Kinesiology Portfolio



Opioid Abuse Amongst College StudentsCelious J BarnerHouston Baptist UniversityAbstractThere is a big problem going on in America as we speak. The number of people overdosing on prescription painkillers and opioids is rising every year. This research project would do justice to many if it is brought this to the attention of the public eye. After doing continuous research, the researcher found that most demographics have been documented saying that they have been affected by the use of opioid and painkillers. With alarming rates of the youth admitting to use of these drugs. Also, the numbers of adults overdosing on the same drugs that their kids are taking. What about the college students and athletes? There are numerous amounts of research on children and adults, but nothing on college kids. So, I have taken it into my own hands that I research my peers to try and find if this is a problem amongst us. A survey was created to be sent around colleges all over to get information back on college athlete's use of these drugs. What was found was that of the people that answered yes to illegally doing opioid drugs, more than half were student athletes. With information like this, it could be used to bring college coaches to the realization of what their athletes go through to play for them. If that were to be shown to some coaches, the work load that they put on their athletes would change. Chapter 1 Introduction Opioid abuse and misuse was something that was only known to be a problem with former professional athletes. However, this is not the case anymore, opioid abuse is now becoming a problem amongst the youth and young adults of America. The mortality rate is consistently growing due to the high frequency of drugs that are prescribed to people who in reality might not need them. The reason why I chose to research this topic is because, where I’m from, the use of drugs such as Codeine and Promethazine are the norm to ingest. I had a very close older cousin who lost his battle to his addiction and died because of opioids at the age of 26. This really impacted me because he started his abuse in college which is a time in life where things can get very confusing. I believe this is important because it shows how just one prescription can turn into addiction. Not only did the abuse of the drug ruin his life and communication within our family, but it also turned him into someone I didn’t even know or recognize any more. He depended on these drugs as if he couldn’t go on without them. The amounts of people I know who have been hospitalized because of “lean” or “sizzurp” is truly saddening. This is becoming a trend because I believe the young adults in this society are so curious to try things that they know nothing about. Or may be trying to cop with the new-found stress of being a young adult in this day and age. These types of behaviors are advertised on media, in songs, and by celebrities also. Truth of the matter is, this is something that needs to be brought into the public eye on a serious note. The dependency on opioids must be reduced in order to promote healthier ways for adults to either deal with stress and prevent peer pressure. I feel there is not enough attention on the epidemic of misusing opioids/painkillers because there are so many users who do it in silence. This is why I decided to take this matter into my own hands and present this controversial topic. Not enough people are getting behind the research of use of these drugs and people are losing their lives. A lot of the research found on this topic talked about non-medical use amongst adolescents and adults. However, no one had taken the time to research the generation who might be the largest at risk. College students are known for their risky behavior. My plan is to create a survey that will ask them about said behaviors. I believe this will give the students chance to be honest with themselves in which they can see the problem and seek help or help other in need. Brining opioid abuse to knowledge is something that needs to be done. Dealing with prescription strength drugs is a slippery slope. By the time feels they might have a problem, it could be too late. The purpose of this data, and survey is to bring something in the dark to light. Research Problem StatementThere is an epidemic going on. It is nothing like the black plague, or more recently H1N1. There is an opioid addiction epidemic going on around us. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 115 Americas die every day from the overdosing of opioid drugs, including prescription pain killers, heroin, and a synthetic opioid called Fentanyl. This not only effects the lives of everyday Americans, but also the lives of our favorite athletes. The researcher found that this problem ranges from adolescence to full maturity, to kids with illnesses, to full blown adult professional athletes. The purpose of this research is to consider/examine the reasons why increasingly more Americans are misusing opioid drugs. More specifically, this research seeks to find if college athletes have a high percentage of usage.HypothesisThe hypothesis is that athletes that use opioids (painkillers) at a higher rate compared to the non-athletes of the same age group. For non-athletic people the addiction of opioid substances is because there is no real regulation from doctors prescribing them to chronic pain patients. In the athletic world, the fear of letting down your team mates is strong enough to make almost any selfless athlete do what it takes to get back as soon as possible. Pain is also something that cannot be measured, so it is easy for doctor to give someone a medicine that makes the pain go away. These types of situations are what leads to the misuse of opioids. Which constantly perpetuates this drug “epidemic” which we are in. Definitions In order to understand this research completely one will have to