left

- supporters of India’s independence (Ghandi and Nehru) weren’t able to avoid the

division of the Indian subcontinent into three states

- India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) became sovereign states

– Outbreak of riots/massacres and increase of emigration

– migration of millions of people out of fear of the dominant religious groups

– border disputes: Kashmir

Immigration to England:

- the immigration wave started in the 1950s and had its maximum at the beginning of the

1960s

- the largest group are Indians (over 1 million); their first immigration wave started

shortly after having gained independence in 1947

- the third largest group are Pakistani and Bangladeshis (over 700.000)

- many Pakistani live in the West Midlands and in Greater London → “Asian suburbs”

which don’t afford integration

- religions of immigrants: 1 to 1.5 million Muslims, 500.000 Sikhs and 400.000 Hindus

→ cultural diversity

- important for the future and a successful integration: self – criticism, dialogue between the cultures, respect for diversity and expression of common values

The role of English in India:

– colonialism/imperialism

– English → official language

– privileged people (well educated upper-class) grew up with English as their first language

– most literature/newspaper/broadcast were in English

The change of language after independence:

- Hindi → national language / English → co-official language

-Indian authors writing Hindi → Indians can identify with

-problem : privileged people must learn Hindi

– English: language of business, law, higher education

India today:

- worlds´ largest democracy

constitution based on the British model

-since independence India suffered from extremist movements based on religion and separatist movements with their roots in partition

-Caste system: divides society

discrimination against certain minority groups

constitution abolished ``untouchability``

economic expansion

ANALYSING POLITICAL SPEECHES

1. Historical facts

a. Who speaks?

• With which function?

• Which world view represents the speaker?

b. To whom?

• Does the speaker have an emotional relationship with the audience?

• How does the audience react?

c. When?

• In which political context?

d. Where - in what situation? (e.g. on TV/film/radio, at a small political meeting/big

political rally, in a popularly elected forum, in a law court, as part of a ritual (a

wedding, a funeral etc.))

e. What has led to the decision to speak?

2. The text.

a. structure of the speech (Find headlines: e.g. 1. introduction, 2. analysis of the

problem or conflict, 3. argumentation, 4. climax, 5. conclusion

b. The main claims advanced (facts, values, policies)

c. Give a short summary

ci. main theme

cii. key terms

ciii. crucial thesis

civ. argumentative structure

3. Intention

(e.g. to convince the audience, to sell something (also figuratively, i.e. a political

message), to express certain emotions)

• What is the speakers aim?

4. Message

(sum up the message in a few words)

• Tries the speaker to manipulate the audience?

5. Language - special linguistic effects:

a. Special expressions

b. Imperatives/persuasive/urging verbal forms

c. Repetition of certain words or phrases

d. Use of contrasting terms

e. Use of loaded words

f. Use of personal pronouns (does the speaker try to identify himself with the

audience?)

g. Direct speech addressed to the audience

6. Style

a. Emotional or matter-of-fact

b. Use of irony and sarcasm

7. Evaluation (your views)

a. Does the speaker succeed in catching the attention of the audience?

b. Do you think that his argumentation is convincing?

VOICE

1. Volume

2. Pitch

3. Variation

4. “Special effects” (laughter, crying, singing etc.)

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Organization of a speech

• The message is stated with simplicity, clarity and logical consistency

• The speaker intends to attract the audience’s attention, for example by

→making clear the purpose of the speech

→mentioning the topic and by emphasising its importance

→showing or referring to something related to the topic, such as an object, a photo, statistic, etc.

→a quotation

→a rhetorical question

→an interesting statistic

→a brief true story

→in the USA and in GB speakers often begin with a humorous story or a joke so as to establish a quick contact with their audience

• In the main part of the speech the speaker tries to maintain the audience’s attention, for instance by

→forming rather short and clear sentences

→developing his/her thoughts and main points step by step

→backing up his/her main ideas/points with facts and background information

→suggesting what should be done to improve the situation or presenting solutions to the problem

→including personal experiences, examples or a story to makes his/her speech more lively, establish a „personal“ relationship to become well-liked

→using rhetorical devices such as repetition, alliteration, comparison

→determining the purpose of his speech and which arguments about his topic are the strongest

→developing a thesis statement and select the best two to five main ideas supporting it

►► ►The speaker draws his/her audience’s attention to....

►He/she informs about...

►He/she appeals to feelings and emotions by....

►He/she intends/tries to convince/persuade the audience by...

►The speaker tries to win the audience over to his side

• In the conclusion the speaker

→re-explains the development of the thesis

→sums up the main points

→gives a final dramatic example supporting the thesis

Rhetorical Analysis

|[p|ethos - appeal based on the reputation of the speaker/author |

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|[p|logos - appeal to reason or logic |

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|[p|pathos - appeal to emotions |

|ic| |

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|[p|tone - attitude toward self, topic, and audience |

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|[p|topic - the subject of the argument |

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|[p|counterargument - the opposing position |

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|[p|evidence - facts, data, statistics, testimony, etc. that support the argument |

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|[p|exigence - the situation that prompts the argument |

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|[p|audience - the people intended to hear or read the argument |

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| |Modelle zur Analyse politischer Reden Systematische Analyse | |

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