Unit 3: EARTH’S MOTIONS



centercenterUnit 3: EARTH’S MOTIONSSTUDENT NOTES PACKETAbstractThis unit covers the motions of Earth in space, the consequences of those motions, and the evidence we have to support the fact that those motions are taking place. STUDENT NAME:____________________________________________9410077300Unit 3: EARTH’S MOTIONSSTUDENT NOTES PACKETAbstractThis unit covers the motions of Earth in space, the consequences of those motions, and the evidence we have to support the fact that those motions are taking place. STUDENT NAME:____________________________________________After Unit 3 you should be able to:Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the EarthApply the rates of rotation and revolution to basic problemsProvide evidence for rotation and revolutionUnderstand the causes of daily and seasonal observations as viewed from EarthRecognize the appropriate arcs of the Sun for the different seasonsRecall the dates for the solstices and equinoxesCalculate eccentricityDescribe the shape of an orbit using eccentricityUnderstand how the orbital velocity of an object is impacted by gravityUnderstand how stars in the night sky arc around PolarisUnit 3 vocabulary you should be able to use and understand: Real motionApparent motionAxisTiltRotationRate of RotationPolarisFoucault’s PendulumCoriolis EffectNorthern hemisphereSouthern hemisphereArcCelestial sphereConstellationEquatorRevolutionRate of RevolutionEllipseOrbitSeasonal constellationsTropic of CancerTropic of CapricornSummer SolsticeWinter SolsticeAutumnal EquinoxVernal EquinoxInsolationZenithHeliocentric modelEccentricityFociMajor AxisGravityVelocityOrbital velocityPeriod of RotationPeriod of RevolutionThis is the point in the course where we begin to narrow our focus to our home, Earth. This unit covers how Earth moves in our Solar System and what implications that has for observed phenomena here on Earth.The Tilt of EarthEarth’s ________________ is an imaginary line running through the _____________________________________________________________________The axis is tilted toward or away from the Sun ____________________________________ depending on the season255861314097000This tilt is held in place by the gravitational attraction between the Earth and MoonThe North Pole and PolarisThe North Pole points directly at the distant star ___________________________________For this reason we call Polaris the _______________________________________________Polaris is the only star that appears to remain stationary in the sky330958212544600203675009900463867522415500Locating Polaris in the SkyPolaris is part of the constellation the ___________________________________________ or ____________________________________________The two stars at the leading edge of the _____________________________________________ (Ursa Major) are pointer stars and they line up pointing towards PolarisEarth’s Two Motions__________________________________________ of the Earth on its axis__________________________________________ of the Earth around the Sun28845165068500Rotation of EarthRotation is also called _____________________The Earth completes one rotation every 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds (____________________________)89598533337500Since one complete spin is 360O, the rate of rotation is ____________________________________Rotational DirectionThe Earth rotates from _____________________________________________________________________________This is a ______________________________________________________________ looking down at the _______________________________________ or to the right when looking at an equatorial view of the EarthThe __________________________________________________ directly at the distant star,_____________________38125404384300137831013144500Evidence Supporting Rotation________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________40430454826000Changing Path of Foucault’s PendulumA freely swinging pendulum should not change path unless a force is acting on itFoucault demonstrated that a freely swinging pendulum _____________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________480060223175800The Coriolis EffectThe _____________________________________________________ is the deflection of objects and fluids from a straight-line path in a rotating system The deflection is to the _________________________ in the _________________________________ __________________________________________ and to the _______________________ in the __________________________________________________________________________________46780456794500Since the Earth is rotating, objects in motion on the surface of the Earth become deflected53492405397500Daily / Nightly Changes Caused by RotationWe observe many changes in the sky over a daily time period caused by the rotation of Earth, including:___________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Directional MovementThe counterclockwise rotation of Earth causes _______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4646295320040002330450311785001505030797500Additionally, the stars arc around Polaris counterclockwise5270160210500 435195243700The Other Real Motion: Revolution__________________________________________________________________ in a slightly ____________________________________________________________ once a year_____________________________________________________________It takes Earth __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________The rate is approximately ________________________________________360o / 365.25 days = 1o per dayWhat is the best evidence that indicates that revolution actually takes place?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Change in Seasonal ConstellationsBecause of the Earth’s change in position around the Sun, ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The constellations that are ____________________ are on the _________________________________________________ (pointing away from the Sun)Observable Changes Caused by Revolution____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4588320000Seasonal Arcs of the Sun: SummerThe direct rays of the Sun strike different parts of the Earth depending on the date_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 457625526543000On this date, the Sun rises North of East and sets North of West, giving us the longest day and longest arc in the skySeasonal Arcs of the Sun: Spring and Autumn______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________On this date, the Sun rises due East and sets due West, giving us an equal day and night arc length46843957429500Seasonal Arcs of the Sun: Winter______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________On this date, the Sun rises South of East and sets South of West, giving us a very short arc and the shortest day of the yearConsequences of Tilt and Revolution of the Earth The combination of these elements results in the ______________________________________________________________. Contrary to popular belief, we are not closer to the Sun in the Summer, actually we are closer in the Winter.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Important Dates________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describing OrbitsThe shape of an orbit can be described using the equation for eccentricity.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gravitational attraction causes the planets to travel in nearly circular pathsThe _______________________ is considered one of the ________________________ in an elliptical path of a planetEccentricityIf ___________________________________________ is equal to ______, then the path is a _________________________The path becomes ____________________________________ moving away from zero and _______________________________________How is eccentricity calculated?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Orbital Velocities________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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