understand what it means to misuse, or to be addicted to these drugs. When someone is simply misusing opioids, we are talking in the case someone gets their hands on some without the help of a doctor. Or taking medicine times not advised by your doctor. For example, if you doctor says, “twice a day” and you are taking it four. That is a clear representation of misuse of prescription drugs. Which brings us to our next term which will be used extensively, addicted/addiction. When someone is addicted to opioids, they become dependent on the drugs. No longer using them just for the moment, their use has become a daily regimen that makes them feel better. Or when trying to quit, withdrawal symptoms take place. “Opioids” includes: Promethazine/codeine, Oxycodone, Morphine, Methadone, and Heroin. Assumptions and Limitations Dealing with opioid addiction/misuse, it is easy to assume that people taking the meds aren’t taking it just for the fun of it. The people taking the meds have some type of pain that they are trying to deal with. That is why they are misusing the medicine and becoming addicted to it. With that being said no money or the resources will be given to me to look into all specific cases of misuse. limiting my research to the athletes and the programs they effect is fitting. Within these cases, there will be no limit to what sport researched, because looking through my articles it is not just one sport that has a problem with dealing with opioid problems. This problem scales anywhere from major NFL teams to small high school hockey teams in rural cities. It is best to continue researching all sports to get the big picture on why this is a problem for the modern-day athlete. Also, with this topic being very controversial, there is a firm belief that people will not be honest answer some of the questions. Which will limit the amount of accurate data received. Significance and Justification importanceA lot of the articles that have been read just bring the problem to the surface. Meaning they are bringing the stories of people who are in different environments that are showing the effects of being addicted or misusing opioids. Most articles explain that there is a problem going on and do not talk about a solution to fixing the problem. None of them explain that problems that the athletes face that make them more prevalent to use such drugs and medicine. In research, trying to figure out what leads athletes down this path mentally. WE know that in sports pain is going to happen. Why do athletes think it is ok to abuse these substances just for a game? This topic is important because people are dying for causes that are temporary. For the athletes doing it, they have no clue what these medications can do to your insides until it is too late. This topic is very much relevant to people the age group of 18-25. This wave of taking pills for the effects that is gives is something that needs to be brought to the attention of “higher-ups.” Promethazine with Codeine is extremely popular in the southern states. Young people all over American are abusing these substances and putting themselves into hospital. This is something bigger than the research, it is to perhaps save some lives.In conclusion, conducting a survey asking specific questions to see what people think about the misuse of opioids in sports could be useful. Doing this will show either how the competitive culture of the sport can lull people into making bad decisions for their bodies in the long term. Also will show how normal the use of opioids are without giving away the identities of the athletes. Chapter 2 Literature ReviewAfter reading articles dealing with the misuse of opioids in America. Three major group of people seemed to be in the middle of this epidemic. Adolescents, adults, and athletes seems to be the three biggest demographics when it researching this topic. These three categories of people will lay the foundation on how future research will be conducted. Adolescent use of OpioidsThe use adolescent use of opioids is something that should be taken seriously. Drug use is one of those things that are often referred to as an “slippery slope.” If “adolescents” meaning people under the age of 18, start getting into these things it could cause future heartbreak for someone family. According to Brennan T. K (2017) In 2015, 275,000 adolescents engaged in the nonmedical use of prescription opioids. In the same study, it is to be said that the highest use of adolescent athletes to use prescription opioids are male ice hockey players. The Literature explains how adolescent hockey players not only have a greater chance of nonmedical use of opioids, but also heroin as well. Compared to the other sports that participated in the survey, it is clear that this specific group of children are at a higher risk for abusing theses drugs. The scary thing that in this study was that the hockey players did not show an increase in just the use of nonmedical prescription opioid, but heroin and NUPO. So why not just the nonmedical use of prescription opioids? That stat alone is very alarming. That youth hockey players that are not out of high school (defined by adolescent) are using opioid not by themselves but using them along with heroin. Adolescents taking opioid pain medications at this alarming rate is clearly a problem, but how can you blame the child when adults are the number one demographic when It comes to opioid overdoses.There are places in American that this opioid pandemic hit a bit harder than others. For example, Allegheny county, Pennsylvania. Which accounts for more than 10 percent of deaths for the entire state of PA. The Mayor of Pennsylvania has actually declared “disaster emergency” due to the opioid crisis in their state. In the year 2016 the state accounted for more than 4,600 deaths alone. (Fittipaldo, R. 2017) With these massive numbers, Mayor Wolf is trying to get new guidelines set, when