Abstract: - College of Agriculture & Natural Resources



Spatial Variation in Trophic Structure of Nearshore Fishes in Lake Michigan as it Relates to Water ClarityBenjamin A. Turschak*1, 2, Sergiusz Czesny3, Jason C. Doll4, Brice K. Grunert5, Tomas O. H??k 6, John Janssen1, and Harvey A. Bootsma1*Corresponding Author: turschakb1@1School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204 (BAT: turschak@uwm.edu; JJ: jjanssen@uwm.edu; HAB: hbootsma@uwm.edu) 2Charlevoix Fisheries Research Station, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 96 Grant Street, Charlevoix, Michigan 49720 (BAT: turschakb1@) 3University of Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey, Lake Michigan Biological Station, 400 17th Street, Zion, Illinois 60099 (SC: czesny@illinois.edu) 4Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 375 Wilson Road., 101 UPLA Building, East Lansing, MI 48824 (JCD: dolljas1@msu.edu)5Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townshend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295 (BKG: bgrunert@mtu.edu)6Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, Indiana,?47907-2033 (TOH: thook@purdue.edu) Abstract:Nearshore water clarity, as measured by remotely sensed Kd(490), and stable C and N isotopes of several nearshore fishes differed across the Lake Michigan basin. ?13C of Round Goby, Yellow Perch, and Spottail Shiner were depleted in the southeast where water clarity was low relative to the southwest where water clarity was greater. Bayesian analyses were used to evaluate spatial variation in diet composition and quantify the relationship between water clarity and the proportional importance of pelagic energy in fish diets. Water clarity in nearshore areas is likely related to variable riverine inputs, resuspension, and upwelling processes. While these processes may not directly impact ?13C or ?15N of nearshore fishes, we hypothesize that water clarity differentially affects benthic and pelagic algal production. Lower water clarity in the benthos and subsequently lower benthic productivity may be related to regional diet differences and increased reliance on pelagic energy sources. Mobile fishes such as Alewife may not be in isotopic equilibrium with regional prey sources and depart from spatial patterns observed in other nearshore fishes.Key Words:Remote sensing, stable isotopes, water clarity, trophic relationshipsIntroduction:Ecologists recognize that ecosystem processes (e.g. primary production, nutrient cycling, energy flow) change along environmental gradients over broad spatial scales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Monica Goigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]},"page":"171-197","title":"Landscape Ecology : The Effect of Pattern on Process Author ( s ): Monica Goigel Turner Source : Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , Vol . 20 ( 1989 ), pp . 171-197 Published by : Annual Reviews Stable URL : ","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allan","given":"J D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol Evol Syst","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"257-284","title":"Landscapes and Riverscapes : The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vannote","given":"R L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Minshall","given":"G W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cummins","given":"K W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sedell","given":"J R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cushing","given":"C E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]},"page":"130-137","title":"The river continuum concept","type":"article-journal","volume":"37"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polis","given":"Gary A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anderson","given":"Wendy B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holt","given":"Robert D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"289-316","title":"Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: The dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vannote et al. 1980, Turner 1989, Polis et al. 1997, Allan 2004)","manualFormatting":"(Vannote et al. 1980; Turner 1989; Polis et al. 1997; Allan 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vannote et al. 1980, Turner 1989, Polis et al. 1997, Allan 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vannote et al. 1980, Turner 1989, Polis et al. 1997, Allan 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vannote et al. 1980; Turner 1989; Polis et al. 1997; Allan 2004). With technological advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, it has become easier to assess how large scale patterns in ecosystem structure and function are related to terrestrial and aquatic physiography ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levin","given":"S. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]},"page":"1943-1967","title":"The problem of pattern and scale in ecology","type":"article-journal","volume":"73"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3","ISBN":"978-90-481-3353-6","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tu","given":"Kevin P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth Through Isotope Mapping","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Preface","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Monica Goigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]},"page":"171-197","title":"Landscape Ecology : The Effect of Pattern on Process Author ( s ): Monica Goigel Turner Source : Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , Vol . 20 ( 1989 ), pp . 171-197 Published by : Annual Reviews Stable URL : ","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turner 1989, Levin 1992, West et al. 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Turner 1989; Levin 1992; West et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turner 1989, Levin 1992, West et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turner 1989, Levin 1992, West et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Turner 1989; Levin 1992; West et al. 2010). However, it remains difficult to assess dynamic ecosystem processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling over broad spatial scales, and how these processes are affected by physical and geochemical gradients, particularly when the process of interest is variable over short time scales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Monica Goigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]},"page":"171-197","title":"Landscape Ecology : The Effect of Pattern on Process Author ( s ): Monica Goigel Turner Source : Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , Vol . 20 ( 1989 ), pp . 171-197 Published by : Annual Reviews Stable URL : ","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turner 1989)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turner 1989)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turner 1989)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Turner 1989).Large lakes and their surrounding catchments often cover broad geographic regions with diverse land-use, geology, and drainage regimes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(97)70923-7","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Daily loads of suspended sediment and total phosphorus for the 10-year, 1-day design high flow and average of the 16-year period (1975 to 1990) were computed for 18 well-monitored tributaries to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by use of constituent-transport models. The loads from these 18 reference tributaries were used to estimate the loads from all the United States tributaries (with drainage basins greater than 325 km2) to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by selection of a reference tributary with the most similar physical characteristics and use of a unit-area yield. Statistical comparisons between computed yields and environmental factors were used to determine the physical characteristics that were most influential in selecting a reference tributary. Suspended sediment yields were affected primarily by river gradient and secondarily by the texture of surficial deposits, whereas total phosphorus yields were affected primarily by the texture of surficial deposits and secondarily by river gradient. Average total phosphorus loads were greatest in rivers entering the middle to southern part of Lake Michigan, especially those draining clayey surficial deposits in agricultural areas. During high flow, loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment from tributaries entering the southwestern part of Lake Superior dominate the total input of these constituents because of the steep gradients of the rivers and the clayey surficial deposits that they drain. These loads were used to compute regional loads and to rank the tributaries on the basis of their respective loads during a specified high flow and over extended periods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robertson","given":"Dale M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"416-439","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Regionalized Loads of Sediment and Phosphorus to Lakes Michigan and Superior—High Flow and Long-term Average","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Robertson 1997). Lake Michigan, the second largest Laurentian Great Lake (58,030 km2), is influenced strongly by wind driven physical processes and internal chemical cycling. The lake’s nearshore environment is highly variable, due to spatial differences in bathymetry, shoreline structure, bottom type, and riverine inputs ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berg","given":"M B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lozano","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"State of Lake Michigan: Ecology, Health, and Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"113-139","title":"Submerged terra incognita : Lake Michigan's abundant but unknown rocky zones","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/f74-098","ISSN":"0015-296X","abstract":"This is a discussion of some aspects of the physical behavior of the Great Lakes written for scientists with backgrounds in disciplines other than physics. The basic physical characteristics of Great Lakes basins are summarized. These characteristics are determined by the facts that (i) the basins are closed, (ii) the basins are large enough so that the Coriolis force is an important component of their dynamics, (iii) the principal source of mechanical energy is the wind, and (iv) the basins are vertically stratified in summer. Discussion of large-scale horizontal motions includes both currents and diffusion. The advection–diffusion equation is used as a framework for a discussion which includes a summary of the basic problem confronting hydrodynamic modellers, the parameterization of turbulence phenomena in terms of mean flow variables. Vertical transfer processes are considered, notably the measurement of vertical fluxes of heat and momentum and the computation of eddy diffusion coefficients, the predic...","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boyce","given":"F. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974","5","10"]]},"language":"en","page":"689-730","publisher":"NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada","title":"Some Aspects of Great Lakes Physics of Importance to Biological and Chemical Processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"B J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chambers","given":"R L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gardner","given":"W S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bell","given":"G L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]},"page":"307-321","title":"Sediment trap studies in Lake Michigan: resuspension and chemical fluxes in the southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/f88-126","ISSN":"0706-652X","abstract":"Estimated lake-wide sediment fluxes of silica and phosphorus (P) were determined and then compared with other components in the biogeochemical cycle to investigate the importance of sediment regeneration in Lake Michigan. Dissolved silica (Si) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes from sediments were measured by the incubation of intact sediment cores. Estimated Si flux from sediments can supply 21% of the total mass of silica in the water annually and 26% of the Si used during annual diatom production. By contrast, estimated SRP flux from lake sediments can supply only 4.1% of the mass of total P in the water annually and <1% of the P utilized for annual primary production. Because the internal regeneration of P occurs rapidly in the water column, compared with the much slower regeneration of Si (0.8?yr?1), P can be used many times during an annual cycle whereas Si is used only once. Thus, differences in the supply rates and in the biogeochemical recycling rates of Si and P can lead to seasonal Si...","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Conley","given":"Daniel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Quigley","given":"Michael A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schelske","given":"Claire L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988","6"]]},"page":"1030-1035","publisher":" NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada ","title":"Silica and Phosphorus Flux from Sediments: Importance of Internal Recycling in Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"45"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Eadie et al. 1984, Conley et al. 1988, Janssen et al. 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Boyce 1974, Eadie et al. 1984; Conley et al. 1988; Janssen et al. 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Eadie et al. 1984, Conley et al. 1988, Janssen et al. 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Eadie et al. 1984, Conley et al. 1988, Janssen et al. 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Boyce 1974, Eadie et al. 1984; Conley et al. 1988; Janssen et al. 2005). As a result, there is a range of environmental gradients much larger than observed in most small lakes. As such, it is to be expected that food web structure and energy flow pathways will also vary both spatially and temporally.Several studies of nearshore fishes in Lake Michigan have investigated spatial heterogeneity in diets using multiple indicators including fatty acids, gut content analysis, and stable isotopes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.013","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"On-going ecosystem alterations within Lake Michigan have drastically transformed species interactions and food-web assembly. Description of trophic interactions across broad spatial regions is likely necessary to fully appreciate the structure of this emerging food web. Spottail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, are numerically abundant in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan, but their trophic interactions are under-described. To that end, we described fatty acid profiles of spottail shiner through spring, summer, and fall across western and eastern shorelines of Lake Michigan's southern basin. Fatty acids, used as dietary tracers, suggested a shift from benthic-based diets in spring to more pelagic-associated diets in summer and a reversal in fall. When time lag of fatty acid accumulation is accounted for in interpretations, diets likely follow spring plankton and summer/fall benthic invertebrate maxima. Fatty acid profiles also indicated differences in diet composition based on geographic location, with benthic tracers more prevalent among spottail shiner inhabiting the western shoreline. These interpretations were generally supported by stomach content data, with high Chironomidae consumption in spottail shiners from western waters. The presence of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata in spottail shiner stomach contents throughout the lake highlights its reliance on nearshore and potentially inshore areas. This study offers one of the most spatially broad depiction of spottail shiner foraging habits in Lake Michigan.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lafountain","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"179-184","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Spatio-temporal description of spottail shiner (<i>Notropis hudsonius</i>) fatty acid profiles in Lake Michigan's southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.025","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Describing food web structure through either direct or indirect diet analysis is often a fundamental step in elucidating ecosystem dynamics and developing resource management goals. The present study examines spatial trophic connections in an opportunistic forager, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens), through the concomitant use of stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotope ratio methods. During September 2010, yellow perch were collected at nine coastal locations representative of Lake Michigan's habitat heterogeneity. The three diet assessment methods revealed differential levels of spatial diet heterogeneity. In general, yellow perch relied on pelagic prey more along the eastern shoreline, and over rocky substrates within each shoreline grouping. Conversely, high benthivory was noted in yellow perch from sandy substrates and western locations. Intra-population spatial diet dissimilarity may be common yet over looked among other species within large systems. We further advocate the concurrent examination of chemical ecological tracers (e.g., stable isotopes and fatty acid profiles) and stomach contents to investigate diet patterns of predators.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"172-178","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Exploring yellow perch diets in Lake Michigan through stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017). These studies suggest that spatial variation in physical conditions such as fluvial input and substrate type as well as regional differences in primary production pathways may result in regional diet differences ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.013","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"On-going ecosystem alterations within Lake Michigan have drastically transformed species interactions and food-web assembly. Description of trophic interactions across broad spatial regions is likely necessary to fully appreciate the structure of this emerging food web. Spottail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, are numerically abundant in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan, but their trophic interactions are under-described. To that end, we described fatty acid profiles of spottail shiner through spring, summer, and fall across western and eastern shorelines of Lake Michigan's southern basin. Fatty acids, used as dietary tracers, suggested a shift from benthic-based diets in spring to more pelagic-associated diets in summer and a reversal in fall. When time lag of fatty acid accumulation is accounted for in interpretations, diets likely follow spring plankton and summer/fall benthic invertebrate maxima. Fatty acid profiles also indicated differences in diet composition based on geographic location, with benthic tracers more prevalent among spottail shiner inhabiting the western shoreline. These interpretations were generally supported by stomach content data, with high Chironomidae consumption in spottail shiners from western waters. The presence of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata in spottail shiner stomach contents throughout the lake highlights its reliance on nearshore and potentially inshore areas. This study offers one of the most spatially broad depiction of spottail shiner foraging habits in Lake Michigan.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lafountain","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"179-184","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Spatio-temporal description of spottail shiner (<i>Notropis hudsonius</i>) fatty acid profiles in Lake Michigan's southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.025","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Describing food web structure through either direct or indirect diet analysis is often a fundamental step in elucidating ecosystem dynamics and developing resource management goals. The present study examines spatial trophic connections in an opportunistic forager, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens), through the concomitant use of stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotope ratio methods. During September 2010, yellow perch were collected at nine coastal locations representative of Lake Michigan's habitat heterogeneity. The three diet assessment methods revealed differential levels of spatial diet heterogeneity. In general, yellow perch relied on pelagic prey more along the eastern shoreline, and over rocky substrates within each shoreline grouping. Conversely, high benthivory was noted in yellow perch from sandy substrates and western locations. Intra-population spatial diet dissimilarity may be common yet over looked among other species within large systems. We further advocate the concurrent examination of chemical ecological tracers (e.g., stable isotopes and fatty acid profiles) and stomach contents to investigate diet patterns of predators.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"172-178","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Exploring yellow perch diets in Lake Michigan through stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017). Despite apparent spatial variation in nearshore fish diets and energy pathways, it remains unclear how this variation may be related to broader scale physical or geochemical gradients.While stable C and N isotope ratios are extremely useful for determining energy flow pathways within aquatic food webs ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge M.","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BioScience","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"44-54","title":"Putting the lake back together: Reintegrating benthic pathways into lake food web models","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/1467546","ISBN":"0887-3593","ISSN":"08873593","abstract":"Food webs of tropical, temperate, and arctic lakes can be characterized by the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of their constituent organisms. After assigning trophic levels using 815N, a broad range of 813C is observed at the primary consumer level in nearly all lakes. The range of 813C is on the order of 20 per mil in tropical lakes Kyoga and Malawi and lakes with low dissolved inorganic carbon in temperate Canada, but is narrower in shallow lakes of the Canadian Arctic. This broad range exists in ecosystems in which terrrestrial inputs and /or aquatic macrophytes are often minimal. The isotopically light end of the range results from phytoplankton photosynthesis whereas the isotopically heavy end represents benthic algae photosynthesizing within an unstirred boundary layer. This range is successfully predicted by an application of a simple isotopic model for photosynthetic frationation, originallydeveloped for aquatic macrophytes, which uses boundary layer thicknesses reported for benthic algal communities. When benthic photosynthesis becomes light-limited in very turbid lakes of the Mackenzie Delta, then phytoplanktonic carbon dominates the diet of the primary consumers. The organismss on the primary consumer trophic level appear from their 813C values to harvest preferntially either planktonic or benthic algal carbon but, in temperate and arctic lakes, higher consumer levels are increasingly omnivorous. Therefore top aquatic predators often have a narrow range of 813C. In temperate and arctic lakes these top predators have a 813C near the midpoint of the range at the primary consumer levle, which would result forom nearly equal dependence on planktonic and benthic algal carbon. This equal dependence would not be predicted from the relative magnitude of planktonic and benthic algal photosynthesis as currently estimated in these systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"Robert E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hesslein","given":"Raymond H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"631","title":"Contributions of benthic algae to lake food webs as revealed by stable isotope analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Hecky and Hesslein 1995; Vadeboncoeur et al. 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Hecky and Hesslein 1995; Vadeboncoeur et al. 2002), they can also be used to gain insight into biogeochemical processes, including nutrient loading, nutrient cycling, and carbon fixation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ostrom","given":"N.E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Macko","given":"Stephen A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Deibel","given":"Don","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thompson","given":"R. