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Reformation and Religious Wars Key ConceptsCh. 11-12Keep for the AP Exam!Late medieval reform movements in the Church created a momentum that propelled a new generation of 16th century reformers, such as Erasmus and Martin Luther. After 1517, when Luther posted his 95 theses attacking ecclesiastical abuses and the doctrines that spawned them, Christianity fragmented, even though religious uniformity remained the ideal. Some states, such as Spain and Portugal, which had recently expelled Muslims and Jews, held fast to this ideal. Others – notably the Netherlands and lands under Ottoman control which accepted Jewish refugees-did not. In central Europe, the Peace of Augsburg (1555) permitted each state of the Holy Roman Empire to be either Catholic or Lutheran at the option of the prince. By the late 16th century, northern European countries were generally Protestant and Mediterranean countries generally Catholic. To re-establish order after a period of religious warfare, France introduced limited toleration of the minority Calvinists within a Catholic kingdom (Edict of Nantes 1598, revoked in 1685). Differing conceptions of salvation, and the individual’s relationship to the church were at the heart of the conflicts among Luther, subsequent Protestant reformers such as Calvin and the Anabaptists, and the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church affirmed its traditional theology at the Council of Trent (1545-1563). Religious conflicts exacerbated long-standing political tensions between monarchs and nobility. Economic issues such as the power to tax and control ecclesiastical resources further heightened these clashes. All three motivations–religious, political and economic-contributed to the brutal and destructive Thirty Years’ War, which was ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648). The treaty established a new balance of power with a weakened Holy Roman Empire.Reformation and Religious ConflictsCh. 11-12These are the directions for every term list for every unit.Directions: I have divided your terms into three categories. You must define all the terms under the “Essential” heading. Choose five terms from the “Important” grouping. You are not required to turn in any work dealing with the “Good to Know” words. They are on this page as a guideline to help you study. Do not forget to answer the questions as well. If you have done your terms correctly the questions should be easy. **For full credit, you need to answer WHY the term is important, what are the consequences of the terms, what does that person, place or event, tell us about the time period? For example, if you define “Loyola” simply as a leader of the Jesuits not only will you earn a low grade on this assignment but you will not have enough information for the test. The tests are never simply matching. Who were the Jesuits, what was their impact, what do they tell us about religion during the 16th and 17th century?Suggestion: Keep all your terms to use for review before the AP exam.If you earn an “A” on a test you are exempt from the next term list and only need to answer the questions. If you fail a test you are required to complete ALL the terms/questions on the next term list.EssentialImportantGood to Know1. Martin Luther11. Politiques19. Guises2. Calvin/predestination12. Gutenburg20. piety3. Loyola/Jesuits13. Catherine de Medici21. ecclesiastical4. Henry VIII/Act of Supremacy14. Diet of Worms22. St. Teresa of Avila5. Charles V (Habsburgs)15. Treaty of Westphalia23. Schmalkaldic6. Henry IV/Edict of Nantes16. Indulgences League7. Peace of Augsburg17. Gustavus Adolphus8. Council of Trent18. Index of Prohibited Books 9. Huguenots19. Baroque10. Puritans20. TheocracyQuestions (50%)1. Use your textbook to discuss what impact the Reformation had on women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? What new factors and pressures affected relations between men and women, family size and child care during this period.2. Use a term to explain how religious reform increased state control of religious institutions.3. Use a term to explain how conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competition either within or among states.4. Give one example of how the efforts of the Habsburg rulers failed to restore Catholic unity across Europe. ................
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