it comes to the prescription of opioid drugs. One example that was said in the article is that, instead of relying on prescription opioids to temporality fix pain. It is suggested that exercise, acupuncture, and non-opioid pain meds should be used instead. Also stating that if that an adolescent athletic injury should be considered painful enough to be prescribed opioid pain medicine, that they should also be considered ineligible to return to play for the rest of their season. Reading this, initially those alternatives sounded great. Where we run into the big problem is trying to “distinguish the chronic pain from acute pain.” (Fittipaldo, R. 2017) Since there is no true way to measure some one’s pain, all it would take is for someone to lie about their pain level to get opioid pain medication. These articles are proof that adolescents of American are currently at risk for future drug addiction due to this kind of risky behavior. Adult use of OpioidsAccording to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA 2016), “more than 115 Americans die every day due nonmedical use of prescription opioids” (NUPO). Let us put this into perspective. That would be the equivalent to two Las Vegas mass shooting a day. Yet this crisis seems to go unnoticed. In 2015 alone, more than 33,000 people died from opioid misuse. Yet the medical field has yet to change any policies on how often one is prescribed opioid pain medication, etc. All because pharmaceutical companies reassured primary health care providers that their patients could not/would not get addicted to these drugs. Thus, which inevitably lead to higher rates of misuse, leading to an increase of opioid abuse related deaths. Which according to the NIDA is the catalyst for this opioid pandemic. Over the numerous articles that I have read there are some scary numbers that pop up to me. When talking about adults, discussing people over the age of 25. Just like the adolescent children talked about previously. In the article read, the outcome of opioid misuse become a little clearer when discussing adult misuse. The rate of adults overdosing on opioid is something is consistently growing. According to ( Davis C. 2013) demographic alone accounts for over 16,000 deaths per year. Once again to put this number in perspective, 16,000 people is the size of Bellaire. Way too many people being lost to the cause that nothing major has been set in motion to stop it. These numbers are way too big, even for the size of our country. “Drug overdose has recently passed motor vehicle accidents to become the leading cause of unintentional injuries (Davis, C. 2013). These numbers are way too high. To try and combat these unnecessary deaths, people are fighting for the right to access a anti-overdosing drug called Naloxone. The only way to be able to get your hands on this antagonist is over the counter. Naloxone has zero abuse potential and apparently is not addictive in anyway (Davis, C. 2013). Also it does not require any training to be able to administer the medicine to the overdosing person. It is to be said, that majority of overdoses happen around family and friends. Would it not be helpful to make this overdose-reversing drug more available? So, people do not have to wait on the first responders. If people did not have to wait on the first responders it could save so many more lives. But the first responders are the only people who have this drug readily available. In the situation of someone who has overdosed on drugs, every second counts. Making this drug more easily accessible can save thousands of lives. Doing this would be taking an additional step forward in stopping the many deaths of this epidemic but will not stop people from getting their hands on opioids.But Naloxone is not the only effort towards slowing down the rates of the opioid epidemic. According to the National Institute of Health and the US Department of Health they are 5 top priorities in this matter.Improving access to treatment and recovery.Promoting use of opioid overdosing-reversing drugs (Naloxone)Strengthen our understanding of the epidemic through better public health surveillance. Providing support for cutting-edge research on pain and medication. Advancing better practices for pain management. Athletes and Opioid useThe topic of drugs and sports can be very touchy at times but it is something that needs to be brought up. When it comes to this, it is as if almost people turn a blind eye to it because the entertainment factor of sports. Meaning because people seem to have almost a personal relationship with their favorite sports teams, they would hate to see their favorite player get busted for doing something that/she was not supposed to be doing. People love their sports teams so much, also spend so much money into being able to watch them play (game tickets, cable packages, etc.). Not only entertainment and favoritism are factors but money as well. In reading the article (Strain E.C. 2011 July) Drug Use and Sport by it brings up a very valid point on why athletes may result to misusing prescription opioid drugs. Athletes make their living on the playing field, whether it football, baseball, soccer. Their livelihood is all based on their performance in their competition. As a population when we think of drugs and sports, we usually think of performance enhancing drugs to help make athletes bigger, stronger, and faster (steroids). And yes, this might be the case for some athletes. But have you ever thought about the athletes that get paid for how much playing time they get i.e. innings played, games, etc? This alone can drive some athletes to the medicine bottle rather than trying to enhance their performance. It is not hard to picture some of your favorite players popping those pills to get a little extra cheddar in their pocket now is it? Again, this article is referring to the payment for professional athletes, not including football