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"14","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"2929-2942","title":"Seasonal variation in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of a coastal cold ocean environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"61"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10533-010-9441-6","ISBN":"0168-2563","abstract":"Lake Superior, one of the largest lakes in the world, is an ecosystem where nitrate (NO(3) (-)) concentration has risen almost fivefold in the last century. Recent studies suggest that this increase may be due to lack of a significant nitrogen (N) sink, such as sedimentary denitrification or burial, because of low organic matter supply to the lake bottom. In light of these new findings, it is imperative to examine the origin and transformation of suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in the lake as N biogeochemistry is inextricably linked to POM dynamics. We present an analysis of spatial and temporal variations in delta(15)Ie of POM (delta(15)Ie(POM)) in the lake and draining rivers based on extensive sampling and a synthesis of recent studies of N cycling. The delta(15)Ie(POM) in the lake ranged from -4.7 to 7.6aEuro degrees and showed a significant (p < 0.001) temporal variability in the surface waters with relatively enriched delta(15)Ie during winter (mean +/- A SD similar to 1.5 +/- A 2.3aEuro degrees; n = 13) compared to summer (mean +/- A SD similar to -2.0 +/- A 1.4aEuro degrees; n = 20). Temporal variability in delta(15)Ie(POM) and data for delta(15)Ie of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) together suggest a seasonal shift in nutrient sources for plankton along with possible detrital and higher trophic level contributions to POM during winter. On an annual basis, ammonium (NH(4) (+)) appears to be the dominant N source to plankton in the lake. NO(3) (-) use was lower but seasonally variable with higher contributions to plankton in summer than winter. During a period of high riverine discharge, no significant difference in coastal and open-lake delta(15)Ie(POM) was found, indicating limited effect of riverine POM on the lake. Significant increase in delta(15)Ie(POM) and decreases in particulate N concentration with depth indicate transformations of organic matter settling to the lake bottom that are consistent with the hypothesized influence of low organic matter supply to the lake bottom leading to limited benthic denitrification.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Finlay","given":"J C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sterner","given":"R W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biogeochemistry","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"note":"Kumar, Sanjeev Finlay, Jacques C. Sterner, Robert W.","page":"1-14","title":"Isotopic composition of nitrogen in suspended particulate matter of Lake Superior: implications for nutrient cycling and organic matter transformation","type":"article-journal","volume":"103"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/BF00396282","ISSN":"0025-3162","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hama","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miyazaki","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ogawa","given":"Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Iwakuma","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Takahashi","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Otsuki","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ichimura","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine Biology","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]},"page":"31-36","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"Measurement of photosynthetic production of a marine phytoplankton population using a stable 13C isotope","type":"article-journal","volume":"73"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hama et al. 1983, Ostrom et al. 1997, Kumar et al. 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Hama et al. 1983; Ostrom et al. 1997; Kumar et al. 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hama et al. 1983, Ostrom et al. 1997, Kumar et al. 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hama et al. 1983, Ostrom et al. 1997, Kumar et al. 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Hama et al. 1983; Ostrom et al. 1997; Kumar et al. 2011), which in turn reflect physical properties and processes such as land use, water clarity, river discharge, and substrate type. Therefore, a detailed analysis of stable C and N isotope ratios (expressed as ?13C and ?15N, respectively) can provide insight into the relationships between physical environmental gradients and food web structure over broad spatial scales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3","ISBN":"978-90-481-3353-6","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tu","given":"Kevin P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth Through Isotope Mapping","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Preface","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(West et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(West et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(West et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(West et al. 2010). Stable isotope ratios vary as a result of isotopic fractionation, a process by which the isotope ratios of reactants and products diverge during chemical reactions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peterson","given":"B J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fry","given":"B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1987"]]},"page":"293-320","title":"Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Peterson and Fry 1987)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Peterson and Fry 1987)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Peterson and Fry 1987)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Peterson and Fry 1987). For aquatic organisms, ?13C can be used to trace the relative contribution of isotopically heavy benthic primary producers and isotopically light pelagic primary producers to higher trophic levels ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"H A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"R E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hesslein","given":"R H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"G F","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"page":"97-101","title":"Food partitioning among Lake Malawi nearshore fishes as revealed by stable isotope analyses","type":"article-journal","volume":"77"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/1467546","ISBN":"0887-3593","ISSN":"08873593","abstract":"Food webs of tropical, temperate, and arctic lakes can be characterized by the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of their constituent organisms. After assigning trophic levels using 815N, a broad range of 813C is observed at the primary consumer level in nearly all lakes. The range of 813C is on the order of 20 per mil in tropical lakes Kyoga and Malawi and lakes with low dissolved inorganic carbon in temperate Canada, but is narrower in shallow lakes of the Canadian Arctic. This broad range exists in ecosystems in which terrrestrial inputs and /or aquatic macrophytes are often minimal. The isotopically light end of the range results from phytoplankton photosynthesis whereas the isotopically heavy end represents benthic algae photosynthesizing within an unstirred boundary layer. This range is successfully predicted by an application of a simple isotopic model for photosynthetic frationation, originallydeveloped for aquatic macrophytes, which uses boundary layer thicknesses reported for benthic algal communities. When benthic photosynthesis becomes light-limited in very turbid lakes of the Mackenzie Delta, then phytoplanktonic carbon dominates the diet of the primary consumers. The organismss on the primary consumer trophic level appear from their 813C values to harvest preferntially either planktonic or benthic algal carbon but, in temperate and arctic lakes, higher consumer levels are increasingly omnivorous. Therefore top aquatic predators often have a narrow range of 813C. In temperate and arctic lakes these top predators have a 813C near the midpoint of the range at the primary consumer levle, which would result forom nearly equal dependence on planktonic and benthic algal carbon. This equal dependence would not be predicted from the relative magnitude of planktonic and benthic algal photosynthesis as currently estimated in these systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"Robert E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hesslein","given":"Raymond H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"631","title":"Contributions of benthic algae to lake food webs as revealed by stable isotope analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"France","given":"R L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"307-312","title":"Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications","type":"article-journal","volume":"124"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Bootsma et al. 1996)","manualFormatting":"(France 1995; Hecky and Hesslein 1995; Bootsma et al. 1996)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Bootsma et al. 1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995, Bootsma et al. 1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(France 1995; Hecky and Hesslein 1995; Bootsma et al. 1996). ?15N increases in a stepwise fashion with each trophic transfer which makes it a useful measure of consumer trophic level ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"DeNiro","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Epstein","given":"S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1981"]]},"page":"341-351","title":"Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals","type":"article-journal","volume":"45"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rasmussen","given":"J B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"page":"1395-1404","title":"Primary consumer d13C and d15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(DeNiro and Epstein 1981, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999)","manualFormatting":"(DeNiro and Epstein 1981; Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(DeNiro and Epstein 1981, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(DeNiro and Epstein 1981, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(DeNiro and Epstein 1981; Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999). Because isotopic fractionation is a mechanistic process, spatial patterns in stable isotopic composition of material (e.g. nutrient or detritus) or organisms can be used to infer spatial differences in ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and energy flow ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3_20","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"425-432","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","publisher-place":"Dordrecht","title":"Isoscapes in a Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Interconnected World","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Bowen et al. 2010), especially when spatial variation in stable isotope ratios are measured against a temporally integrated trophic baseline ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/3071875","ISBN":"0012-9658","abstract":"The stable isotopes of nitrogen (delta(15)N) and carbon (delta(13)C) provide powerful tools for estimating the trophic positions of and carbon flow to consumers in food webs; however, the isotopic signature of a consumer alone is not generally sufficient to infer trophic position or carbon source without an appropriate isotopic baseline. In this paper, I develop and discuss methods for generating an isotopic baseline and evaluate the assumptions required to estimate the trophic position of consumers using stable isotopes in multiple ecosystem studies. I test the ability of two primary consumers, surface-grazing snails and filter-feeding mussels, to capture the spatial and temporal variation at the base of aquatic food webs. I find that snails reflect the isotopic signature of the base of the littoral food web, mussels reflect the isotopic signature of the pelagic food web, and together they provide a good isotopic baseline for estimating trophic position of secondary or higher trophic level consumers in lake ecosystems. Then, using data from 25 north temperate lakes. I evaluate how delta(15)N and delta(13)C of the base of aquatic food webs varies both among lakes and between the littoral and pelagic food webs within lakes. Using data from the literature, I show that the mean trophic fractionation of delta(15)N is 3.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1parts per thousand) and of delta(13)C is 0.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1.3parts per thousand), and that both, even though variable, are widely applicable. A sensitivity analysis reveals that estimates of trophic position are very sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(15)N, moderately sensitive to different methods for generating an isotopic baseline, and not sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(13)C when delta(13)C is used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen in a consumer derived from two sources. Finally, I compare my recommendations for generating an isotopic baseline to an alternative model proposed by M. J. Vander Zanden and J. B. Rasmussen. With an appropriate isotopic baseline and an appreciation of the underlying assumptions and model sensitivity, stable isotopes can help answer some of the most difficult questions in food web ecology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Post","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"note":"Times Cited: 1331\nPost, DM","page":"703-718","title":"Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions","type":"article-journal","volume":"83"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rasmussen","given":"J B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"page":"1395-1404","title":"Primary consumer d13C and d15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999; Post 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999; Post 2002). Independent spatial metrics that can be measured remotely, such as temperature, chlorophyll a, and turbidity, can be combined with stable isotope data to provide a powerful means of detecting and explaining large scale gradients in ecosystem processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.csr.2013.08.010","ISSN":"02784343","abstract":"The West Florida Shelf, located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, transitions from a eutrophic ecosystem dominated by the Mississippi River plume to mesotrophic and oligotrophic ecosystems off the coast of peninsular Florida. Three extensive trawl surveys in this region were used to acquire samples of fish muscle, benthic algae from sea urchin stomach contents, and filtered particulate organic matter (POM) to create ??13C and ??15N isoscapes. Muscle ??15N from three widely distributed fish species, Synodus foetens (inshore lizardfish), Calamus proridens (littlehead porgy), and Syacium papillosum (dusky flounder), exhibited strong longitudinal correlations (Pearson's r=-0.67 to -0.90, p<0.001) that coincided with the principal trophic gradient, whereas ??13C values of fish muscle and benthic algae were correlated with depth (Pearson's r=-0.34 to -0.73, p<0.05). Correlations between isotopic values and surface concentrations of chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon (POC) imply linkages between the isotopic baseline and transitions from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters. The ??13C depth gradient and the ??15N longitudinal gradient were consistent between seasons and years, providing a foundation for future stable isotope studies of animal migration in the Gulf of Mexico. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Radabaugh","given":"Kara R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hollander","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peebles","given":"Ernst B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Continental Shelf Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"112-122","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Seasonal d13C and d15N isoscapes of fish populations along a continental shelf trophic gradient","type":"article-journal","volume":"68"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Radabaugh et al. 2013). Turbidity, which can be inferred from the diffuse light attenuation coefficient at 490 nm [Kd(490)] (Yousef et al. 2016), is particularly useful in that it reflects several key properties and processes that can influence nearshore energy flow, including the distribution of river plumes, sediment resuspension, and the relative availability of light to planktonic versus benthic algae ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5670/oceanog.2008.05","ISSN":"10428275","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oceanography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"60-69","title":"Coastal Sediment Dynamics and River Discharge as Key Factors Influencing Coastal Ecosystem Productivity in Southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rao","given":"Y R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"D J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"202-218","title":"Transport and mixing between the coastal and offshore waters in the Great Lakes: a review","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeppesen","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schierup","given":"Hans-Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christoffersen","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"David M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1408-1418","title":"From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Rao and Schwab 2007, Lohrenz et al. 2008a)","manualFormatting":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Rao and Schwab 2007; Lohrenz et al. 2008a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Rao and Schwab 2007, Lohrenz et al. 2008a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Rao and Schwab 2007, Lohrenz et al. 2008a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Rao and Schwab 2007; Lohrenz et al. 2008a). The distinction between planktonic and benthic production has become especially important in Lake Michigan, where the former has decreased in the past few decades (Fahnenstiel et al. 2010) while the latter has increased (Auer et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2014), with apparent effects on much of the food web (Turschak et al. 2014).In this study, we examine spatial patterns in stable C and N isotopes of several common fishes across 8 study sites throughout Lake Michigan’s nearshore zone. Fish species included two native species (yellow perch Perca flavescens and spottail shiner Notropis hudsonis) and two non-native species (round goby Neogobius melanstomus and alewife Alosa pseudoharengus) with variable life histories and feeding ecologies. We hypothesized that the relative importance of pelagic versus benthic energy pathways and diets among nearshore fishes in Lake Michigan reflect broad spatial variation in water clarity. Furthermore, we hypothesized that spatial patterns in the relative importance of pelagic vs benthic energy pathways among species would vary according to their life-history and feeding ecologies. Diet compositions of each species across study sites was inferred using stable isotope analysis. In addition, spatial isotopic differences were compared with spatial patterns of water clarity [Kd(490)] as derived from satellite imagery. This approach allowed us to determine the degree to which spatial variation in primary production pathway (i.e. benthic vs. pelagic) and nearshore trophic structure are related to spatial patterns of water clarity in this large lake.Methods:Sample CollectionBiological samples were collected from 8 study sites located in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan, 2-15 m depth (Fig. 1). These sites varied widely with respect to surrounding land use, substrate type, and hydrodynamics. Most sites were sampled on three occasions (May, July, September) in 2010 and 2011 with supplemental collection occurring intermittently among sites and years. Collection methods are the same as described by Foley et al. (2017) and Happel et al. (2015 a; 2015 b). Briefly, fish and invertebrates were collected using a variety of techniques depending on the target taxa and substrate being sampled. Fish were collected with micromesh (6 and 8 mm bar) and larger experimental gillnet sets (12.7, 19.1, and 25.5 mm bar) set at 2-5 m, 8-10 m, and 15-16 m depths. In rocky nearshore areas, benthic invertebrates were collected by scuba divers performing benthic scrapes (400 cm2) on large rocks. Over soft sediments, benthic invertebrates were collected using a Ponar grab. In the case of both benthic scrapes and Ponar grabs, triplicate samples were collected for each sample date and location. Zooplankton were collected by performing triplicate vertical daytime tows with 64 ?m zooplankton net at each date and location. Sample ProcessingFish and invertebrate samples were placed on ice in the field and then sorted immediately upon arrival in the laboratory. After sorting, samples were frozen at -28oC until processing could be completed. Guts were removed from all fish samples. Fish <250 mm were homogenized whole after the gut was removed whereas fish >250 mm had a dorsal muscle tissue plug removed and homogenized. Paired comparison of whole-body tissue homogenate and dorsal muscle tissue plug stable isotopes have revealed little difference and so we felt justified in treating these data similarly ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"B A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","publisher-place":"Milwaukee, WI","title":"Changes in the Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable isotopes","type":"thesis","volume":"Master's T"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turschak 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turschak 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turschak 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Turschak 2013). Benthic invertebrates were sorted by taxon into pooled samples from each site, date, and replicate, and then analyzed whole. Bulk zooplankton samples were also pooled from each site, date, and replicate, and then analyzed. Soft tissue was dissected from shell material of dreissenid mussels. Fish and invertebrate samples were then lyophilized and 3-4 mg of the dried homogenate packed into tin capsules for stable C and N isotope analysis. Stable isotope measurements were made using the methods described in Turschak and Bootsma ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.004","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002-2003 to 2010-2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. δ13C results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean δ15N values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in δ15N at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in δ15N values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"Benjamin A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"185-196","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","manualFormatting":"(2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(2015), and Ngochera and Bootsma ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ngochera","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"H A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"45-53","title":"Temporal trends of phytoplankton and zooplankton stable isotope composition in tropical Lake Malawi","type":"article-journal","volume":"37"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ngochera and Bootsma 2011)","manualFormatting":"(2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ngochera and Bootsma 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ngochera and Bootsma 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(2011). Briefly, isotope concentrations were measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT delta S SIR-MS) with elemental analyzer front end and ConFlo II interface. Carbon calibration was done with NIST standard RM 8542 (sucrose, δ13C=?10.47) and a NIST-traceable standard (glycine, δ13C=?33.63). Nitrogen calibration was with NIST standard RM 8547 (IAEA-N1 ammonium sulfate, δ15N=0.4), NIST standard RM 8548 (IAEA-N2 ammonium sulfate, δ15N=20.3), and a NIST-traceable ammonium chloride standard (δ15N=?8.9). During sample runs, an acetanilide control sample was run every twelfth sample and analyzed for 13C:12C and 15N:14N ratios. Instrument precision was ±0.2‰ for both C and N isotopes based upon acetanilide controls. All stable isotope results are expressed in ? notation (i.e. ?13C and ?15N) as per mil (‰) differences between the isotope ratio of the sample and that of the international standard (PDB carbonate and atmospheric air for ?13C and ?15N, respectively). Taxa specific lipid-corrections were applied to ?13C values following the equations described in Turschak and Bootsma ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.004","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002-2003 to 2010-2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. δ13C results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean δ15N values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in δ15N at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in δ15N values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"Benjamin A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"185-196","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","manualFormatting":"(2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(2015) to reduce variability associated with consumer tissue lipid content. Data AnalysisMODIS satellite images of Lake Michigan were collected for 2010 and 2011 and then loaded into R (version 3.2.