Bloodhounds Incorporated



Blood LabName: _______________________37115757239000Part 1. Hematocrit Measurement: Blood has a number of functions in the body. One of the most obvious is its role in carrying oxygen from the lungs to other parts of an animal’s body. Hemoglobin is a protein found in erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). It has a great affinity for oxygen and increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. One estimate of the amount of hemoglobin present in blood is the hematocrit. Normal hematocrit percentages (%) for humans are 42-52 for men and 37-47 for women. A hematocrit % below these ranges is considered anemia (low RBC count). Many things can lead to anemia including blood loss, radiation or chemotherapy treatment, certain cancers, autoimmune disorders, Sickle cell anemia, nutritional problems, and even over-hydration. A high hematocrit %, called polycythemia, could indicate dehydration, low oxygen availability (high altitude, respiratory or cardiovascular disease).To determine the hematocrit:After washing your hands with soap and warm water use an alcohol swab to clean to finger you are going to prick with the lancet.Push the blood up to your finger by rubbing your hand from the palm to the tip of your finger. Also make sure your hands are warm before you prick your finger.Rubbing your hands helps. 2800352730500Use a sterile lancet to get a blood drop from your finger. Fill a heparinized capillary tube with blood. Make sure you allow gravity to help you fill the tube by holding the capillary tube towards the ground. Air bubbles in the tube will not be a problem. You will need at least half to three-quarters of the tube filled with blood.Seal end of tube by placing it into the critoseal.Leave the tube in a numbered positing in the critoseal tray until you are ready to centrifuge the tube.Place capillary tube in numbered position in microcentrifuge. Make sure it is counter-balanced with another tube straight across from it in the centrifuge!423608521971000When the right number of tubes are in the microcentrifuge the instructor will turn it on for 3 minutes.Recover your tube and calculate the proportion of the red section to the whole column. This proportion is expressed as the hematocrit percentage.Place your hematocrit tube on the measuring page making sure the top of the clay is on the zero line. You will look for the line that crosses through the top of the RBCs in the tube. This is your hematocrit percentage.Record your hematocrit percentage here: __________Questions: What does the red portion of the hematocrit represent? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What does the clear section of the hematocrit represent? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Where are the white blood cells found in the hematocrit? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What possible conditions does a low hematocrit indicate? ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Normal ranges for humans are 42-52 for men and 37-47 for women. Why is there this difference? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part 2. Blood typingB lymphocytes produce antibodies (or immunoglobulins) that bind to antigens (molecules on the surface of cells) and cause a cascade effect in the immune system that destroys the cells bound by antibodies. The surface of red blood cells contains a group of antigens that distinguish a blood type within the ABO blood type system of humans. Blood type A has RBCs with A antigens (agglutinins) and anti-B antibodies. Anti-B antibodies in Type A blood will cross react against the B antigens in Type B blood; thus, Type A people can receive blood only from Type A or Type O people.Blood type B has RBCs with B antigens and anti-A antibodies. Anti-A antibodies in Type B blood will cross react against the A antigens in Type A blood; thus, type B people can receive blood only from Type B or Type O people.Blood type AB has RBCs with both A and B antigens but lacks any antibodies. Without these antibodies Type AB blood will not cross react with either A or B antigens. Thus, Type AB people can receive blood from Type A, Type B, and Type O people. This is why Type AB people are called “universal recipients”.Blood type O has RBCs with no antigens. Thus, there are no antigens to cross react with either anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Type O people can donate blood to either Type A, Type B, or Type AB people and they are called the “universal donor”. However, Type O people can only receive blood from other Type O people. Fortunately, Type O blood is one of the most common blood types.Rh factor (Rhesus factor) is one of the human blood group systems outside of ABO. The Rh blood group system consists many antigen groups; however antigen D is the most important in determining potential cross-reactivity in blood transfusions or hemolytic anemia in newborns. If someone is Rh- (neg) they lack the D antigen and if they are Rh + (pos) they have the D antigen. For example, someone who is A- is Type A lacking the Rh D antigen. Likewise, someone who is A+ is Type A having the Rh D antigen. What antibodies does Type O blood have? __________________________ What antibodies does Type AB blood have? __________________________ What antigens does Type A blood have? __________________________ Rh Factor (Rh = rhesus monkey)A person can have surface Rh antigens (and be Rh +) or no antigens (and be Rh - ) Erythroblastosis fetalis - antibodies in the mother's blood attack the fetus, usually in 2nd pregnancies.Image Source: to Determine Your Blood Type:Place two drops of blood onto each of each end of slide 1. Then place a single drop of blood on slide 2.Add one to two drops of anti-A to the first drop of blood on slide 1 and one to two drops of anti-B to the other drop of blood on slide 1. [Be careful not to touch the tip of the bottle to your blood sample because that would contaminate the bottle!] Place one to two drops of anti-Rh on the single drop of blood on slide 2.Using a different toothpick for each drop of blood stir the anti-sera into the drop of blood. Be sure to stir well!Observe any agglutination in the samples and determine your blood type. What is your blood type? ____________________You and your instructor will summarize the blood types in the class according to the table below. How do the percentage of blood types reported for the class compare with the incidence of blood types around the world? Class Blood TypesBlood TypeActual Count%IncidenceO+37.4%O-6.6%A+35.7%A-6.3%B+8.5%B-1.5%AB+3.4%AB-0.6%42767256858000Determining Hemoglobin ConcentrationObtain a Tallquist hemoglobin test paper.Place one drop of blood on the middle of the absorbent paper. The blood stain should be larger than the holes on the color scale. As soon as the blood has dried and loses its glossy appearance, match its color under natural light, with the color standards by moving the blood droplet under the comparison scale. Determine your hemoglobin concentration: __________________________Questions:Correctly identify the blood pathologies in column A and match them to column B.Column AColumn B___________________ 1. Abnormal increase in the number of WBCsa. Anemia___________________ 2. Abnormal increase in the number of RBCsb. Leukocytosis___________________ 3. Condition of too few RBCs or of RBC with c. Leukopenia hemoglobin deficiencies___________________ 4. Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCsd. PolycythemiaWhy are hematologic studies of blood so important in diagnosing disease? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What name is given to the process of RBC production? ___________________________What hormone acts as a stimulus for this process? _______________________________Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________How can such patients be treated? _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________Define hematocrit ________________________________________________________Discuss the effects of long-term athletic training (for example, running 4 to 5 miles per day over a period of 6 to 9 months) on RBC count. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discuss the effects of a permanent move from sea level to high-altitude on RBC count. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain why a Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction on the second exposure. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happens if a person receives the wrong ABO blood type in a transfusion? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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