athletes or amateur athletes. With intense sports play comes injury, especially in contact sports. In team sports, athletes may feel pressure to come back sooner because they feel as if they are letting their teammates down by not being able to compete. This is a result I hope to see in my research of collegiate athletes that answer my survey. When it comes to articles found, (Locquet M 2016) “The Self-Medication of Among Amateur Runners” is the only article I found that talks about amateur athletes and it does not give a full view of the spectrum of college sports there is (other sports). Also, it does not talk about the taking of any opioids. This article simply states that 31% (112/358) of amateur runners self-medicate themselves to alleviate their running pains by taking ibuprofen. Though interesting to know, this is not the type of information I will able to input when it comes to my research in the use of opioid drugs. To continue, of the 112 people that said they have self-medicated before, 58% were male. Already showing a trend that males are slightly more sept able to medicate themselves if needed. In searching for an article that talked about amateur athletes and the use of opioids, (Veliz, P. 2015) Opioid use among interscholastic sports *Sample of College Students* was an article slightly more up my alley. Though it briefly talks about athletics. It has researched and surveyed the age range that I am looking for. In the article It ask 3,442 college students from a midwestern college. Asking questions like, “Based on doctor’s prescription, how many occasions in your lifetime have you used the following types of drugs? (Vicodin, OxyContin, Tylenol type 3 with Codeine, Percocet, Darvocet, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone.)” The result honestly did not surprise me. Nearly half admitted to using them at least once. 27% said they used it sporadically, meaning one or two times. 18% 3 or more times. But of course, this was asking with a doctor’s permission. The percentages of people who used the same drugs for nonmedical use was much less. Only 9% said they have used these opioid drugs at least once. 4.3% said sporadically (once or twice). Then a close 4.2% said they have used them 3 or more for nonmedical use. Besides the percentages of people being lower than anticipated, another trend found quite was the percentages of times those same people prescribed the opioid drugs, how frequently did other people ask them to sell, trade, or give away their prescription drugs. About 15% were asked at least once, 11.7% were asked once or twice, and only 3.8% were asked repeatedly. Thought this article did provide some great inside on what the general population of a college campuses misuse of opioid drugs, nothing about the sport team’s percentages was included. Almost as if it was avoided. In the same study, they found the trend of college students who participated in interscholastic sports would have a greater odd of medical use of prescription opioid drugs than those who did not. In this article, they did not capture the nonmedical use from previous prescription. Which is something that will need to be included in my research. One of the biggest sports dealing with the opioid issue is American Football. Surprisingly Not very much was found when it came to researching this. One article came out on during my OneSearch expedition. According to (Cottler, L. B. 2011) “Out of the 644 former players that answered the survey. 52% of them had been given the permission to use these opioid drugs. Of that 52%, majority misused them. What position do you think majority of the misusers were? Running backs? Line Backers? No, the offensive lineman had the highest rate of people who admitted to misusing the opioid drugs that were prescribed to them. In the game of football, for those that do not know. Offensive line is one of, if not the most physical positions to play in the sport. In any given game an offensive lineman will expect to have at least 50 collisions between him and other players. This might be the number one reason why offensive lineman were number one of opioid misusers. The constant beating that their body takes to play a game. For those that love it, taking a small pill is something small compared to having reconstructive surgery to play.At the end of the day, one of the last articles I was reading finally came to the conclusion that people who are in high contact/collision sports has the deposition to misuse/abuse opioid the most. In the case for this article he was talking about the adolescents specifically. Honestly, I believe that is something that applies to all ages. One thing that was very prevalent in these articles is that it is not just the professionals that have a problem with nonmedical use of prescription opioids. If you can apply it to the younger kids, I am almost sure it can be applied to the adults. In my conclusion, I did find a lot of information containing the numbers on the opioid epidemic going on in this this country. But it was even said by the other researchers that perhaps this needs to be looked at in all demographics to get a real idea how prevalent it actually is. One thing that was made very clear by the researchers in these articles. They often said at the end of the article that more research in different areas needed to be done. This alone makes me feel like I am researching the right topic. Chapter 3: MethodsThe researcher designed and sent out a survey to a random sample population. The sample size included over 100 college students/athletes from more than two Division I private universities. The researcher chose a random sample to ensure a wide range of answers collected from the survey. The results of the survey will show a correlation between household upbringing and illegal drug use. The researcher also expects the data will show a higher rate of non-prescription drugs use among