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing) with the “ncdf4” software package. Using this software, we extracted the georeferenced level 2 Kd(490) data for each image, which represents the diffuse attenuation of downwelling light at a wavelength of 490 nm following a fourth-order polynomial fit of 488 nm (blue) and 555 nm (green) remotely-sensed reflectance in NASA’s NOMAD dataset ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2005.07.001","ISBN":"0034-4257","ISSN":"00344257","abstract":"Global satellite ocean color instruments provide the scientific community a high-resolution means of studying the marine biosphere. Satellite data product validation and algorithm development activities both require the substantial accumulation of high-quality in-situ observations. The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group maintains a local repository of in-situ marine bio-optical data, the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), to facilitate their ocean color satellite validation analyses. Data were acquired from SeaBASS and used to compile a large set of coincident radiometric observations and phytoplankton pigment concentrations for use in bio-optical algorithm development. This new data set, the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set (NOMAD), includes over 3400 stations of spectral water-leaving radiances, surface irradiances, and diffuse downwelling attenuation coefficients, encompassing chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 72.12 mg m- 3. Metadata, such as the date, time, and location of data collection, and ancillary data, including sea surface temperatures and water depths, accompany each record. This paper describes the assembly and evaluation of NOMAD, and further illustrates the broad geophysical range of stations incorporated into NOMAD. ?? 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Werdell","given":"P. Jeremy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bailey","given":"Sean W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"122-140","title":"An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation","type":"article-journal","volume":"98"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Werdell and Bailey 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Werdell and Bailey 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Werdell and Bailey 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Werdell and Bailey 2005). While this algorithm is based on primarily open ocean type (Case 1) waters where optical constituents are assumed to be co-varying, it has been shown to be valid for determination of in situ Kd(490) in the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Michigan ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yousef","given":"Foad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuchman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sayers","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Khalyani","given":"A. H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"239-247","title":"Water clarity of the Upper Great Lakes: tracking changes between 1998-2012","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yousef et al. 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yousef et al. 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yousef et al. 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Yousef et al. 2016). For Lake Michigan, we used this product as a surrogate measure of turbidity in the water column with the assumption that trends observed are primarily due to changes in the optical properties of the water column. While this study was not designed to validate satellite observations or recommend a new approach for analyzing remote imagery, we did consider the distribution of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) spectra in Lake Michigan available on NASA’s SeaBASS data archive relative to the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set (NOMAD) used to derive the coefficients used in the algorithm retrieving Kd(490) from MODIS Aqua data to ensure we were operating within a similar optical space. Excluding observations in highly eutrophic areas not considered here (e.g. southern Green Bay), Lake Michigan Rrs spectra fell predominantly around the median NOMAD Rrs values, and between the 25% and 75% quantiles of the NOMAD dataset (Supplementary material Appendix 1 Fig. A1). Lake Michigan stations fell well within the distribution of the NOMAD dataset without a statistically significant bias towards any region of the NOMAD dataset. From this, we assumed we were operating within a similar optical space and proceeded to use satellite-derived Kd(490) as an indicator of water column light availability over the study period.MODIS image data were matched to study site locations with a Euclidean nearest neighbor approximation. The nine 1 km2 image pixels (3 x 3 grid) centered around each study site were found and then averaged to produce a daily Kd(490) value for all eight study sites in each image ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.015","ISBN":"0034-4257","ISSN":"00344257","abstract":"The validation of satellite ocean color data products is a critical component in establishing their measurement uncertainties, assessing their scientific utility, and identifying conditions for which their reliability is suspect. Such efforts require a considerable amount of high quality in situ data, preferably consistently processed and spanning the satellite mission lifetime. This paper outlines the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's (OBPG) method for validating satellite data products using in situ measurements as ground truth. Currently, the OBPG uses the described method for validating several historical and operational ocean color missions. By way of a case study, results for the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) are shown. These results indicate that for the majority of the global ocean, SeaWiFS data approach the target uncertainties of ?? 5% for clear water radiances as defined prior to launch. Our results add confidence in the use of these data for global climate studies, where a consistent, high quality data set covering a multi-year time span is essential. ?? 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bailey","given":"Sean W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Werdell","given":"P. Jeremy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"12-23","title":"A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products","type":"article-journal","volume":"102"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bailey and Werdell 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bailey and Werdell 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bailey and Werdell 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Bailey and Werdell 2006). Although one image per day was captured for Lake Michigan, cloud cover over study locations resulted in missing data for certain sites on certain dates. The median and median absolute deviation (mad) of all cloud free images for each study site from 2010 and 2011 were calculated. Median and median absolute deviation were used to characterize central tendency and variance instead of mean and standard deviation because Kd(490) data were not normally distributed; these metrics give less weight to extreme values that are typically anomalous and inaccurate in remotely sensed data sets.Because study sites were in nearshore regions, some pixel values had to be excluded due to proximity to shore, resulting in less than 9 pixels, with an average of 4.3 pixels for all applied values. There is potential for bottom effects (e.g. light reflected from bottom substrate) in retrieved pixels; however, we were not able to determine the degree to which satellite derived measurements were influenced by bottom reflectance. For the sake of simplicity, we assume that bottom effects were negligible. Potential errors in data interpretation due to this assumption are discussed below. For graphical representation, only (e.g. Fig. 1), images with <90% cloud cover were interpolated to a fixed grid (0.01o x 0.01o grid cells) over Lake Michigan using an inverse distance weighted interpolation algorithm (Figure 1).We quantified the diets of nearshore fishes across sites using a Bayesian mixing model approach. The “MixSIAR” package (Stock and Semmens 2013) built for R was used to quantify dietary proportions of prey sources using ?13C and ?15N as tracers, region as a random effect factor, and total length as a covariate. Potential prey sources for each species were the same as those used in Turschak and Bootsma (2015) but isotope ratios of prey were site-specific. In addition to source isotope data, trophic enrichment factors (mean ± sd) of 0.4 ± 1.3 for ?13C and 3.4 ± 1.0 for ?15N were provided as model inputs ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/3071875","ISBN":"0012-9658","abstract":"The stable isotopes of nitrogen (delta(15)N) and carbon (delta(13)C) provide powerful tools for estimating the trophic positions of and carbon flow to consumers in food webs; however, the isotopic signature of a consumer alone is not generally sufficient to infer trophic position or carbon source without an appropriate isotopic baseline. In this paper, I develop and discuss methods for generating an isotopic baseline and evaluate the assumptions required to estimate the trophic position of consumers using stable isotopes in multiple ecosystem studies. I test the ability of two primary consumers, surface-grazing snails and filter-feeding mussels, to capture the spatial and temporal variation at the base of aquatic food webs. I find that snails reflect the isotopic signature of the base of the littoral food web, mussels reflect the isotopic signature of the pelagic food web, and together they provide a good isotopic baseline for estimating trophic position of secondary or higher trophic level consumers in lake ecosystems. Then, using data from 25 north temperate lakes. I evaluate how delta(15)N and delta(13)C of the base of aquatic food webs varies both among lakes and between the littoral and pelagic food webs within lakes. Using data from the literature, I show that the mean trophic fractionation of delta(15)N is 3.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1parts per thousand) and of delta(13)C is 0.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1.3parts per thousand), and that both, even though variable, are widely applicable. A sensitivity analysis reveals that estimates of trophic position are very sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(15)N, moderately sensitive to different methods for generating an isotopic baseline, and not sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(13)C when delta(13)C is used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen in a consumer derived from two sources. Finally, I compare my recommendations for generating an isotopic baseline to an alternative model proposed by M. J. Vander Zanden and J. B. Rasmussen. With an appropriate isotopic baseline and an appreciation of the underlying assumptions and model sensitivity, stable isotopes can help answer some of the most difficult questions in food web ecology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Post","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"note":"Times Cited: 1331\nPost, DM","page":"703-718","title":"Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions","type":"article-journal","volume":"83"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Post 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Post 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Post 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Post 2002). We used default vague prior probability distributions with three Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations of 1,000,000 iterations. The burn-in period for each iteration chain was set at 500,000 and the subsequent values were thinned by a factor of 500. Chain convergence was checked using the Gelman-Rubin and Geweke diagnostic tests. If chains had not converged, a second model run was performed with three chains of length 3,000,000, burn-in period of 1,500,000, and thinned by a factor of 500. We additionally attempted to quantify the relationship between dietary proportions from benthic and pelagic sources with water clarity (as measured by daily Kd(490)) at each sample location and total length of individual fish. To prepare the data for these calculations, a correction factor was first applied to the ?13C values of fish to account for trophic enrichment such that δ13CTEF=δ13Cfish-?, where ? is described by the following equation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/plankt/fbt040","ISBN":"0142-7873","abstract":"Invasive species are a known stressor on aquatic ecosystems, particularly in the waters of the Great Lakes basin. A recent invader, Hemimysis anomala, has had significant impacts on food webs in Europe, where it invaded previous to its spread to North America. This study used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes to characterize and compare the diet of Hemimysis from 13 sites in the Great Lakes basin. Results indicated that: (i) Hemimysis relied predominantly on pelagic carbon sources at the majority of sites, and isotopic differences between life-stages existed at two of the 13 sites examined, (ii) the trophic offset and reliance on pelagic food sources did not differ significantly between lotic and lentic sites, and (iii) the isotopic niche width of Hemimysis was spatially heterogeneous, varying by an order of magnitude among sites, but was unrelated to the degree of isotopic variation in the basal food web at each site. Observed ranges in trophic offset and the pelagic fraction of dietary carbon indicate that Hemimysis derives carbon from both benthic and water column sources, as well as at multiple trophic levels. Our results support the view that Hemimysis is an opportunistic omnivore that displays significant dietary flexibility.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ives","given":"J T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marty","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lafontaine","given":"Y","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"T B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koops","given":"M A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Power","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Plankton Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"language":"English","note":"ISI Document Delivery No.: 173GZ\nTimes Cited: 0\nCited Reference Count: 50\nIves, Jessica T. Marty, Jerome de Lafontaine, Yves Johnson, Timothy B. Koops, Marten A. Power, Michael\nLake Ontario Ecosystems Research Initiative; Centre St Laurent (Environment Canada); Great Lakes Fisheries Commission (GLFC) Fisheries Research Program; Invasive Species Centre; Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Ecosystem; St Lawrence River Institute (SLRI) Baker Fellowship program; Natural Science and Research Council (NSERC)\nThis work was supported by Lake Ontario Ecosystems Research Initiative, Centre St Laurent (Environment Canada), the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission (GLFC) Fisheries Research Program, Invasive Species Centre, the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Ecosystem, the St Lawrence River Institute (SLRI) Baker Fellowship program and The Natural Science and Research Council (NSERC) Industrial Postgraduate scholarship and Discovery grant to J.T.I. and M.P., respectively.\nOxford univ press\nOxford","page":"772-784","title":"Spatial variability in trophic offset and food sources of Hemimysis anomala in lentic and lotic ecosystems within the Great Lakes basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ives et al. 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ives et al. 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ives et al. 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Ives et al. 2013):?=TEFCδ15Nfish-δ15NpcTEFN.Trophic enrichment factors represent the average per mil shift in ?13C and ?15N (TEFC = 0.4‰ and TEFN = 3.4‰, respectively) resulting from fractionation that occurs from one trophic level to the next ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/3071875","ISBN":"0012-9658","abstract":"The stable isotopes of nitrogen (delta(15)N) and carbon (delta(13)C) provide powerful tools for estimating the trophic positions of and carbon flow to consumers in food webs; however, the isotopic signature of a consumer alone is not generally sufficient to infer trophic position or carbon source without an appropriate isotopic baseline. In this paper, I develop and discuss methods for generating an isotopic baseline and evaluate the assumptions required to estimate the trophic position of consumers using stable isotopes in multiple ecosystem studies. I test the ability of two primary consumers, surface-grazing snails and filter-feeding mussels, to capture the spatial and temporal variation at the base of aquatic food webs. I find that snails reflect the isotopic signature of the base of the littoral food web, mussels reflect the isotopic signature of the pelagic food web, and together they provide a good isotopic baseline for estimating trophic position of secondary or higher trophic level consumers in lake ecosystems. Then, using data from 25 north temperate lakes. I evaluate how delta(15)N and delta(13)C of the base of aquatic food webs varies both among lakes and between the littoral and pelagic food webs within lakes. Using data from the literature, I show that the mean trophic fractionation of delta(15)N is 3.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1parts per thousand) and of delta(13)C is 0.4parts per thousand (1 SD = 1.3parts per thousand), and that both, even though variable, are widely applicable. A sensitivity analysis reveals that estimates of trophic position are very sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(15)N, moderately sensitive to different methods for generating an isotopic baseline, and not sensitive to assumptions about the trophic fractionation of delta(13)C when delta(13)C is used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen in a consumer derived from two sources. Finally, I compare my recommendations for generating an isotopic baseline to an alternative model proposed by M. J. Vander Zanden and J. B. Rasmussen. With an appropriate isotopic baseline and an appreciation of the underlying assumptions and model sensitivity, stable isotopes can help answer some of the most difficult questions in food web ecology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Post","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"note":"Times Cited: 1331\nPost, DM","page":"703-718","title":"Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions","type":"article-journal","volume":"83"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Post 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Post 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Post 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Post 2002). ?15Npc is the overall baseline ?15N calculated as the mean ?15N of both benthic and pelagic primary consumers (i.e. amphipods, isopods, chironomids, oligochaetes, and dreissenid mussels). The pelagic source and benthic source model inputs were dreissenid mussels and non-dressienid benthic invertebrates (amphipods, isopods, chironomids and oligochaetes), respectively. Although not all fish consume these source groups directly, relatively long-lived primary consumers (e.g. mussels) serve as time-integrated representatives of basal pelagic and benthic ?13C sources ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M J","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rasmussen","given":"J B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"page":"1395-1404","title":"Primary consumer d13C and d15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cabana","given":"G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rasmussen","given":"J B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"page":"10844-10847","title":"Comparison of aquatic food chains using nitrogen isotopes","type":"article-journal","volume":"93"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Post","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pace","given":"M L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hairston Jr.","given":"N G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Letters to Nature","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"1047-1049","title":"Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"405"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cabana and Rasmussen 1996, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post et al. 2000)","manualFormatting":"(Cabana and Rasmussen 1996; Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999; Post et al. 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cabana and Rasmussen 1996, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post et al. 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cabana and Rasmussen 1996, Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999, Post et al. 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Cabana and Rasmussen 1996; Vander Zanden and Rasmussen 1999; Post et al. 2000). Because not all benthic taxa were present at all sites, the benthic source was calculated using an unweighted combined average ?13C of all amphipod, isopods, chironomids and oligochaetes and the pelagic source was calculated using the average ?13C of nearshore (<15 m depth) dreissenid mussels. With consumer ?13C values adjusted for trophic enrichment and benthic and pelagic sources established, we then extended the Bayesian mixing model of the “MixSIAR” package to incorporate a hierarchical region-specific intercept that is a function of water clarity with the additive covariate of individual fish total length. Thus, we characterize dietary proportions at two levels (i.e., split-plot design). The first level describes variation in dietary proportion across total length.fy~Normalβ0x+β1*TLiWhere f(y) is the centered log ratio (CLR) transformation of the relative contributions of each energy source (benthic or pelagic) and using ?13C as a single tracer. Here, the benthic source was calculated using the regional average ?13C of all amphipod, isopods, chironomids and oligochaetes and the pelagic source was calculated using the regional average ?13C of nearshore (<15 m depth) dreissenid mussels. β0x is the region-specific intercept, β1 is the coefficient of total length, and TLi is the total length of individual i. The second level of the model describes variation in dietary proportion across regions as a function of Kd(490). β0x~Normalβ2+β3*μx,σWhere β2 is the intercept describing the global mean composition in CLR space, β3 describes the effects of mean Kd(490) value on the overall mean composition, μx is the mean Kd(490)value at region x, and σ is the standard deviation of the region specific intercept. An additional consideration is daily measurements of Kd(490) in each region and its associated uncertainty. To account for variation in Kd(490), we integrated a second model to describe the Kd(490) values at each site. Estimation of the mean Kd(490) value (μx) and its uncertainty at each region was accomplished by incorporating the individual Kd(490) values at each region into the model.Kdxi~Lognormalμx,τxWhere Kdxi are the observed daily Kd(490) values in region x, and τx is the standard deviation of Kd(490) values at region x on a log scale. Thus, parameter estimates represent the joint posterior probability distribution that incorporate individual variation in dietary composition with the effect of total length and region effects that are a function of Kd(490) values.We used default vague prior probability distributions in MixSIAR (Stock and Semmens 2013) for the region random effects model. Additional parameters for the Kd(490) were also given vague prior probability distributions (β2 was given a vague Dirichlet prior on the transformed composition; β3 and μx were given independent normal distributions with mean = 0 and precision = 0.001; and σ and τx were given independent gamma distributions with shape and rate = 0.001 with three MCMC simulations of 2,505,000 total iterations. The burn-in period for each iteration chain was set at 5,000 and the subsequent values were thinned by a factor of 50 for a total of 50,000 saved iterations. Chain convergence was checked using the Gelman-Rubin and Geweke diagnostic tests. Results:Median light extinction coefficients as measured by Kd(490) varied across study sites in 2010 and 2011 (Median = 0.14 - 0.61 m-1; Table 1; Fig. 1) with the lowest values in the southwestern basin (sites 2 and 3) and highest in the southeastern basin (sites 6 and 7). Furthermore, variation in Kd(490) differed among study sites (MAD = 0.04-0.73 m-1) with lower variation observed at the southwestern study sites (sites 2 and 3) than at the southeastern study sites (sites 6 and 7; Table 1; Fig. 1). Greater Kd(490) median and MAD observed in the southeastern study sites particularly during the spring and summer of 2010 and 2011 (Table 1). Regional patterns were also observed in the ?13C and ?15N of nearshore fishes (Fig. 2 a-h). In particular, round goby (Fig. 2a), yellow perch (Fig. 2c) and spottail shiner (Fig. 2e) ?13C exhibited spatial differences which were nearly directly inverse to that of Kd(490) with relatively high values in the southwestern basin and lower values in the southeastern basin. Differences in mean ?13C among study sites differed by as much as 5.38‰, 2.66‰, and 3.97‰ for round goby, yellow perch, and spottail shiners, respectively, between southwest and southeast study sites (Fig 2a, 2c and 2e). Only alewife diverged from this spatial pattern with relatively uniform ?13C or <1.41‰ mean differences among all sites (Fig 2g). By comparison, the ?15N of most nearshore species did not vary as much as ?13C nor did it vary in a spatially consistent manner across our study sites (Fig. 2b, 2d, and 2f). Round goby (Fig. 2b), yellow perch (Fig. 2d), and spottail shiner (Fig. 2f) mean ?15N varied by less than 1.32‰ among study sites. Interestingly, only alewife exhibited larger regional variation (3.90‰) in ?15N which was driven by the depleted ?15N at site 1 (Sturgeon Bay) compared to the other sites (Fig. 2h). ?15N values this low were not observed in any other fish species sampled in this study. Bayesian mixing model results indicated both regional and ontogenetic differences in the diets of nearshore fishes (Fig. 3-6). Round goby relied more on benthic invertebrates at western and northern study sites, 1-4 and 8, relative to south eastern study sites, 5-7, where dreisenid mussels were a more important diet item (Fig. 3). For example, round goby posterior diet proportions of benthic invertebrates were 0.361 (95% CI = 0.282 to 0.447) greater at site 2 (Milwaukee) in the southwest than at site 6 (Saugatuck) in the southeast. Furthermore, there was a strong ontogenetic shift to greater reliance on nearshore dreissenid mussels with increasing total length across all study sites (Fig. 3). The proportion of alewife prey in yellow perch posterior diet estimates were more than 0.28 (95% CI = -0.02 to 0.60) greater at site 7 (Muskegon) than at all other study sites (Fig. 4). Similar ontogenetic patterns were observed for yellow perch across study sites with a high degree of zooplanktivory at small sizes then transitioning to benthic invertebrates and fish prey at intermediate and larger sizes, respectively (Fig. 4). The proportion of benthic invertebrate prey in spottail shiner posterior diet estimates were more than 0.28 (95% CI = -0.226 to 0.570) greater at site 2 (Milwaukee) than at all other study sites (Fig. 4) but there were no strong or consistent ontogenetic shifts among study sites (Fig. 5). Alewife appear to have similar diets across study sites except for site 1 and 2 (Sturgeon Bay and Milwaukee) where posterior diet proportions of offshore cladocerans are more than 0.38 (95% CI = 0.145 to 0.702) and 0.15 (95% CI = -0.515 to 0.773) greater than at all other study sites (Fig. 6), respectively. Among study sites, alewives were relatively more reliant on nearshore zooplankton at small sizes then transitioned to offshore cladocerans and offshore copepod prey at intermediate and larger sizes, respectively (Fig 6).The proportion of pelagic energy (?) assimilated by nearshore fishes increased as a function of both increasing total length and increasing Kd(490) among all nearshore fishes (Fig 7). For example, posterior predictions of round goby ? increased by 0.215 (95% CI = 0.09 to 0.38) across a range of sizes from 25 mm to 125 mm while fixing Kd(490) at 0.15 m-1. Likewise, at a fixed total length of 75 mm, round goby ? increased by 0.728 (95% CI = 0.337 to 0.895) over a range of Kd(490) values from 0.15-0.75 m-1 (Fig. 7 b). Yellow perch and spottail shiner exhibited similar changes in ? resulting from increasing Kd(490) however the effect of total length on ? was relatively smaller in these species. ? increased by 0.355 (95% CI = 0.134 to 0.539 ; Fig. 7 d-f) for yellow perch (150 mm) and by 0.481 (95% CI = 0.199 to 0.703; Fig. 7 g-i)) for spottail shiners (100 mm) over a range of Kd(490) values (0.15-0.75 m-1). Posterior predictions for small alewife (50 mm) ? increased greatly by 0.960 (95% CI = 0.362 to 1.00) over a range Kd(490) values (0.15-0.75 m-1, Fig. 7 j)). However, at larger sizes (e.g. 150mm) alewife ? varied little over a range of Kd(490) and remained very near 1 (Fig 7 k-l).Discussion:To our knowledge, this is the first paper to use satellite observations to explain spatial patterns in the food web structure and diets of nearshore fishes in a large lake. Results indicate that this approach can offer valuable insight into explaining spatial variability in isotopic composition and trophic structure. By combining remotely-sensed Kd(490) with traditional methods of stable isotope ecology, we were able to quantify the relationship between water clarity and trophic structure for fishes with variable life history strategies. In particular, the proportion of pelagic energy (?) of several species of nearshore fishes in Lake Michigan varied strongly as a function of Kd(490) and moderately as a function total length. Furthermore, the specific diet components of Lake Michigan fishes also varied regionally and may be related to water clarity as measured by Kd(490). Kd(490) was greatest in the southeastern portion of Lake Michigan and lowest in the southwestern portion of the basin, consistent with recent trends in remotely-sensed estimates of Secchi depth and suspended minerals ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/lno.10146","ISSN":"19395590","abstract":"Water clarity in North America's Laurentian Great Lakes has undergone considerable change over the last several decades as a consequence of invasive species, eutrophication, and implemented nutrient management practices. Satellite observations from the CZCS, SeaWiFS, and MODIS-Aqua sensors have been used in tandem with long term records of Secchi disk depth (Z SD) to provide a retrospective analysis of spatial and temporal variations in water clarity over the Great Lakes. A simple empirical algorithm is presented, relating Z SD to remote-sensing reflectance at 550 nm (R rs550). Results suggest remarkable and complex changes in water clarity over the Great Lakes. Lakes Ontario, Huron, and Michigan have seen increases in average Z SD over the three sensor periods of 58%, 49%, and 62%, respectively. Lake Erie shows highly variable Z SD with no consist-ent long term trends, while Lake Superior has remained fairly consistent in its lake-wide water clarity condi-tions. Temporal trends document the decrease in whiting events on Lake Michigan while capturing the ongoing occurrence of these seasonal bright-water events on Lake Ontario. Results indicate a divergence in Z SD trends between nearshore and offshore environments; with larger increases in offshore than nearshore Z SD and some nearshore areas suggesting a decrease in Z SD . Offshore regions of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior show diminished Z SD seasonality in contrast to increasing seasonal variance in the nearshore. Spatial and temporal variations in Z SD are in agreement with documented reductions in Great Lakes bioproductivity, degrading nearshore water quality, and changing biogeochemical processes influencing whiting events and sediment resuspension. Inland freshwater systems are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in global biogeochemical cycling and serve as sentinels of anthropogenic influence on aquatic environments. North America's Laurentian Great Lakes (Fig. 1) are the largest system of surface freshwater on earth, but with over 33 million people living in the region and almost a third of all Canadian and U.S. agricultural production (Environ-ment Canada 2010) they have experienced significant water quality pressures over the years. The Great Lakes contribute considerably to the region's economy both through commer-cial fishing and tourism and provide water for municipal, agri-cultural, and industrial uses (Environment Canada 2001), so the sustainable use and management…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Binding","given":"Caren E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Tracie A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Sue B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rastin","given":"Shannah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Jessica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnology and Oceanography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1976-1995","title":"Long term water clarity changes in North America's Great Lakes from multi-sensor satellite observations","type":"article-journal","volume":"60"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[258:VAAOAB]2.0.CO;2","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"0380-1330","abstract":"In this paper we utilize 7 years of SeaWiFS satellite data to obtain seasonal and interannual time histories of the major water color-producing agents (CPAs), phYtoplankton chlorophyll (chl), dissolved organic carbon (doc), and suspended minerals (sm)for Lake Michigan. We first present validation of the Great Lakes specific algorithm followed by correlations of the CPAs with coincident environmental observations. Special attention is paid to the satellite observations of the extensive episodic event of sediment resuspension and calcium carbonate precipitation out of the water. We then compare the obtained time history of the CPA's spatial and temporal distributions throughout the lake to environmental observations such as air and water temperature, wind speed and direction, significant wave height, atmospheric precipitation, river runoff, and cloud and lake ice cover. Variability, of the onset, duration, and spatial extent of both episodic events and seasonal phenomena are documented from the SeaWiFS time series data, and high correlations with relevant environmental driving factors are established. The relationships between the CPAs retrieved from satellite data and environmental observations are then used to speculate on the future of Lake Michigan under a set of climate change scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuchman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Korosov","given":"Anton","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hatt","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pozdnyakov","given":"Dmitry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Means","given":"Jay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Meadows","given":"Guy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"258-279","title":"Verification and Application of a Bio-optical Algorithm for Lake Michigan Using SeaWiFS: a 7-year Inter-annual Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shuchman et al. 2006, Binding et al. 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Shuchman et al. 2006; Binding et al. 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shuchman et al. 2006, Binding et al. 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shuchman et al. 2006, Binding et al. 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Shuchman et al. 2006; Binding et al. 2015). The spatial differences in Kd(490) are likely the result of variation in fluvial inputs, frequency of resuspension events, upwelling events and/or differences in phytoplankton abundance. Several major rivers including the St. Joseph River, Kalamazoo River, Grand River, and Muskegon River terminate in the southeastern portion of Lake Michigan between sites 5 and 7 draining a large catchment area of agricultural and urban land use ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(97)70923-7","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Daily loads of suspended sediment and total phosphorus for the 10-year, 1-day design high flow and average of the 16-year period (1975 to 1990) were computed for 18 well-monitored tributaries to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by use of constituent-transport models. The loads from these 18 reference tributaries were used to estimate the loads from all the United States tributaries (with drainage basins greater than 325 km2) to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by selection of a reference tributary with the most similar physical characteristics and use of a unit-area yield. Statistical comparisons between computed yields and environmental factors were used to determine the physical characteristics that were most influential in selecting a reference tributary. Suspended sediment yields were affected primarily by river gradient and secondarily by the texture of surficial deposits, whereas total phosphorus yields were affected primarily by the texture of surficial deposits and secondarily by river gradient. Average total phosphorus loads were greatest in rivers entering the middle to southern part of Lake Michigan, especially those draining clayey surficial deposits in agricultural areas. During high flow, loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment from tributaries entering the southwestern part of Lake Superior dominate the total input of these constituents because of the steep gradients of the rivers and the clayey surficial deposits that they drain. These loads were used to compute regional loads and to rank the tributaries on the basis of their respective loads during a specified high flow and over extended periods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robertson","given":"Dale M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"416-439","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Regionalized Loads of Sediment and Phosphorus to Lakes Michigan and Superior—High Flow and Long-term Average","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Robertson 1997). By contrast, the catchment along the southwestern portion of Lake Michigan includes several moderate to small rivers which drain relatively smaller agricultural and urban catchment areas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(97)70923-7","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Daily loads of suspended sediment and total phosphorus for the 10-year, 1-day design high flow and average of the 16-year period (1975 to 1990) were computed for 18 well-monitored tributaries to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by use of constituent-transport models. The loads from these 18 reference tributaries were used to estimate the loads from all the United States tributaries (with drainage basins greater than 325 km2) to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by selection of a reference tributary with the most similar physical characteristics and use of a unit-area yield. Statistical comparisons between computed yields and environmental factors were used to determine the physical characteristics that were most influential in selecting a reference tributary. Suspended sediment yields were affected primarily by river gradient and secondarily by the texture of surficial deposits, whereas total phosphorus yields were affected primarily by the texture of surficial deposits and secondarily by river gradient. Average total phosphorus loads were greatest in rivers entering the middle to southern part of Lake Michigan, especially those draining clayey surficial deposits in agricultural areas. During high flow, loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment from tributaries entering the southwestern part of Lake Superior dominate the total input of these constituents because of the steep gradients of the rivers and the clayey surficial deposits that they drain. These loads were used to compute regional loads and to rank the tributaries on the basis of their respective loads during a specified high flow and over extended periods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robertson","given":"Dale M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"416-439","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Regionalized Loads of Sediment and Phosphorus to Lakes Michigan and Superior—High Flow and Long-term Average","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Robertson 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Robertson 1997). Therefore, it is probable that sediment being carried from rivers in the southeastern basin increase the nearshore mean annual turbidity between sites 5 and 7 relative to the southwest region where the watershed is smaller ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1029/2004JC002383","ISSN":"0148-0227","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar M. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"Tom","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bergmann","given":"Trisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"C10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","10","1"]]},"page":"C10S14","title":"Spring phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth, and primary production and relationships to a recurrent coastal sediment plume and river inputs in southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"109"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Lohrenz et al. 2004). Likewise, frequent sediment resuspension events in southeast Lake Michigan likely contribute to the higher apparent turbidity in this region ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.4319/lo.1988.33.2.0203","ISBN":"0024-3590","ISSN":"00243590","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mortimer","given":"C H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnology and Oceanography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"203-226","title":"Discoveries and Testable Hypotheses Arising from Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery of Southern Lake-Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70588-1","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Over the past decade, intermittent satellite imagery revealed the presence of an extensive plume of resuspended sediments in late winter-early spring with a clear offshore projection coinciding with the region of maximum sediment accumulation in the lake. The large scale of the plume implied that this process was important in sediment, and associated constituent, cycling and transport, but it had never been sampled due to severe conditions. The onset of the 1996 event coincided with a major March storm. Within a few days the plume was approximately 10 km wide and over 300 km in length, implying that the source of the reflective materials was widely distributed. An estimate of the total mass of resuspended sediment, 12 days after the storm, was similar to the annual external load of (sand-free) particulate material to the southern basin. The high turbidity plume persisted for over a month, progressing northward along the eastern shore with a major offshore transport feature. Sediment traps within this feature recorded a major mass flux event. The plume was sampled on two occasions and was found to contain 5 to 10 times as much suspended matter as open-lake locations outside the visible plume. Total particulate phosphorus was high within the plume making this episodic process important in sedimentwater exchange. The diatom community structure within the plume was significantly different from outside the plume and was characteristic of more eutrophic waters. Abundance of non-diatom phytoplankton and microbial food web organisms were highest at the plume edge. The episodic nature of this process makes it difficult to sample, but the scale makes it important in designing monitoring programs and massbalance modeling efforts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"Brian J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"Thomas H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavrentyev","given":"Peter J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miller","given":"Gerald S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holland","given":"Ruth E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leshkevich","given":"George A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lansing","given":"Margaret B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morehead","given":"Nancy R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robbins","given":"John A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hawley","given":"Nathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edgington","given":"David N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoof","given":"Patricia L.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"324-337","title":"Particle Transport, Nutrient Cycling, and Algal Community Structure Associated with a Major Winter-Spring Sediment Resuspension Event in Southern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"Doi 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[50:Colsre]2.0.Co;2","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"0380-1330","abstract":"Lake Michigan, particularly the southern basin, is subject to recurrent episodes of massive sediment resuspension by storm-induced waves and currents. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the climatology of these events for Lake Michigan, including an analysis of associated meteorological conditions. This paper begins by examining turbidity records from two water treatment plants (Chicago, IL and St. Joseph, MI) for which long-term records are available. The turbidity records from the two plants show significant differences indicating that turbidity measurements from a single location would probably not be representative of a basin-wide climatology. A one-dimensional sediment resuspension and deposition model for fine-grained sediments is then developed and calibrated with data from the water treatment plants. The one-dimensional model is applied at 15 points around the southern basin for a 45-year period for which Lake Michigan wave climatology is available and the results are averaged to obtain a basin-wide turbidity index (Southern Lake Michigan Turbidity Index, SLMTI). A frequency distribution of the turbidity index is presented and meteorological conditions associated with the largest events are examined. Our analysis indicates that significant resuspension events in southern Lake Michigan are usually caused by a strong cyclone passing to the east of the lake. The most likely time of the year for this to occur is October to April. There is an average of 1 event per year with SLMTI above 25 mg/L and each event typically lasts about 3 days. Our analysis indicates that events have occurred more frequently since the late 1980s as the number of winter storms has increased and ice cover has decreased.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"D J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"B J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Assel","given":"R A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roebber","given":"P J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"50-62","title":"Climatology of large sediment resuspension events in southern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"B J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chambers","given":"R L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gardner","given":"W S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bell","given":"G L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]},"page":"307-321","title":"Sediment trap studies in Lake Michigan: resuspension and chemical fluxes in the southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eadie et al. 1984, 2002, Mortimer 1988, Schwab et al. 2006)","manualFormatting":"(Eadie et al. 1984; 2002, Mortimer 1988; Schwab et al. 