athletes.ParticipantsThe survey was taken by 110 college students and collegiate athletes who are enrolled at private Division I universities. The survey included responses from athletes and non-athletes to make sure there was variety amongst the sample to get the most accurate depiction of opioid/painkiller of all college students not just the athletes. In the demographics of participants, the researcher almost had a perfect balance of male/female participants in which the population was 53% male and 46% female. When is comes to race/ethnicity, majority of participants were of African American and made up 57% of the participants. The rest being 25% White, 11% Hispanic, 2.8 Asian/Pacific Islander, and the remaining 4% identified themselves as multi-racial. When it comes to classification, majority were seniors (63%), Juniors (19%), Sophomores (11.9%) amd Freshmen (7.1%)361950252095Table 1.1 58(53.4%) students were male. 51(46.8%) students were female. 109 students total00Table 1.1 58(53.4%) students were male. 51(46.8%) students were female. 109 students total847725249555Table 1.262(57.4%) Black/African American. 27(25%) White. 12(11.1%) Hispanic/Latino. 3(2.8%) Asian/Pacific Islander. 4(3.6%) Multi-racial020000Table 1.262(57.4%) Black/African American. 27(25%) White. 12(11.1%) Hispanic/Latino. 3(2.8%) Asian/Pacific Islander. 4(3.6%) Multi-racial1104900229870Table 1.360(56.6%) were not student athletes. 29(27.4%) were football players. 7(6.6%) were Track and Field. 3(2.8%) were soccer and softball. 2(1.9%) were baseball and volleyball players00Table 1.360(56.6%) were not student athletes. 29(27.4%) were football players. 7(6.6%) were Track and Field. 3(2.8%) were soccer and softball. 2(1.9%) were baseball and volleyball players140970020955Table 1.469(63.3%) were seniors. 21(19.3%) were Juniors. 13(11.9%) were sophomores. 6(5.5%) were freshman020000Table 1.469(63.3%) were seniors. 21(19.3%) were Juniors. 13(11.9%) were sophomores. 6(5.5%) were freshmanInstrumentBelow is the survey that the sample population received. The survey consisted of multiple choice questions and answers. The survey is divided into 3 categories such as, drug usage, home life, and medical history. Before taking the survey, each person had to agree to the consent statement before starting the survey. Each participant was informed that the survey is completely confidential and will only be used for research purposes. In instrument will be scored based of the responses of the people taking the quiz. People who admit to using prescription drugs illegally versus the ones who do not. Consent statement: I am fully aware of the nature and extent of my participation in this project and the possible risks involved or arising from it. I understand that I may withdraw my participation in this project at any time without prejudice or penalty of any kind. I hereby agree to participate in the project.1.Gender:Male FemalePrefer not to say2. Race/Ethnicity:African American/BlackHispanic/LatinoNative American/American IndianWhiteAsian/Pacific Islander3. Are you a student-athlete?NoBaseballBasketballFootballGolf SoccerSoftballTrack and FieldVolleyballOther4. What is your classification?FreshmanSophomoreJuniorSenior5. How many injuries have you had that required medical attention?01-22-33-45+6. How many times have you been prescribed medical pain killers/opioids? (OxyContin, Percocet, Morphine, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Tylenol 3 W/ Codeine, Demerol)01-22-34+7. Have you ever used pain killers/Opioids without a doctors prescription?Never1 or 2 times2 or 3 times4 or more8. Have you ever been asked to sell, trade, or buy opioid/painkillers?Never1 or 2 times3 or 4 times4 or more9. Have you ever used painkillers/opioids when sad or emotionally hurt to make you feel better?Never1 or 2 times2 or 3 times4 or more times10. What type of household did you grow up in?Single ParentParents SeparatedParents MarriedParents DivorcedOther11. Have you ever taken opioid/painkillers given to you by your friends?Never1 or 2 times2 or 3 times 3 or 4 times4 or more times12. What was your pain level to have nonmedical use of pain medication? (0=no pain, 5=worst pain in your life)012345Never have taken unprescribed13. When in pain, how often do you take pain medication?NeverOccasionallyFrequentlyAll the time14. When in pain, how much medicine do you take?01 or 2 times3 or 4 times5+15. Do you take opioids/painkillers to escape from reality?NeverOccasionallyFrequentlyAll the time16. Have you ever been pressured by your friends to so something that you did not want to?NeverOccasionallyFrequentlyAll the time17. What is your daily stress level? (0= no stress at all, 5= very high stress)012345Procedures: In order for the researcher to get quick results for the survey, the survey was sent via text message to 20 people which was found to be very effective. With the survey, an attachment of this short message was included: “Hello, I am conducting research for class, it would be highly appreciated if you can take this survey and if you would, send it to other people. Thank you very much!” Another way the survey was sent was sent was via social media platforms such as, Twitter, and Facebook. The message that was included with the survey stated the following:“Hey guys, I am conducting a survey about opioid abuse amongst college students. If you can take a minute of your time it would be GREATLY appreciated” Designs and AnalysisThe questions from the survey derived from 3 major categories which included drug usage, home-life, and medical history.” Every participant had to answer the same questions based off of these three categories. Questions 5, and 6 are questions concerning the medical history of the participants (category 1). Questions 7, 9, and 13 deals with frequency and usage of opioid drugs/painkillers (category 2). Questions 2 & 10 ask questions about participants friends and home-life (category 3). The researcher