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eadie et al. 1984, 2002, Mortimer 1988, Schwab et al. 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eadie et al. 1984, 2002, Mortimer 1988, Schwab et al. 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Eadie et al. 1984; 2002, Mortimer 1988; Schwab et al. 2006). These resuspension events can be very large; one major event can resuspend as much fine sediment as total annual inputs to the entire lake basin ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70588-1","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Over the past decade, intermittent satellite imagery revealed the presence of an extensive plume of resuspended sediments in late winter-early spring with a clear offshore projection coinciding with the region of maximum sediment accumulation in the lake. The large scale of the plume implied that this process was important in sediment, and associated constituent, cycling and transport, but it had never been sampled due to severe conditions. The onset of the 1996 event coincided with a major March storm. Within a few days the plume was approximately 10 km wide and over 300 km in length, implying that the source of the reflective materials was widely distributed. An estimate of the total mass of resuspended sediment, 12 days after the storm, was similar to the annual external load of (sand-free) particulate material to the southern basin. The high turbidity plume persisted for over a month, progressing northward along the eastern shore with a major offshore transport feature. Sediment traps within this feature recorded a major mass flux event. The plume was sampled on two occasions and was found to contain 5 to 10 times as much suspended matter as open-lake locations outside the visible plume. Total particulate phosphorus was high within the plume making this episodic process important in sedimentwater exchange. The diatom community structure within the plume was significantly different from outside the plume and was characteristic of more eutrophic waters. Abundance of non-diatom phytoplankton and microbial food web organisms were highest at the plume edge. The episodic nature of this process makes it difficult to sample, but the scale makes it important in designing monitoring programs and massbalance modeling efforts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"Brian J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"Thomas H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavrentyev","given":"Peter J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miller","given":"Gerald S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holland","given":"Ruth E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leshkevich","given":"George A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lansing","given":"Margaret B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morehead","given":"Nancy R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robbins","given":"John A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hawley","given":"Nathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edgington","given":"David N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoof","given":"Patricia L.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"324-337","title":"Particle Transport, Nutrient Cycling, and Algal Community Structure Associated with a Major Winter-Spring Sediment Resuspension Event in Southern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie, Brian J; Vanderploeg, Henry A; Robbins, John A; Bell","given":"Gerald L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Large Lakes","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1985","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"196-223","title":"Significance of sediment Resuspension and Particle settling","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eadie, Brian J; Vanderploeg, Henry A; Robbins, John A; Bell 1990, Eadie et al. 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Eadie et al. 1990; 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eadie, Brian J; Vanderploeg, Henry A; Robbins, John A; Bell 1990, Eadie et al. 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eadie, Brian J; Vanderploeg, Henry A; Robbins, John A; Bell 1990, Eadie et al. 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Eadie et al. 1990; 2002). By contrast, upwelling events are more common on the western shore of Lake Michigan, due to prevailing westerly winds ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[63:CAFCUI]2.0.CO;2","ISSN":"0380-1330","abstract":"Coastal upwellings are common in the Great Lakes but have lacked enumeration and systematic classification of spatial extent, frequency, duration, and magnitude. Near real-time sea surface temperature (SST) images derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) provide indices of upwelling events, but visual inspection of daily images can be tedious. Moreover, the definition of what constitutes an upwelling from AVHRR data is subjective. We developed a semi-automated method to classify upwellings during the period of thermal stratification using daily, cloud-free surface temperature charts from AVHRR SST data. Then we statistically evaluated the location, frequency, magnitude, extent, and duration of upwelling events in Lake Michigan from 1992–2000. Further, we analyzed meteorological data from the National Data Buoy Center buoys in an attempt to improve the reliability of the classification and to provide a means for future forecast of coastal upwelling. Although variable, upwelling events along the western shoreline were preceded by 4 days of southerly and west-to-northwesterly winds, while upwelling events occurring along the eastern shore were preceded by 4 days of northerly winds. Probability of an upwelling event occurring was a function of the direction-weighted wind speed, reaching a 100% probability at direction weighted wind speeds of 11 m s?1 for the western shore. Probability of an upwelling occurrence along the east coast reached 73% at 11 m s?1 and 100% at 13 m s?1. Continuous measurements of wind data with a sufficient temporal resolution are required during the entire upwelling season to improve the predictability of upwellings.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plattner","given":"Stefan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mason","given":"Doran M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leshkevich","given":"George A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"David J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutherford","given":"Edward S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"63-76","title":"Classifying and Forecasting Coastal Upwellings in Lake Michigan Using Satellite Derived Temperature Images and Buoy Data","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/f74-098","ISSN":"0015-296X","abstract":"This is a discussion of some aspects of the physical behavior of the Great Lakes written for scientists with backgrounds in disciplines other than physics. The basic physical characteristics of Great Lakes basins are summarized. These characteristics are determined by the facts that (i) the basins are closed, (ii) the basins are large enough so that the Coriolis force is an important component of their dynamics, (iii) the principal source of mechanical energy is the wind, and (iv) the basins are vertically stratified in summer. Discussion of large-scale horizontal motions includes both currents and diffusion. The advection–diffusion equation is used as a framework for a discussion which includes a summary of the basic problem confronting hydrodynamic modellers, the parameterization of turbulence phenomena in terms of mean flow variables. Vertical transfer processes are considered, notably the measurement of vertical fluxes of heat and momentum and the computation of eddy diffusion coefficients, the predic...","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boyce","given":"F. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974","5","10"]]},"language":"en","page":"689-730","publisher":"NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada","title":"Some Aspects of Great Lakes Physics of Importance to Biological and Chemical Processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Plattner et al. 2006)","manualFormatting":"(Boyce 1974; Plattner et al. 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Plattner et al. 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boyce 1974, Plattner et al. 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Boyce 1974; Plattner et al. 2006). These upwelling events typically carry clear, nutrient rich hypolimnetic water to the surface, which may stimulate increased primary production ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71804-1","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Upwelling events in Lake Ontario were studied to determine (1) their significance as mechanisms to provide nutrients from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion and (2) their impact on resident plankton communities of the nearshore zone. It was concluded that such events did not result in sufficient mixing to recharge nutrient stocks of these areas. Upwellings were characterized as being temporal displacements of nearshore water masses which returned at the end of each event. Plankton communities of the nearshore area were displaced with the water mass and therefore received little or no benefit from the upwelled nutrient rich hypolimnetic waters. Evidence is provided to suggest that diatom species such as Asterionella formosa Hass and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were able to grow in the upwelled hypolimnetic water, and upwellings might be a mechanism to inoculate these species into the epilimnion of deep lakes prior to the autumn overturn. Upwelling events also caused rapid shifts in the species composition of zooplankton communities. Such shifts were particularly pronounced within 1km of the shoreline.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haffner","given":"G.D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yallop","given":"M.L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hebert","given":"P.D.N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Griffiths","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]},"page":"28-37","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Ecological Significance of Upwelling Events in Lake Ontario","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/f90-162","ISSN":"0706-652X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunstall","given":"T. G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carter","given":"J. C. H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Monroe","given":"B. P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haymes","given":"G. T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weiler","given":"R. R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hopkins","given":"G. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990","7"]]},"page":"1434-1445","title":"Influence of Upwellings, Storms, and Generating Station Operation on Water Chemistry and Plankton in the Nanticoke Region of Long Point Bay, Lake Erie","type":"article-journal","volume":"47"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lesht","given":"B M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stroud","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McCormick","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stein","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Welty","given":"L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leshkevich","given":"G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geophysical Research Letters","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"14-18","title":"An event-driven phytoplankton bloom in southern Lake Michigan observed by satellite","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Haffner et al. 1984, Dunstall et al. 1990, Lesht et al. 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Haffner et al. 1984; Dunstall et al. 1990; Lesht et al. 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Haffner et al. 1984, Dunstall et al. 1990, Lesht et al. 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Haffner et al. 1984, Dunstall et al. 1990, Lesht et al. 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Haffner et al. 1984; Dunstall et al. 1990; Lesht et al. 2002). A combination of major fluvial input, resuspension and upwelling may be occurring simultaneously given their episodic nature which makes disentangling their effects difficult . In general, however, higher median and MAD Kd(490) in the southeast basin, particularly during the spring and summer, suggest more frequent episodic turbidity events in this region relative to the southwestern basin (Table 1). River plumes can decrease local water clarity and may offer one possible explanation for the apparent linkage between Kd(490) the enriched ?13C of round goby, yellow perch and spottail shiners in southwestern Lake Michigan relative to the southeast ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1029/2004JC002383","ISSN":"0148-0227","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar M. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"Tom","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bergmann","given":"Trisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"C10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","10","1"]]},"page":"C10S14","title":"Spring phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth, and primary production and relationships to a recurrent coastal sediment plume and river inputs in southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"109"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Lohrenz et al. 2004). Fluvial seston inputs, particularly in the southeastern basin, are 13C depleted relative to Lake Michigan seston ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2013.08.002","ISBN":"0380-1330","abstract":"Drowned river mouth lakes are major features of coastal Great Lakes habitats and may influence nutrient and organic matter contributions from watersheds to near shore coastal zones. In May through October 2003, we measured loads of nutrients, surficial sediment, and seston to track the delivery of riverine-derived materials from the lower Muskegon River Watershed (MRW) into the near shore area of southeast Lake Michigan. Nutrient flux data indicated that seasonal loads of 1800 metric tons (MT) of particulate organic carbon, 3400 MT of dissolved organic carbon, and 24 MT of total phosphorus were discharged from the lower Muskegon River, with approximately 33% of TP load and 53% of the POC load intercepted within the drowned river mouth terminus, Muskegon Lake. Carbon: phosphorus molar ratios of seston in Muskegon River (C:P = 187) and Muskegon Lake (C:P = 176) were lower than in Lake Michigan (C:P = 334), indicating phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton in near shore Lake Michigan. Isotopic signatures of seston collected in Muskegon Lake were depleted in delta C-13 (-30.8 +/- 1.6 parts per thousand) relative to the isotope signatures of seston from Lake Michigan (-26.2 +/- 13 parts per thousand) or the mouth of the Muskegon River (-28.1 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand), likely due to the presence of biogenic methane in Muskegon Lake. Seston delta N-15 increased on a strong east-to-west gradient within Muskegon Lake, indicating significant microbial processing of nutrients. The extent of nutrient uptake in Muskegon Lake altered the chemical and isotopic characterization of seston flowing into Lake Michigan from Muskegon River. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marko","given":"K M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutherford","given":"E S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eadie","given":"B J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"T H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lansing","given":"M B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"language":"English","note":"ISI Document Delivery No.: 270JI\nTimes Cited: 0\nCited Reference Count: 59\nMarko, Katharine M. Rutherford, Edward S. Eadie, Brian J. Johengen, Thomas H. Lansing, Margaret B.\nUniversity of Michigan's (UM) Office of Vice President of Research; Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research; UM School of Natural Resources and Environment; Great Lakes Fisheries Trust\nWe acknowledge support from the University of Michigan's (UM) Office of Vice President of Research, the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, the UM School of Natural Resources and Environment; and the Great Lakes Fisheries Trust. The field assistance for this project was provided by Lori Ivan, Tomas Hook, David Swank, Jessica Blake, Becky Loftus, Joel Van Noord, and Rob McTear. Help in creating the site map was provided by Lacey Mason (University of Michigan), and the contour plots were created by Pat Clinton (US EPA). This is contribution number 2013-1676 from NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.\nElsevier sci ltd\nOxford","page":"672-681","title":"Delivery of nutrients and seston from the Muskegon River Watershed to near shore Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"39"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.016","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Rivermouth ecosystems are areas where tributary waters mix with lentic near-shore waters and provide habitat for many Laurentian Great Lakes fish and wildlife species. Rivermouths are the interface between terrestrial activities that influence rivers and the ecologically important nearshore. Stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in consumers were measured from a range of rivermouths systems to address two questions: 1) What is the effect of rivermouth ecosystems and land cover on the isotopic composition of N available to rivermouth consumers? 2) Are rivermouth consumers composed of lake-like or river-like C? For question 1, data suggest that strong relationships between watershed agriculture and consumer N are weakened or eliminated at the rivermouth, in favor of stronger relationships between consumer N and depositional areas that may favor denitrification. For question 2, despite apparently large riverine inputs, consumers only occasionally appear river-like. More often consumers seem to incorporate large amounts of C from either the nearshore or primary production within the rivermouth itself. Rivermouths appear to be active C and N processing environments, thus necessitating their explicit incorporation into models estimating nearshore loading and possibly contributing to their importance to Great Lakes biota. ?? 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larson","given":"James H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richardson","given":"William B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vallazza","given":"Jon M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"610-619","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"An exploratory investigation of the landscape-lake interface: Land cover controls over consumer N and C isotopic composition in Lake Michigan rivermouths","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012, Marko et al. 2013)","manualFormatting":"(Larson et al. 2012; Marko et al. 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012, Marko et al. 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012, Marko et al. 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Larson et al. 2012; Marko et al. 2013). Therefore, if large quantities of fluvial particulate organic carbon are entering the nearshore food web in the southeastern region, it would be reasonable to expect lower ?13C compared to the southwest where fluvial carbon input is likely much lower. Although large spatial variation in ?13C was apparent, we observed little spatial variability in ?15N of round goby, yellow perch and spottail shiners among study sites. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.016","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Rivermouth ecosystems are areas where tributary waters mix with lentic near-shore waters and provide habitat for many Laurentian Great Lakes fish and wildlife species. Rivermouths are the interface between terrestrial activities that influence rivers and the ecologically important nearshore. Stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in consumers were measured from a range of rivermouths systems to address two questions: 1) What is the effect of rivermouth ecosystems and land cover on the isotopic composition of N available to rivermouth consumers? 2) Are rivermouth consumers composed of lake-like or river-like C? For question 1, data suggest that strong relationships between watershed agriculture and consumer N are weakened or eliminated at the rivermouth, in favor of stronger relationships between consumer N and depositional areas that may favor denitrification. For question 2, despite apparently large riverine inputs, consumers only occasionally appear river-like. More often consumers seem to incorporate large amounts of C from either the nearshore or primary production within the rivermouth itself. Rivermouths appear to be active C and N processing environments, thus necessitating their explicit incorporation into models estimating nearshore loading and possibly contributing to their importance to Great Lakes biota. ?? 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larson","given":"James H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richardson","given":"William B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vallazza","given":"Jon M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"610-619","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"An exploratory investigation of the landscape-lake interface: Land cover controls over consumer N and C isotopic composition in Lake Michigan rivermouths","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012)","manualFormatting":"Larson et al. (2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Larson et al. 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}Larson et al. (2012) also observed low variability in the ?15N of Lake Michigan nearshore consumers near river mouths, in contrast to relatively high ?15N variability for river seston and biota. Similarly, Peterson et al. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[27:SNIOPA]2.0.CO;2","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"0380-1330","PMID":"8703151","abstract":"As populations and human activities increase in coastal watersheds, an understanding of the connections of aquatic ecosystems to the adjacent terrestrial landscape is necessary to identify, monitor, and protect vulnerable coastal habitats. This study investigates the relationships between land-use patterns and delta 15N values of aquatic organisms in coastal ecosystems, across a defined watershed gradient for the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes shoreline. delta 15N measured in plankton and benthic invertebrates reflects a range of basin wide land-use gradients and demonstrates a strong connection between watershed-based anthropogenic activities and exposure in aquatic biota. For example, benthos delta 15N values range over 12per mille sign across sites in our study, but regression analyses suggest that over 50% of the variability is explained by the regional landscape. Further, multiple taxa at comparable trophic position showed similar patterns in relation to watershed-scale land use. Our results suggest that within the coastal environment, the expression of landscape in aquatic biota is stronger in habitats such as embayments and wetlands than open nearshore. These results support the use of delta 15N in Great Lakes coastal biota as an exposure indicator of watershed-scale N loading.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peterson","given":"Gregory S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sierszen","given":"Michael E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yurista","given":"Peder M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kelly","given":"John R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"27-41","title":"Stable Nitrogen Isotopes of Plankton and Benthos Reflect a Landscape-level Influence on Great Lakes Coastal Ecosystems","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Peterson et al. 2007)","manualFormatting":"(2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Peterson et al. 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Peterson et al. 