considers questions 5 and 6 vital to the survey because it asked about past injuries and prescriptions. If someone is always hurt and being prescribed pain medications for their injuries, access to those drugs puts that person at a higher disposition of drug abuse than others.Questions 7, 9, and 13 were put into the “usage” category because the important nature of the questions. These questions are directly asking the frequency that the pain killers/opioid are being use to make themselves feel better. For example, the question, “Have you ever taken opioid/painkillers to escape reality?” Is vital to this section because if a person is taking these drugs as an escape, it is definitely a sign of some abuse there. Questions 2 and 10 are questions that provide data about the subjects up bringing in their household. The researcher believes in theory that using their racial/ethnic background data, can develop precursors for how situations such as drug abuse would be treating in their household. Chapter 4 Results:Below are the responses from the main questions in categories 1,2, and 3. All the results from the survey will available in section. To see all results, please visit the appendix. Category 1 resultsQuestion #5center182880Table 2.122(20.2%) 0 times. 42(38.5%) 1-2 times. 17(15.6%) 2-3 times. 12(11%) 3-4 times. 16(14.7%) 5+ times4000020000Table 2.122(20.2%) 0 times. 42(38.5%) 1-2 times. 17(15.6%) 2-3 times. 12(11%) 3-4 times. 16(14.7%) 5+ timesQuestion #6center182880Table 2.235(32.4%) 0 times. 43(39.8%) 1-2 times. 18(16.7%) 2-3 times. 12(11.2%) 4+ times. 4000020000Table 2.235(32.4%) 0 times. 43(39.8%) 1-2 times. 18(16.7%) 2-3 times. 12(11.2%) 4+ times. Category 2 questionsQuestion #7center182880Table 2.342(35.8% combined out red, yellow, and green section on the pie chart) said they had taken pain killer/opioids without a doctor’s prescription before.4000020000Table 2.342(35.8% combined out red, yellow, and green section on the pie chart) said they had taken pain killer/opioids without a doctor’s prescription before.Question #9center182880Table 2.411(10.1%) said 1 or 2 times. 2(1.8%) said 2 or 3 times. 5(4.6%) said 4 or more.Total: 16.5% have used painkillers/opioid when emotionally distraught.4000020000Table 2.411(10.1%) said 1 or 2 times. 2(1.8%) said 2 or 3 times. 5(4.6%) said 4 or more.Total: 16.5% have used painkillers/opioid when emotionally distraught.Question #131495425187325Table 2.516(16%) recorded Never. 64(64%) recorded Occasionally. 16(16%) recorded Frequently. 4(4%) recoded All the time. 00Table 2.516(16%) recorded Never. 64(64%) recorded Occasionally. 16(16%) recorded Frequently. 4(4%) recoded All the time. Category 3 questionsQuestion#21038225180340Table 2.662(57.4%) African American/Black. 12(11.1%) Hispanic/Latino. 27(25%) White. 3(2.8) Asian/Pacific Islander. 4(3.6%) Multi-racial. 020000Table 2.662(57.4%) African American/Black. 12(11.1%) Hispanic/Latino. 27(25%) White. 3(2.8) Asian/Pacific Islander. 4(3.6%) Multi-racial. Question #101466850185420Table 2.716(14.8%) Single parent home. 11(10.2%) Parents separated. 65(60.2%) Parents married. 13(12%) Parents Divorced. 3(2.8%) Other. 020000Table 2.716(14.8%) Single parent home. 11(10.2%) Parents separated. 65(60.2%) Parents married. 13(12%) Parents Divorced. 3(2.8%) Other. Chapter 5 Discussion:The researcher concluded that the more major injuries someone suffered puts them at a higher chance of them abusing pain killers compared to those who experience fewer injuries. If you take a look at Table 2.1, 16 people reported to having 5 or more injuries which needed medical attention. Of the 16, 8 answered yes to Table 2.3. The subjects are admitting to using prescription drugs without a doctor’s permission. That is 50 percent. Compared to the subjects who have only had 1-2 injuries that required medical attention (42/38.5%), 13 out of the 42 people who reported only having 1-2 injuries which required medical attention. That is 31%. This being the case, the researcher was correct in the case of people who have more major injuries have a higher chance of misuse of opioid medications/painkillers.Category 1 Questions: Medical HistoryWith the selection this question: “How many injuries have you had that required medical attention?”, the researcher understands that it is not the clearest question. In order to receive better result from this question, the researcher needed to specify exactly what is meant by “medical attention.” Medical attention can be described as anything received from a high school trainer to EMT. This is significant because, if the injury was not great enough to require medical doctor, it is an unnecessary statistic in the research. The question in relation to table 2.2, focuses on how many times people have been prescribed opioid/painkillers. The data shows a good number of people who have been prescribed the high dose more than once. This is vital in the research because, places emphasis on how often the subjects in the sample population are being prescribed medical drugs. 67.6% of the subjects who participated in the survey had at least been once prescribed a strong pain killer/ opioid. Category 2 Questions: Past Drug UsageThe question, “Have you ever used opioid/painkillers when sad or emotionally hurt, to make you feel better?”, was used to collect data for table 2.4. 