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(2007) concluded that the isotopic composition of biota in open nearshore habitats near tributary mouths is influenced minimally by tributary inputs. Given the relatively small range of ?15N values we observed in nearshore fishes, it seems unlikely that fluvial seston is making a significant direct contribution to the nearshore food web though indirect effects on productivity may be an important factor ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2010.04.010","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Between 1990 and 2001, late-winter phytoplankton blooms were common in parts of the lower Great Lakes (southern Lake Michigan, Saginaw Bay and southern Lake Huron, and western Lake Erie), providing resources for over-wintering zooplankton. In Lake Michigan up to 2001, detailed remote sensing and ship studies documented well-developed late-winter blooms in the southern gyre (circular bloom termed the 'doughnut'). However, from 2001 to 2008, the winter blooms in Lake Michigan also supported early season veliger larvae from the introduced, cold-water adapted \"profunda\" morph of quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). Remote sensing and ship studies revealed that settled mussels caused an extraordinary increase in water transparency and a simultaneous decrease of Chl a in the late-winter bloom. Before quagga mussels in 2001, water transparency was 74-85% at deep-water sites, whereas it increased progressively to 89% by 2006 and 94-96% by 2008. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the gyre rings were 1.1-2.6μg/L in 2001, declining to 0.5-1.7μg/L by 2006 and 0.4-1.5μg/L by 2008. The reduction of Chl a in the winter bloom rings from 2001 to 2008 was 56-78% for the western limb and 74-75% for the eastern limb. Zooplankton species abundance, composition and abundance also changed, as cyclopoid copepods became very scarce and over-wintering omnivorous calanoid copepods declined. Reduction in late-winter phytoplankton and zooplankton poses a serious threat to open-water food webs. ? 2010 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kerfoot","given":"W. Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yousef","given":"Foad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Green","given":"Sarah A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Budd","given":"Judith W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vanderploeg","given":"Henry A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"SUPPL. 3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"30-41","title":"Approaching storm: Disappearing winter bloom in Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1029/2004JC002383","ISSN":"0148-0227","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar M. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johengen","given":"Tom","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bergmann","given":"Trisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"C10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004","10","1"]]},"page":"C10S14","title":"Spring phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth, and primary production and relationships to a recurrent coastal sediment plume and river inputs in southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"109"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5670/oceanog.2008.05","ISSN":"10428275","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oceanography","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"60-69","title":"Coastal Sediment Dynamics and River Discharge as Key Factors Influencing Coastal Ecosystem Productivity in Southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004, 2008a, Kerfoot et al. 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004; 2008a; Kerfoot et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004, 2008a, Kerfoot et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lohrenz et al. 2004, 2008a, Kerfoot et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Lohrenz et al. 2004; 2008a; Kerfoot et al. 2010). Alternatively, we suggest that spatial variation in nearshore fish ?13C is likely related to regional water clarity and its effects on benthic versus pelagic energy pathways. Kd(490) values are directly related to water clarity and to the attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.009","ISBN":"0034-4257","ISSN":"00344257","abstract":"The vertical attenuation coefficient of diffuse downwelling irradiance at 490?nm (Kd 490) is a parameter that we routinely derive from SeaWiFS images of the Baltic Sea. Here, through model simulations, we examine the relationship between Kd(490), and the vertical attenuation coefficient of PAR (Kd PAR), as this later coefficient determines the light available for aquatic photosynthesis. A simple semi-analytical model is used to predict Kd(490) and Kd(PAR), as a function of the concentrations of chlorophyll, colored dissolved organic material (CDOM), suspended inorganic, and suspended organic particulate material. A series of model simulations based on variations in these optically significant constituents over a range realistic for the Baltic Sea, are used to define the relationship between the two attenuation coefficients.Kd (PAR) = 0.6677 Kd (490)0.6763 . This relationship was verified, using data collected independently from the data set used to derive model coefficients, and appears robust when applied to the Baltic Sea. Comparison to other studies and model sensitivity analyses suggest that the relationship will be dependent on relatively large regional variations in CDOM absorption. A relationship between Kd(490) and Secchi disk depth was also developed and verified. This relationship while useful was more uncertain. The uncertainty was related to a greater influence of scattering on Secchi disk depth estimates and the corresponding parameterization of scattering in our model. ? 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pierson","given":"Donald C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kratzer","given":"Susanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Str?mbeck","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H?kansson","given":"Bertil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"668-680","title":"Relationship between the attenuation of downwelling irradiance at 490?nm with the attenuation of PAR (400?nm-700?nm) in the Baltic Sea","type":"article-journal","volume":"112"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pierson et al. 2008)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Pierson et al. 2008)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pierson et al. 2008)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Pierson et al. 2008). Though reduced water clarity affects both benthic and pelagic primary producers, the effects are proportionately greater on the former ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeppesen","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schierup","given":"Hans-Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christoffersen","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"David M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1408-1418","title":"From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/f89-152","abstract":"See, stats, and : https : / / researchgate . net / publication / 238423045 Sigmoid Chlorophyll Article DOI : 10 . 1139 / f89 - 152 CITATIONS 159 READS 67 3 , including : Some : Phytoplankton : prediction Chrysophyte John University 149 , 221 SEE Sue University 109 , 303 SEE All . The . McCauley , E . , J . A . Downing , and S . Watson . 1989 . Sigmoid relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll among lakes . Can . J . Fish . Aquat . Sci . 46 : 1171 - 1175 . Previous studies of freshwater eutrophication have shown that algal biomass tends to increase with the supply of dissolved phosphorus . This concept has been condensed into empirical relationships between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations (convenient measures of algal biomass and phosphorus availability) which have become essential tools in theoretical and applied limnology . With few exceptions , ecologists accept the idea that chlorophyll concentration rises linearly with phosphorus concentration among lakes . Such a suggestion runs counter to Liebigian principles of fertilization however , and contradicts laboratory and field research indicating the influence of other nutrients . Our analysis of two large independent phosphorus - chlorophyll data sets from temperate - zone lakes shows that log phosphorus - log chlorophyll relationships are sigmoid in shape and that a second nutrient , nitrogen , has a significant impact on chlorophyll concentrations when phosphorus availability is high . Our new empirical relationships indicate that mechanisms regulating algal biomass change with enrich ment , and suggest new management strategies for polluted lakes . Les r&ultats d ' &udes ante>ieures sur I ' eutrophisation des eaux douces montrent que la biomasse algale a tendance a augmenter avec I ' accumulation de phosphore dissous . On a exprim? ce concept par des rapports empiriques entre la chlorophylle aetlesconcentrationsdephosphoretotal(mesurespratiquesdelabiomassealgaleetdelaquantitydephosphoredisponible),quisontdevenusdesoutilsessentielsenlimnologiethe'oriqueetappliqu?e.Aderaresexceptionspres,les6cologistesadmettentI'hypotheseselonlaquellelaconcentrationdechlorophylle","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McCauley","given":"Edward","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Downing","given":"John A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]},"page":"1171-1175","title":"Sigmoid Relationships between Nutrients and Chlorophyll among Lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McCauley et al. 1989, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McCauley et al. 1989, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McCauley et al. 1989, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(McCauley et al. 1989, Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003). We made regional estimates of Kd(PAR) following a relationship for the Baltic Sea—a coastal (Case 2) system (Pierson et al. 2008). Using 2010-2011 median Kd(490) extinction coefficients for our lowest light attenuation site (site 3; 0.14) and highest?light attenuation site (site 6; 0.61) as input, produced Kd(PAR) values of 0.18 and 0.48, respectively. These Kd(PAR) values suggest a typical photic depth (Zeu=4.6/Kd(PAR)) of 25.6 and 9.6m, respectively ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kirk","given":"J.T.O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]},"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","title":"Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, 2nd ed.","type":"book"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kirk 1994)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kirk 1994)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Kirk 1994). Considering these typical conditions and a fixed depth of 10 m (i.e. the mid-point for most of our nearshore sampling), site 3 consistently has light available to the benthos while site 6 generally does not receive appreciable light in the benthic layer. Other studies have empirically corroborated these estimates and have shown increased benthic algal production in southwestern Lake Michigan particularly near sites 2 and 3 and a paucity of benthic algal production near southeast study sites 5-7 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.032","abstract":"a b s t r a c t In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the prolific growth of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV, dominated by the fila-mentous green alga Cladophora) is negatively impacting human and wildlife health, fisheries, and aesthetic con-ditions. The distribution of Cladophora and similar SAV in the Great Lakes and how that has changed over recent decades has been unknown, and the magnitude of the current problem relative to historic growth is difficult to assess given the lack of field data and monitoring. Here, we present the first comprehensive map of SAV in the nearshore zone of the lower four Great Lakes, where 'nearshore' indicates the zone where the bottom reflectance is sufficient to characterize bottom substrate type, using primarily the visible bands of the Landsat TM sensor. Multiple spectral bands were combined to minimize the water-depth-dependent variance in lake bottom reflec-tance, and pixels were classified as dense vegetation, sparse vegetation or uncolonized substrate. Changes in veg-etation cover and water clarity between the mid-1970s and present were also evaluated for several focus areas across the lakes utilizing historical Landsat TM and MSS imagery. The Landsat-based bottom classification achieved an overall accuracy of 83% based on comparison to ground truth data. Lake-wide SAV cover ranged from 15% (Lake Huron) to 40% (Lake Ontario) of the mappable lake bottom based on detection depth. The total mapped area of vegetation corresponds to a conservative biomass estimate of 129 kilotonnes dry weight. The ob-served changes in the distribution of SAV over time indicate that increasing water clarity in the Lakes is expanding Cladophora habitat.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brooks","given":"Colin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grimm","given":"Amanda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuchman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sayers","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jessee","given":"Nathaniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"58-71","title":"A satellite-based multi-temporal assessment of the extent of nuisance Cladophora and related submerged aquatic vegetation for the Laurentian Great Lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"157"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Auer","given":"M T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tomlinson","given":"L M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Higgins","given":"S N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Malkin","given":"S Y","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Howell","given":"E T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"H A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"248-255","title":"Great Lakes Cladophora in the 21st century: same algae, different ecosystem","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Auer et al. 2010, Brooks et al. 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Auer et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Auer et al. 2010, Brooks et al. 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Auer et al. 2010, Brooks et al. 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Auer et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2015). Because benthic primary producers tend to be more 13C enriched than phytoplankton ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"France","given":"R L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"307-312","title":"Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications","type":"article-journal","volume":"124"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/1467546","ISBN":"0887-3593","ISSN":"08873593","abstract":"Food webs of tropical, temperate, and arctic lakes can be characterized by the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of their constituent organisms. After assigning trophic levels using 815N, a broad range of 813C is observed at the primary consumer level in nearly all lakes. The range of 813C is on the order of 20 per mil in tropical lakes Kyoga and Malawi and lakes with low dissolved inorganic carbon in temperate Canada, but is narrower in shallow lakes of the Canadian Arctic. This broad range exists in ecosystems in which terrrestrial inputs and /or aquatic macrophytes are often minimal. The isotopically light end of the range results from phytoplankton photosynthesis whereas the isotopically heavy end represents benthic algae photosynthesizing within an unstirred boundary layer. This range is successfully predicted by an application of a simple isotopic model for photosynthetic frationation, originallydeveloped for aquatic macrophytes, which uses boundary layer thicknesses reported for benthic algal communities. When benthic photosynthesis becomes light-limited in very turbid lakes of the Mackenzie Delta, then phytoplanktonic carbon dominates the diet of the primary consumers. The organismss on the primary consumer trophic level appear from their 813C values to harvest preferntially either planktonic or benthic algal carbon but, in temperate and arctic lakes, higher consumer levels are increasingly omnivorous. Therefore top aquatic predators often have a narrow range of 813C. In temperate and arctic lakes these top predators have a 813C near the midpoint of the range at the primary consumer levle, which would result forom nearly equal dependence on planktonic and benthic algal carbon. This equal dependence would not be predicted from the relative magnitude of planktonic and benthic algal photosynthesis as currently estimated in these systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"Robert E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hesslein","given":"Raymond H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"631","title":"Contributions of benthic algae to lake food webs as revealed by stable isotope analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995)","manualFormatting":"(France 1995; Hecky and Hesslein 1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(France 1995, Hecky and Hesslein 1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(France 1995; Hecky and Hesslein 1995), generalist consumers that can take advantage of benthic energy pathways are likely to also possess heavier ?13C signals. In the southeastern region of Lake Michigan, light limitation likely has a proportionately larger effect on the ?13C of benthic algae than on phytoplankton resulting in the convergence of benthic and pelagic energy sources ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeppesen","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schierup","given":"Hans-Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christoffersen","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"David M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1408-1418","title":"From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyvaert","given":"Alan C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richards","given":"Bob C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Brant C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldman","given":"Charles R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"1368-1376","title":"The effects of cultural eutrophication on the coupling between pelagic primary producers and benthic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005). Conversely, the combination of both higher water clarity and rocky substrate in the southwestern region may facilitate increased benthic primary production and greater food web reliance on enriched benthic ?13C sources ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berg","given":"M B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lozano","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"State of Lake Michigan: Ecology, Health, and Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"113-139","title":"Submerged terra incognita : Lake Michigan's abundant but unknown rocky zones","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kornis","given":"M S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"561-566","title":"Linking emergent midges to alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) preference for rocky habitat in Lake Michigan littoral zones","type":"article-journal","volume":"37"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[258:VAAOAB]2.0.CO;2","ISBN":"0380-1330","ISSN":"0380-1330","abstract":"In this paper we utilize 7 years of SeaWiFS satellite data to obtain seasonal and interannual time histories of the major water color-producing agents (CPAs), phYtoplankton chlorophyll (chl), dissolved organic carbon (doc), and suspended minerals (sm)for Lake Michigan. We first present validation of the Great Lakes specific algorithm followed by correlations of the CPAs with coincident environmental observations. Special attention is paid to the satellite observations of the extensive episodic event of sediment resuspension and calcium carbonate precipitation out of the water. We then compare the obtained time history of the CPA's spatial and temporal distributions throughout the lake to environmental observations such as air and water temperature, wind speed and direction, significant wave height, atmospheric precipitation, river runoff, and cloud and lake ice cover. Variability, of the onset, duration, and spatial extent of both episodic events and seasonal phenomena are documented from the SeaWiFS time series data, and high correlations with relevant environmental driving factors are established. The relationships between the CPAs retrieved from satellite data and environmental observations are then used to speculate on the future of Lake Michigan under a set of climate change scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuchman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Korosov","given":"Anton","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hatt","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pozdnyakov","given":"Dmitry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Means","given":"Jay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Meadows","given":"Guy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"258-279","title":"Verification and Application of a Bio-optical Algorithm for Lake Michigan Using SeaWiFS: a 7-year Inter-annual Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Shuchman et al. 2006, Kornis and Janssen 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Janssen et al. 2005; Shuchman et al. 2006; Kornis and Janssen 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Shuchman et al. 2006, Kornis and Janssen 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Shuchman et al. 2006, Kornis and Janssen 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Janssen et al. 2005; Shuchman et al. 2006; Kornis and Janssen 2011). If benthic production is indeed lower in nearshore regions with higher Kd(490), then increased nearshore fish ? values at higher Kd(490) sites suggests that primary production rates not only influence the productivity of higher trophic levels, but also the trophic structure ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ware","given":"Daniel M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thomson","given":"Richard E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5726","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"title":"Bottom-Up Ecosystem Trophic Dynamics Determine Fish Production in the Northeast Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"308"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1577/1548-8659(1976)105<575:PPAFYI>2.0.CO;2","ISSN":"0002-8487","abstract":"Abstract Measurements of primary productivity can improve assessment of the fish yields from tropical lakes. In tropical African and Indian lakes commercial fish yields increase logarithmically as primary productivity increases arithmetically. The regression equation describing the relation between fish yields (FY) and gross photosynthesis (PG) for eight African lakes is log FY = 0.113 PG + 0.91. The coefficient of determination is 0.57. The regression equation based on fifteen tropical Indian lakes, log FY = 0.122 PG + 0.95, corroborates the relation for Africa.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Melack","given":"John M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["1976","9"]]},"page":"575-580","publisher":" Taylor & Francis Group ","title":"Primary productivity and fish yields in tropical lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"105"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Melack 1976, Ware and Thomson 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Melack 1976; Ware and Thomson 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Melack 1976, Ware and Thomson 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Melack 1976, Ware and Thomson 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Melack 1976; Ware and Thomson 2005). Indeed, combining Bayesian posterior estimates of ? for high clarity sites 2-4 in the southwest and low clarity sites 5-7 in the southeast and evaluating the differences reveals greater reliance on pelagic energy in the southeast for round goby, yellow perch and spottail shiner. Therefore, it seems probable that increased light attenuation or lower water clarity is related to reduced energy flow through the benthic energy pathway and greater reliance on pelagic energy pathways. Other studies have also shown that the transition from littoral periphyton production to pelagic phytoplankton production results in generalist littoral consumers becoming more dependent on pelagic energy sources in smaller lakes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeppesen","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schierup","given":"Hans-Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christoffersen","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"David M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1408-1418","title":"From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyvaert","given":"Alan C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richards","given":"Bob C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Brant C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldman","given":"Charles R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"1368-1376","title":"The effects of cultural eutrophication on the coupling between pelagic primary producers and benthic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005). These patterns were observed along gradients of increasing total phosphorus and reduced water clarity corresponding to cultural eutrophication ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vadeboncoeur","given":"Yvonne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jeppesen","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schierup","given":"Hans-Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christoffersen","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"David M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1408-1418","title":"From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanden","given":"M Jake","non-dropping-particle":"Vander","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyvaert","given":"Alan C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richards","given":"Bob C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Brant C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldman","given":"Charles R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"1368-1376","title":"The effects of cultural eutrophication on the coupling between pelagic primary producers and benthic consumers","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003, Chandra et al. 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Vadeboncoeur et al. 2003; Chandra et al. 2005). While Lake Michigan has undergone oligotrophication resulting from invasive dreissenid mussels, spatial heterogeneity in nearshore water clarity with subsequent effects on productivity processes are likely related to similar differences in regional trophic structure and energy flows.Mixing model results estimating proportions of specific diets items generally support the finding that nearshore fishes are more dependent on pelagic energy pathways at lower water clarity sites in the southeast although site specific variation is apparent. Round gobies in particular responded to increased Kd(490) by shifting to greater reliance on a pelagic energy pathway. Our results indicate that this difference corresponds to increased reliance on dreissenid mussels at southeastern study sites where Kd(490) is greatest and is consistent with fatty acid and gut content data collected in a parallel study (Fig. 6, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"Foley et al. 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}Foley et al. 2017). This shift may be related to decreased availability of non-dreissenid benthic invertebrates in the southeast relative to the southwest where benthic primary production is greater ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.013","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"On-going ecosystem alterations within Lake Michigan have drastically transformed species interactions and food-web assembly. Description of trophic interactions across broad spatial regions is likely necessary to fully appreciate the structure of this emerging food web. Spottail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, are numerically abundant in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan, but their trophic interactions are under-described. To that end, we described fatty acid profiles of spottail shiner through spring, summer, and fall across western and eastern shorelines of Lake Michigan's southern basin. Fatty acids, used as dietary tracers, suggested a shift from benthic-based diets in spring to more pelagic-associated diets in summer and a reversal in fall. When time lag of fatty acid accumulation is accounted for in interpretations, diets likely follow spring plankton and summer/fall benthic invertebrate maxima. Fatty acid profiles also indicated differences in diet composition based on geographic location, with benthic tracers more prevalent among spottail shiner inhabiting the western shoreline. These interpretations were generally supported by stomach content data, with high Chironomidae consumption in spottail shiners from western waters. The presence of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata in spottail shiner stomach contents throughout the lake highlights its reliance on nearshore and potentially inshore areas. This study offers one of the most spatially broad depiction of spottail shiner foraging habits in Lake Michigan.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lafountain","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"179-184","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Spatio-temporal description of spottail shiner (<i>Notropis hudsonius</i>) fatty acid profiles in Lake Michigan's southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.025","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Describing food web structure through either direct or indirect diet analysis is often a fundamental step in elucidating ecosystem dynamics and developing resource management goals. The present study examines spatial trophic connections in an opportunistic forager, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens), through the concomitant use of stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotope ratio methods. During September 2010, yellow perch were collected at nine coastal locations representative of Lake Michigan's habitat heterogeneity. The three diet assessment methods revealed differential levels of spatial diet heterogeneity. In general, yellow perch relied on pelagic prey more along the eastern shoreline, and over rocky substrates within each shoreline grouping. Conversely, high benthivory was noted in yellow perch from sandy substrates and western locations. Intra-population spatial diet dissimilarity may be common yet over looked among other species within large systems. We further advocate the concurrent examination of chemical ecological tracers (e.g., stable isotopes and fatty acid profiles) and stomach contents to investigate diet patterns of predators.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"172-178","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Exploring yellow perch diets in Lake Michigan through stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b, 2015a, Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Happel et al. 2015a; 2015b; Foley et al. 2017). Diet switching from soft-bodied benthic invertebrates to dreissenid mussels was also apparent for round goby and resulted in the most marked ontogenetic shift from benthic to pelagic energy pathway among the species included in this study. This result is consistent with other studies which have observed greater consumption of dreissenids by large round gobies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.004","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002-2003 to 2010-2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. δ13C results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean δ15N values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in δ15N at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in δ15N values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"Benjamin A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"185-196","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015, Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015; Foley et al. 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015, Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015, Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Turschak and Bootsma 2015; Foley et al. 2017).By comparison, ? values of yellow perch and spottail shiners also indicated greater reliance on pelagic energy pathways as Kd(490) increased although ontogenetic shifts in primary energetic pathway were not as strong. Mixing models for yellow perch revealed higher reliance on non-dreissenid benthic invertebrate prey at southwestern sites 2 and 3 and much lower benthic invertebrate contributions at southeastern site 7 where Kd(490) was higher. This diet pattern was similar to the findings of Happel et al. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.025","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Describing food web structure through either direct or indirect diet analysis is often a fundamental step in elucidating ecosystem dynamics and developing resource management goals. The present study examines spatial trophic connections in an opportunistic forager, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens), through the concomitant use of stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotope ratio methods. During September 2010, yellow perch were collected at nine coastal locations representative of Lake Michigan's habitat heterogeneity. The three diet assessment methods revealed differential levels of spatial diet heterogeneity. In general, yellow perch relied on pelagic prey more along the eastern shoreline, and over rocky substrates within each shoreline grouping. Conversely, high benthivory was noted in yellow perch from sandy substrates and western locations. Intra-population spatial diet dissimilarity may be common yet over looked among other species within large systems. We further advocate the concurrent examination of chemical ecological tracers (e.g., stable isotopes and fatty acid profiles) and stomach contents to investigate diet patterns of predators.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"172-178","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Exploring yellow perch diets in Lake Michigan through stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(2015a). Despite this, mixing model results of yellow perch from site 6 in the east were not different than western sites, perhaps in response to localized substrate (rocky) which can dominate diet patterns ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.025","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"Describing food web structure through either direct or indirect diet analysis is often a fundamental step in elucidating ecosystem dynamics and developing resource management goals. The present study examines spatial trophic connections in an opportunistic forager, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens), through the concomitant use of stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and stable isotope ratio methods. During September 2010, yellow perch were collected at nine coastal locations representative of Lake Michigan's habitat heterogeneity. The three diet assessment methods revealed differential levels of spatial diet heterogeneity. In general, yellow perch relied on pelagic prey more along the eastern shoreline, and over rocky substrates within each shoreline grouping. Conversely, high benthivory was noted in yellow perch from sandy substrates and western locations. Intra-population spatial diet dissimilarity may be common yet over looked among other species within large systems. We further advocate the concurrent examination of chemical ecological tracers (e.g., stable isotopes and fatty acid profiles) and stomach contents to investigate diet patterns of predators.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"172-178","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Exploring yellow perch diets in Lake Michigan through stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Happel et al. 2015a). Ontogenetic diet shifts from invertebrates to fishes were very apparent for yellow perch and have been documented in other studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.004","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002-2003 to 2010-2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. δ13C results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean δ15N values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in δ15N at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in δ15N values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"Benjamin A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"185-196","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Turschak and Bootsma 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Turschak and Bootsma 2015). Similar to yellow perch, spottail shiner mixing models revealed a strong reliance on non-dreissenid benthic invertebrates at site 2 in the southwest, comparable to the findings of ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.04.013","ISSN":"03801330","abstract":"On-going ecosystem alterations within Lake Michigan have drastically transformed species interactions and food-web assembly. Description of trophic interactions across broad spatial regions is likely necessary to fully appreciate the structure of this emerging food web. Spottail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, are numerically abundant in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan, but their trophic interactions are under-described. To that end, we described fatty acid profiles of spottail shiner through spring, summer, and fall across western and eastern shorelines of Lake Michigan's southern basin. Fatty acids, used as dietary tracers, suggested a shift from benthic-based diets in spring to more pelagic-associated diets in summer and a reversal in fall. When time lag of fatty acid accumulation is accounted for in interpretations, diets likely follow spring plankton and summer/fall benthic invertebrate maxima. Fatty acid profiles also indicated differences in diet composition based on geographic location, with benthic tracers more prevalent among spottail shiner inhabiting the western shoreline. These interpretations were generally supported by stomach content data, with high Chironomidae consumption in spottail shiners from western waters. The presence of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata in spottail shiner stomach contents throughout the lake highlights its reliance on nearshore and potentially inshore areas. This study offers one of the most spatially broad depiction of spottail shiner foraging habits in Lake Michigan.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lafountain","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creque","given":"Sara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"179-184","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research.","title":"Spatio-temporal description of spottail shiner (<i>Notropis hudsonius</i>) fatty acid profiles in Lake Michigan's southern basin","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b)","manualFormatting":"Happel et al. (2015b)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Happel et al. 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}Happel et al. (2015b) but generally little ontogenetic shift in diet proportions across the size range observed in this study.Alewife ??varied much more at small sizes than at larger sizes in this study. Although our results indicate a large effect of increasing Kd(490) on the ? of small alewife , this pattern is highly variable and is likely due to the high variability among individuals and across study sites at this size. Larger alewife exhibited strong reliance on pelagic energy source across a range of Kd(490) values. We expect that this lower spatial variability arises from the high mobility of this species relative to other nearshore fishes which are more likely to remain in a small geographic area following the larval drift period ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ray","given":"W J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Corkum","given":"L D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"page":"329-334","title":"Habitat and site affinity of the round goby","type":"article-journal","volume":"27"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/F08-100","ISSN":"0706-652X","abstract":"To evaluate the stock structure of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in the southern basin of Lake Michigan and in Green Bay, we analyzed recaptures from a lake-wide mark–recapture study implemented from 1996 to 2001 to infer the range and pattern of movement and spawning-site fidelity. Yellow perch generally moved south along the western shoreline, west along the southern shoreline, and north along the eastern shoreline during summer and non-summer months; the magnitude of movement was greater after spawning. Spawning yellow perch frequently returned to the same site, with 35%–80% of recaptured individuals returning to their marking site. Results from multiple tagging sites within Illinois indicated that spawners may return to larger areas rather than to specific sites, suggesting that large spawning complexes exist. Despite strong fidelity in some areas, straying was evident from all sites during spawning, resulting in mixing throughout the southern basin. Such mixing could promote gene flow and diminish ...","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Glover","given":"David C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dettmers","given":"John M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wahl","given":"David H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Clapp","given":"David F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008","9"]]},"page":"1919-1930","title":"Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) stock structure in Lake Michigan: an analysis using mark–recapture data","type":"article-journal","volume":"65"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beletsky","given":"D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mason","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwab","given":"D J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutherford","given":"E S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Clapp","given":"D F","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dettmers","given":"J M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"842-866","title":"Biophysical model of larval yellow perch advection and settlement in Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ray and Corkum 2001, Beletsky et al. 2007, Glover et al. 2008)","manualFormatting":"(Ray and Corkum 2001; Beletsky et al. 2007; Glover et al. 2008)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ray and Corkum 2001, Beletsky et al. 2007, Glover et al. 2008)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ray and Corkum 2001, Beletsky et al. 2007, Glover et al. 2008)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Ray and Corkum 2001; Beletsky et al. 2007; Glover et al. 2008). By making relatively large lateral nearshore-offshore movements, diel vertical movements, and perhaps broader regional movements, alewives effectively integrate any spatial variation in isotopic baseline. Our methodology, which assesses consumer ? using a ?13C mixing model with regional benthic and pelagic primary consumers endmembers, is likely inappropriate for alewife because they are not in isotopic equilibrium with these regional baselines. Increased reliance on nearshore benthic energy sources has been documented in the Lake Michigan food web as a result of declining offshore productivity and increased nearshore productivity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pothoven","given":"S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vanderploeg","given":"H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klarer","given":"D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nalepa","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scavia","given":"D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"20-29","title":"Recent changes in primary production and phytoplankton in the offshore region of southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jglr.2010.04.005","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vanderploeg","given":"Henry A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liebig","given":"James R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nalepa","given":"Thomas F","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary L","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pothoven","given":"Steven A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"50-59","title":"Dreissena and the disappearance of the spring phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"B A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bunnell","given":"D B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hook","given":"T O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Warner","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"H A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1243-1252","title":"Nearshore energy subsidies support Lake Michigan fishes and invertebrates following major changes in food web structure","type":"article-journal","volume":"95"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"abstract":"Dreissenid mussels have been exceptionally successful invaders in North American lakes and rivers, especially in the lower Laurentian Great Lakes. As benthic filter feeders capable of attaching to hard substrates, the magnitudes of their biomass and filtering activity in nearshore waters are without precedent. The dreissenid colonization has implications for the removal and fate of materials filtered from the water by the mussels and for the longer-term development of the nearshore benthic community and lake ecosystem. A conceptual model, the nearshore shunt, seeks to describe a fundamental redirection of nutrient and energy flow consequent to dreissenid establishment. The model explains some emergent problems in the Great Lakes, such as reemergence of Cladophora in some coastal zones while offshore P concentrations remain low, and highlights areas in need of more research. The source of particulate nutrient inputs to dreissenids and the fate of materials exported from the benthic community are critical to understanding the role of dreissenids in the lakes and assessing the applicability of current models for managing nutrients and fisheries. The nearshore shunt would require even more stringent P management for lakes strongly impacted by dreissenids to maintain nearshore water quality.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"R E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"R E H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baron","given":"D R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guildford","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taylor","given":"W D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Charlton","given":"M N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Howell","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"1285-1293","title":"The nearshore phosphorus shunt: a consequence of ecosystem engineering by dreissenids in the Laurentian Great Lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"61"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Fahnenstiel et al. 2010, Vanderploeg et al. 2010, Turschak et al. 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Fahnenstiel et al. 2010, Vanderploeg et al. 2010, Turschak et al. 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Fahnenstiel et al. 2010, Vanderploeg et al. 2010, Turschak et al. 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Hecky et al. 2004, Fahnenstiel et al. 2010, Vanderploeg et al. 2010, Turschak et al. 2014). However, it is well established that nearshore areas are highly variable in physical conditions including water clarity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5670/oceanog.2008.05","abstract":"See, stats, and : https : / / www . researchgate . net / publication / 235832996 Coastal as Productivity . . . Article (Washington . C .) · DOI : 10 . 5670 / oceanog . 2008 . 