83.5% of the participants selected “Never.” Although this question may have not been that helpful in the research survey, it does have relevance when discussing abuse of substances. If the question was, “Does it make you feel better when your sad or emotional?”, the participants would have a better chance of replying with a factual response.The question, “When in pain, how often do you take pain medication?” recoded the response as show in table 2.5. After viewing all the data from the survey, the researcher concluded that this question should have been more specific with the meaning of this question. For example, the type of pain medication needs to be specific instead of allowing an open-ended answer. If anyone was to read that question, in general, all types of pain medication can apply such as Ibuprofen, Tylenol, and Aleve. These types of medications are not prescription strength painkillers. Also, for this question there was only 100 responses. Because the answer of this question was not mandatory, data was lost from subjects who chose to not release an answer. The question related to Table 2.3 is key to the researcher’s information because it ask subjects if they ever took prescription drugs without the prescription of a doctor. The chart states that 38% of the people that participated in this survey have at least once or twice taken prescription opioids/ painkillers without a prescription of a physician. This in itself was the reason why the research chose this topic in order to see if college students were making the same mistakes as other populations in society. It turns out that yes, they are. Category 3 Questions: Home lifeA good question which got good results. Meanwhile for the question related to Table 2.6 asking for the participants race/ethnicity. Was not the best question on trying to figure out their environment is at a child. It would only base their upbringing on stereotypes and not factual evidence. To be relative, the survey would have to ask more intimate question concerning the environment of their upbringing. The question related to table 2.7 is important because environment plays a big factor on the disposition to certain things, i.e. drug abuse. The researcher asked this question to try and link at home situations to future drug use of the child raised in the house hold. Of the 64 participants who grew up in a house with their parents married, 22 (34%) of them admitted to taking opioids without a prescription. Of the subjects in the survey, 16 college students who grew up in a single parent household. 9 (54%) of subjects admitted to ingesting opioid drugs without a prescription from a doctor. The college students who grew up in a single parent house have a higher chance of abusing opioid/painkiller medications. This data supports the hypothesis of the researcher. This information can be used to bring attention to the people in power at other universities to show that college students are abusing opioid/ painkillers. This information can also be used to further research studies done on this population to understand medicine habits experienced by college students.AppendixHouston Baptist UniversityADULT SUBJECT CONSENT FORMPrimary Investigator: Celious BarnerStudent Researcher(s): Celious J BarnerTitle of Project:Opioid use amongst college studentsOpioids use and Student athletes I acknowledge that on (February 1st 2018) I was informed by (Dr. O’Daniel Studer) of Houston Baptist University School of Nursing and Allied Health of a project having to do with the following: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________I am fully aware of the nature and extent of my participation in this project and the possible risks involved or arising from it. I understand that I may withdraw my participation in this project at any time without prejudice or penalty of any kind. I hereby agree to participate in the project.Printed name: ____________________________________________________________Signature: _______________________________________________________________Address: ________________________________________________________________Date: _____________________* Subject should sign two copies of this form. Keep one copy and return the other to the investigator. THE HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH COMMITTEE APPROVAL REQUEST ANDCONSENT FORMThe following format is to be used in submitting proposals to the Human Subjects Research Review Committee (HSRRC). Sample forms are attached. If you believe that your proposal may be exempt from review by this committee, you must still submit the following information and any required accompanying materials to the chair of this committee. Please use the following template and respond to each of the questions, creating an electronic file.1. Title of proposal and date of submission2. Faculty Supervisor: Dr. Kylee J. StuderAssistant Professor of Kinesiology Houston Baptist UniversitySchool of Nursing & Allied Health7502 Fondren Rd.? Houston, TX 77074BFC 2321281-649-3128kstuder@hbu.edu3. Department of origin of proposal: School of Nursing and Allied Health: Kinesiology4. Student/Research Assistant or Investigator(s) name(s)Celious Jackson Barner5. Research proposal abstract (maximum of 250 words)Doing research on the student athlete and the use/abuse of opioid drugs. 6. Are you receiving funds to support this project? If YES, please indicate the source or sources of funding: No7. Number of subjects requiredAs many subjects as possible. Minimum of 1008. Type of subjects (e.g., college students)Student-athletes of all sports and genders 9. Source of subjects (e.g., subject pool)Convenience sample 10. Please respond to each of the following questions:a. Who will be the subjects and how will they be recruited?The people chosen to help me with my research, will be based of the fact they are student athletesb. Describe the psychological and/or physiological stimuli or interventions and the means used to administer these stimuli or interventions. Indicate the steps that will be taken to assure the proper operation of the equipment used to administer stimuli. Give particular attention to prevention of accidental harm or injury to the subjects.c. Describe the level of risk to which the subjects will be exposed by participating in this study. If the proposed research exposes the participants to any level of risk, attach a detailed description and justification for the risk.A: zerod. Is there any deception of the subjects that will be involved? If so, what is its rationale, its necessity, and why is the research so important as to justify its use? Are there modifications to this research that would allow for genuine informed consent?A: Noe. Describe the expected behavior of the subjects and the behavior of the investigator during the study. This must include a written statement of what is to be read to, or said to the subject concerning the study.f. Describe how the subjects are to be debriefed and the mechanism for alleviation of stress or psychological harm that may derive from participation in this study.g. Include a statement of what the data from this research are to be used for (e.g., class assignment, thesis, etc.), who will have access to the data, and what will be done with the data at the end of the study: The data from this research is being used to fulfill requirements for KINE 4370 Research in Kinesiology. This course serves as the senior capstone course for Kinesiology majors and requires that all students complete a research paper on a kinesiology related topic. In addition to the student researcher, Dr. Kylee J. Studer, the KINE 4370 instructor, will have access to this material. Both the student researcher and Dr. Studer will take the necessary measures to destroy the data following the completion of the course.h. If the current project is being conducted by students, describe the level of involvement of the faculty advisor. Dr. Studer will be guiding students throughout this research process. Because of the purpose of the project – to serve as an opportunity for students to conduct their own research project and subsequent paper – Dr. Studer will serve to oversee the projects, but not conduct any part of the research. 11. Describe how the subjects’ privacy and anonymity are to be protected.Names on forms won’t be necessary due to the nature of the questions. 12. Include a copy of any questionnaires or interview questions that will be used.A: 13. In accordance with Federal regulations, University policy on research involving human subjects requires the use of “informed consent forms”, which must be signed by the subject or the legally authorized representative of the subject .One copy of the appropriate, completed form(s) must accompany the proposal to the Human Subjects Research Review Committee. If the study involves children, a copy of the letter or other communication to parents providing the essentials of the proposed study must also accompany the proposal to the Human Subjects Research Review Committee.NOTE: A research proposal by graduate and undergraduate students must have the following statement signed by a faculty supervisor: “I have examined this completed form and I am satisfied with the adequacy of the proposed research design and the measures proposed for the protection of human subjects. I will take personal responsibility for the safekeeping of all raw data (e.g., test protocols, tapes, questionnaires, interview notes, etc.) in a College office or computer file.”Signature and Title of Faculty Supervisor ____________________________________________Signature of Investigator___________________________________ Phone_________________Date____________________Responses CitationsBrennan, T. K. (2017). The opioid pandemic and American high school athletes. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 60(3),239. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.12.016 Chapman, R. (2017). Our National Pain. Sports Illustrated, 126(17), 72.Cottler, L. B., Ben Abdallah, A., Cummings, S. M., Barr, J., Banks, R., & Forchheimer, R. (2011). Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League(NFL) players. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 116(1-3), 188-194. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.003Davis, C., Webb, D., & Burris, S. (2013). Changing Law from Barrier to Facilitator of Opioid Overdose Prevention. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 4133-36. doi:10.1111/jlme.12035Fittipaldo, R. (2017, March 16). Opioid addiction is a problem for athletes, and Pennsylvania has a plan. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (PA).Knopf, A. (2016). Participation in sports reduces risk of teen Rx opioid abuse. Alcoholism &Drug Abuse Weekly, 28(33), 6-7. doi:10.1002/adaw.30684, M., Beaudart, C., Larbuisson, R., Buckinx, F., Kaux, J., Reginster, J., & Bruyère, O. (2016). Self-Medication Practice among Amateur Runners: Prevalence and AssociatedFactors. Journal Of Sports Science & Medicine, 15(2), 387-388. Strain, E. C. (2011, July). Drug use and sport—A commentary on: Injury, pain and prescription opioid use among former National Football League football players by Cottler et al. Drug& Alcohol Dependence. pp. 8-10. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.004.Veliz, P., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Austic, E., Boyd, C., & McCabe, S. E. (2015). Opioid Use Among Interscholastic Sports Participants: An Exploratory Study From a Sample of College Students. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 86(2), 205-211.Veliz, P., Epstein-Ngo, Q. M., Meier, E., Ross-Durow, P. L., McCabe, S. E., & Boyd, C. J. (2014). Painfully obvious: A longitudinal examination of medical use and misuse of opioid medication among adolescent sports participants. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 54(3), 333-340. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.002Veliz, P., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Austic, E., Boyd, C., & McCabe, S. E. (2015). Opioid Use Among Interscholastic Sports Participants: An Exploratory Study From a Sample of College Students. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 86(2), 205-211. doi:10.1080/02701367.2014.983219 Fittipaldo, R. (2017, March 16). Opioid addiction is a problem for athletes, and Pennsylvania hasa plan. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (PA). ................
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