05 CITATIONS 7 READS 26 4 , including : Some : The Steven University 162 , 089 SEE Oscar Rutgers , The 300 , 251 SEE David . Millie Palm - Informatics 110 , 116 SEE Available : David . Millie Retrieved : 07","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lohrenz","given":"Steven E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millie","given":"David F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oceanography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"60-69","title":"Coastal Sediment Dynamics and River Discharge as Key Factors Influencing Coastal Ecosystem Productivity in Southeastern Lake Michigan","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berg","given":"M B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lozano","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"State of Lake Michigan: Ecology, Health, and Management","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"113-139","title":"Submerged terra incognita : Lake Michigan's abundant but unknown rocky zones","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.032","abstract":"a b s t r a c t In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the prolific growth of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV, dominated by the fila-mentous green alga Cladophora) is negatively impacting human and wildlife health, fisheries, and aesthetic con-ditions. The distribution of Cladophora and similar SAV in the Great Lakes and how that has changed over recent decades has been unknown, and the magnitude of the current problem relative to historic growth is difficult to assess given the lack of field data and monitoring. Here, we present the first comprehensive map of SAV in the nearshore zone of the lower four Great Lakes, where 'nearshore' indicates the zone where the bottom reflectance is sufficient to characterize bottom substrate type, using primarily the visible bands of the Landsat TM sensor. Multiple spectral bands were combined to minimize the water-depth-dependent variance in lake bottom reflec-tance, and pixels were classified as dense vegetation, sparse vegetation or uncolonized substrate. Changes in veg-etation cover and water clarity between the mid-1970s and present were also evaluated for several focus areas across the lakes utilizing historical Landsat TM and MSS imagery. The Landsat-based bottom classification achieved an overall accuracy of 83% based on comparison to ground truth data. Lake-wide SAV cover ranged from 15% (Lake Huron) to 40% (Lake Ontario) of the mappable lake bottom based on detection depth. The total mapped area of vegetation corresponds to a conservative biomass estimate of 129 kilotonnes dry weight. The ob-served changes in the distribution of SAV over time indicate that increasing water clarity in the Lakes is expanding Cladophora habitat.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brooks","given":"Colin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grimm","given":"Amanda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuchman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sayers","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jessee","given":"Nathaniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"58-71","title":"A satellite-based multi-temporal assessment of the extent of nuisance Cladophora and related submerged aquatic vegetation for the Laurentian Great Lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"157"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Lohrenz et al. 2008b, Brooks et al. 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Janssen et al. 2005; Lohrenz et al. 2008b; Brooks et al. 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Lohrenz et al. 2008b, Brooks et al. 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Janssen et al. 2005, Lohrenz et al. 2008b, Brooks et al. 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Janssen et al. 2005; Lohrenz et al. 2008b; Brooks et al. 2015) and the results of this study suggest that nearshore fishes’ primary energetic pathways and diets respond to variation in these local conditions. Nearshore fishes such as the round goby can serve as conduits through which nearshore energy is transferred to higher trophic levels ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.10.001","ISSN":"23522496","abstract":"Understanding trophic interactions of non-native species is a key step in elucidating their ecological role in recently invaded systems. The benthic fish species round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has successfully established in aquatic systems across the world, with abundances increasing dramatically over relatively short time periods. Though this (at times) voracious benthivore can become an increasingly important forage fish for piscivores, relatively little is known about how prey and production pathways that support round gobies vary in space and time. In 2010, we collected round gobies from ten nearshore sites, over three seasons, in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Due to recent changes in Lake Michigan, the dynamic nearshore region may be crucial for stability of the whole-lake food web. We assessed the role of round gobies in the nearshore Lake Michigan food web using stomach contents, fatty acid profiles, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Patterns in all of these measures were highly influenced by site, suggesting that local conditions, such as substrate composition or proximity to riverine inputs, were important in structuring round goby trophic interactions. By contrast, season of sampling and depth of collection had relatively weak associations with observed patterns. Few broad, regional patterns were evident, including a relatively high reliance on benthic production pathways on the western side of Lake Michigan. The observed variety in feeding patterns of round gobies, including potential for exploitation of different production pathways, may contribute to long-term persistence of this aquatic invader in new habitats.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foley","given":"Carolyn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Henebry","given":"M. Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Happel","given":"Austin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"Harvey A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"Sergiusz J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jude","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rinchard","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"H??k","given":"Tomas O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Food Webs","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"26-38","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Patterns of integration of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) into a nearshore freshwater food web","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) range expansion and their possible inclusion in the diet of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were investigated. Fish community index bottom trawls in eastern Lake Ontario (Kingston basin) during summer 2003 and 2004 indicated the presence of the round goby at relatively low densities (3.72 ? 10–2 ± 5.24 ? 10–3 fish/m2) in depths up to 30 m. Lake trout (mean fork length = 585 ± 78 mm and mean weight = 2,770 ± 1,134 g) stomach contents showed round goby to be the second most abundant diet item at almost 20% by number (36% by mass). Round goby ingested by lake trout ranged in total length from 50 to 110 mm. The most important prey species in terms of abundance (68%) and mass (56%) was alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Alewives were the most important diet item for all sizes of lake trout sampled, except those in the 550 - 650 mm size class, which ingested more round goby by mass than alewife. Round goby range expansion to deep water and prominence in the diet of lake trout signal significant change in the eastern Lake Ontario food web.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dietrich","given":"Jason P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morrison","given":"Bruce J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoyle","given":"James A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"395-400","title":"Alternative Ecological Pathways in the Eastern Lake Ontario Food Web--Round Goby in the Diet of Lake Trout","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Round gobies, invasive fish that entered Lake Erie in 1994, are altering energy, contaminant, and nutrient pathways. Our objective was to quantify how they alter energy pathways in the central basin of Lake Erie by describing their diet and identifying the degree to which predatory fish feed upon round gobies. We used bioenergetic models parameterized with data collected in the central basin between 1995 and 2002 to estimate the type and amount of prey eaten, the biomass accumulation rate for the round goby population, and a partitioning of the food energy into “new” energy derived from dreissenids as opposed to existing energy derived from zooplankton and non-dreissenid benthic prey. Mean (± SE) prey consumption peaked at 5.98 ± 2.17 ? 104 tonnes wet mass in 1999 coincident with the maximum population size of 4.2 ± 1.5 billion round gobies. Zooplankton (40.2% by biomass) and dreissenid mussels (38.3%) dominated the prey consumed. Almost 90% of the zooplankton biomass was consumed by age-0 round gobies, while over 80% of the dreissenids were eaten by older ages. Standing stock biomass of round gobies ranged between 203 and 4,803 tonnes y–1 (interannual range), with an additional 475 to 8,943 tonnes of biomass accumulating through growth each year. Piscivorous fish showed an increasing reliance on round gobies as prey, with round gobies being the dominant prey fish in the diets of benthic-oriented predators. Hence, by being one of the few benthivores that exploit dreissenid mussels as prey, our analyses reveal that round gobies transfer new energy up the central Lake Erie food web.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bunnell","given":"David B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knight","given":"Carey T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"J. Great Lakes Res.","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"Suppl. 2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"238-251","title":"A Potential New Energy Pathway in Central Lake Erie: the Round Goby Connection","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson et al. 2005, Dietrich et al. 2006, Foley et al. 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Johnson et al. 2005; Dietrich et al. 2006; Foley et al. 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Johnson et al. 2005, Dietrich et al. 2006, Foley et al. 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Johnson et al. 2005, Dietrich et al. 2006, Foley et al. 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Johnson et al. 2005; Dietrich et al. 2006; Foley et al. 2017). Therefore, by responding to regional differences in physical conditions and, by extension, dominant primary production pathways, nearshore fishes may be able to facilitate the transfer of energy from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels across a broad range of nearshore conditions. This energy transfer may be very important in the midst of declining offshore productivity.The spatial extent of this work consists of only a subset of nearshore areas in the Lake Michigan basin and is limited in coverage of nearshore areas in the northern basin and open water areas. While this is still valuable given the growing importance of nearshore areas in the Laurentian Great Lakes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Dreissenid mussels have been exceptionally successful invaders in North American lakes and rivers, especially in the lower Laurentian Great Lakes. As benthic filter feeders capable of attaching to hard substrates, the magnitudes of their biomass and filtering activity in nearshore waters are without precedent. The dreissenid colonization has implications for the removal and fate of materials filtered from the water by the mussels and for the longer-term development of the nearshore benthic community and lake ecosystem. A conceptual model, the nearshore shunt, seeks to describe a fundamental redirection of nutrient and energy flow consequent to dreissenid establishment. The model explains some emergent problems in the Great Lakes, such as reemergence of Cladophora in some coastal zones while offshore P concentrations remain low, and highlights areas in need of more research. The source of particulate nutrient inputs to dreissenids and the fate of materials exported from the benthic community are critical to understanding the role of dreissenids in the lakes and assessing the applicability of current models for managing nutrients and fisheries. The nearshore shunt would require even more stringent P management for lakes strongly impacted by dreissenids to maintain nearshore water quality.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hecky","given":"R E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"R E H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baron","given":"D R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guildford","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taylor","given":"W D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Charlton","given":"M N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Howell","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"1285-1293","title":"The nearshore phosphorus shunt: a consequence of ecosystem engineering by dreissenids in the Laurentian Great Lakes","type":"article-journal","volume":"61"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turschak","given":"B A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bunnell","given":"D B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czesny","given":"S J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hook","given":"T O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janssen","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Warner","given":"D M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bootsma","given":"H A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1243-1252","title":"Nearshore energy subsidies support Lake Michigan fishes and invertebrates following major changes in food web structure","type":"article-journal","volume":"95"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Turschak et al. 2014)","manualFormatting":"(Hecky et al. 2004; Turschak et al. 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Turschak et al. 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hecky et al. 2004, Turschak et al. 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Hecky et al. 2004; Turschak et al. 2014), more spatially comprehensive surveys of isotopic data are needed for the entire lake basin. These surveys could be used to create isoscapes which could then be paired with existing physical and biogeochemical data from empirical data sets, models, or remote sensing ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3_20","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"425-432","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","publisher-place":"Dordrecht","title":"Isoscapes in a Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Interconnected World","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3","ISBN":"978-90-481-3353-6","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tu","given":"Kevin P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth Through Isotope Mapping","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Preface","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010, West et al. 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Bowen et al. 2010; West et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010, West et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010, West et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Bowen et al. 2010; West et al. 2010). Combining isoscapes with other spatial data can provide a more mechanistic understanding of how energy and nutrients flow through the food web across a range of large scale physical gradients such as water clarity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-90-481-3354-3_20","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"West","given":"Jason B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dawson","given":"Todd E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Isoscapes","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"425-432","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","publisher-place":"Dordrecht","title":"Isoscapes in a Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Interconnected World","type":"chapter"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bowen et al. 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Bowen et al. 2010). Such data will also serve as valuable baseline data for future studies addressing the impact of nutrient loading, species invasion and climate change over broad spatial scales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.csr.2013.08.010","ISSN":"02784343","abstract":"The West Florida Shelf, located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, transitions from a eutrophic ecosystem dominated by the Mississippi River plume to mesotrophic and oligotrophic ecosystems off the coast of peninsular Florida. Three extensive trawl surveys in this region were used to acquire samples of fish muscle, benthic algae from sea urchin stomach contents, and filtered particulate organic matter (POM) to create ??13C and ??15N isoscapes. Muscle ??15N from three widely distributed fish species, Synodus foetens (inshore lizardfish), Calamus proridens (littlehead porgy), and Syacium papillosum (dusky flounder), exhibited strong longitudinal correlations (Pearson's r=-0.67 to -0.90, p<0.001) that coincided with the principal trophic gradient, whereas ??13C values of fish muscle and benthic algae were correlated with depth (Pearson's r=-0.34 to -0.73, p<0.05). Correlations between isotopic values and surface concentrations of chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon (POC) imply linkages between the isotopic baseline and transitions from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters. The ??13C depth gradient and the ??15N longitudinal gradient were consistent between seasons and years, providing a foundation for future stable isotope studies of animal migration in the Gulf of Mexico. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Radabaugh","given":"Kara R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hollander","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peebles","given":"Ernst B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Continental Shelf Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"112-122","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Seasonal d13C and d15N isoscapes of fish populations along a continental shelf trophic gradient","type":"article-journal","volume":"68"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Radabaugh et al. 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Radabaugh et al. 2013).Acknowledgements:We would like to thank Erin Wilcox, Patrick Anderson, Chris Houghton, Jeff Houghton, Austin Happel, Deborah Lichti, Sarah Creque-Thomas, Lee Henebry, and Carolyn Foley as well other technicians and graduate students responsible for collecting and analyzing samples. This work was supported by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative GL-00E00720-0, Wisconsin Sea Grant, and Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant and is publication YYYY-NN of the Quantitative Fisheries Center at Michigan State University.References:ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Allan, J.D. 2004. Landscapes and Riverscapes?: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol Evol Syst 35: 257–284.Auer, M.T., Tomlinson, L.M., Higgins, S.N., Malkin, S.Y., Howell, E.T., and Bootsma, H.A. 2010. Great Lakes Cladophora in the 21st century: same algae, different ecosystem. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 36: 248–255.Bailey, S.W., and Werdell, P.J. 2006. A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products. Remote Sens. Environ. 102(1–2): 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.015.Beletsky, D., Mason, D.M., Schwab, D.J., Rutherford, E.S., Janssen, J., Clapp, D.F., and Dettmers, J.M. 2007. 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Lakes Res 43(2): 239–247.Vander Zanden, M.J., and Rasmussen, J.B. 1999. Primary consumer d13C and d15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers. Ecology 80: 1395–1404.Supplementary material. Appendix 1.Table 1Seasonal Kd(490) sample size (number of cloud free images), median, and median absolute deviation (MAD) for 8 nearshore study sites (Fig 1) in 2010 (top), and 2011 (middle) as well as total Kd(490) sample size, median, and MAD for combined 2010 and 2011 images (bottom).Study Site Winter 10Spring 10Summer 10Fall 10nmedianMADnmedianMADnmedianMADnmedianMAD1. Sturgeon Bay380.110.04350.240.24460.210.20340.190.112. Milwaukee240.140.04240.130.06440.140.05370.140.033. Highland Park220.150.04330.140.05490.140.04330.140.034. Calumet150.170.05280.190.07440.240.09320.200.035. Michigan City120.100.04370.250.18530.200.16330.200.036. Saugatuck230.230.21332.562.95461.922.42320.250.167. Muskegon220.340.35313.403.99461.532.00220.390.368. Sleeping Bear310.110.05480.190.15540.340.29250.230.19Winter 11Spring 11Summer 11Fall 11nmedianMADnmeanMADnmedianMADnmedianMAD1. Sturgeon Bay340.100.03341.051.40521.882.53330.230.142. Milwaukee220.120.04230.190.09410.150.06330.140.053. Highland Park190.180.05230.160.06410.140.03360.150.054. Calumet80.140.09120.210.11320.260.10220.200.045. Michigan City140.230.05170.220.07420.270.13270.190.066. Saugatuck230.430.35241.401.43471.962.56290.180.067. Muskegon200.220.12261.341.44492.192.42280.260.118. Sleeping Bear240.100.03330.190.11550.320.29250.130.06OverallnmedianMAD1. Sturgeon Bay3060.200.172. Milwaukee2480.140.053. Highland Park2560.140.044. Calumet1930.200.065. Michigan City2350.210.116. Saugatuck2570.610.727. Muskegon2440.600.738. Sleeping Bear2950.200.15Fig. Captions:Fig. 1.Lake Michigan nearshore study sites overlaid on?Kd(490) (m-1) median and median absolute deviation (upper right inlay) derived from MODIS Aqua imagery acquired from Jan. 1, 2010 - Dec. 31, 2011 shown on the same color scale. Higher values and warmer colors indicate lower water clarity. Site names are as follows: 1) Sturgeon Bay, WI, 2) Milwaukee, WI, 3) Dead River, IL, 4)?Calumet, IL, 5) Michigan City, IN, 6) Saugatuck, MI, 7) Muskegon, MI, and 8) Good Harbor Bay, MI. Fig. 2. Mean ?13C (± sd, left panels) and ?15N (± sd, right panels) for round goby (a and b), yellow perch (c and d), spottail shiner (e and f), and alewife (g and h) at the eight study sites shown in Fig. 1. Sample sizes for each data point are shown.Fig. 3.?13C and ?15N mixing model predictions of dietary proportions as a function of total length (mm) for round goby at nearshore study sites 1-8. Lines represent the mean of the posterior probability distribution and the shaded area represent the bounds of the 95% credible interval of the predicted diet proportion. Line type and colors correspond to specific prey categories (Am+Is+Ch, amphipods, isopods, and chironomids; Qu (NS), nearshore quagga mussels; Qu (OS), offshore quagga mussels).Fig. 4.?13C and ?15N mixing model predictions of dietary proportions as a function of total length (mm) for yellow perch at nearshore study sites 1-8. Lines represent the mean of the posterior probability distribution and the shaded area represent the bounds of the 95% credible interval of the predicted diet proportion. Line type and colors correspond to specific prey categories (Alewife, Alewife; Am+Is+Ch, amphipods, isopods, and chironomids; R. Goby, Round Goby; NS Zoop, nearshore bulk zooplankton).Fig. 5.?13C and ?15N mixing model predictions of dietary proportions as a function of total length (mm) for spottail shiner at nearshore study sites 1-8. Lines represent the mean of the posterior probability distribution and the shaded area represent the bounds of the 95% credible interval of the predicted diet proportion. Line type and colors correspond to specific prey categories (Am+Is+Ch, amphipods, isopods, and chironomids; Qu (NS), nearshore quagga mussels; NS Zoop, nearshore bulk zooplankton).Fig. 6.?13C and ?15N mixing model predictions of dietary proportions as a function of total length (mm) for alewife at nearshore study sites 1-8. Lines represent the mean of the posterior probability distribution and the shaded area represent the bounds of the 95% credible interval of the predicted diet proportion. Line type and colors correspond to specific prey categories (Am+Is+Ch, amphipods, isopods, and chironomids; Li+My, Limnocalanus and Mysis; NS Zoop, nearshore bulk zooplankton; OS Clad, offshore cladocerans; OS Cop, offshore copepods). Fig. 7.Model predictions of the proportion of energy from pelagic sources as a function of Kd(490) for round goby (ROG: a-c), spottail shiner (STS: d-f), yellow perch (YEP: g-i) and alewife (ALE: j-l) at variable total lengths (mm). The range of Kd(490) values were selected to encompass the observed range in medians. Higher Kd(490) indicates lower water clarity. Solid lines represent the median of the posterior probability distribution and the shaded area represent the bounds of the 95% credible interval of the predicted pelagic energy proportion.left31813500Figure 1left35877500Figure 2left387350Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Appendix ATurschak, B.A., S. Czesny, J. C. Doll, B. K. Grunert, T. O. H??k, J. Janssen, and H. A. Bootsma. 2017. Spatial Variation in Trophic Structure of Nearshore Fishes in Lake Michigan as it Relates to Water Clarity.- Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 000: 000-000Fig. A1 Statistical range (2.5% and 97.5% quantiles, shaded gray) and median (black line) of NOMAD Rrs spectra relative to Lake Michigan Rrs spectra (red dashed lines) available on SeaBASS.Fig. A1 ................
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