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SPECIES FACT SHEETScientific Name: Phaeocollybia oregonensis A.H. Smith & Trappe 1972Synonym: Phaeocollybia carmanahensis Redhead & Norvell 1993Division: BasidiomycotaSubdivision: AgaricomycotinaClass: AgaricomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: HymenogastraceaeType: A.H. Smith 28420 (MICH) October 30, 1947, Larch Mountain, Multnomah County Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon.Technical Description: Sporocarp a gilled mushroom. Cap (2)3–11 cm wide; conic-convex becoming broadly bell-shaped to plane and acutely umbonate; margin initially inrolled becoming incurved to straight; glabrous, smooth, viscid to glutinous, opaque; drab to pinkish or purple-brown; flesh relatively thick, cartilaginous, very pale, becoming concolorous with cap surface. Gills crowded, narrow to broad, edges even becoming serrulate or eroded; pale gray, becoming yellow-brown or drab. Stipe above-ground portion 4–8 cm long, 0.7–2.0 cm at apex, total length including below-ground (pseudorhiza) portion >21 cm, the pseudorhiza comprising 50% to 75% of the total length; above-ground portion equal or tapering downward, rarely swollen from proliferating pith, dry, longitudinally striate; pseudorhiza tapering downward to a blunt base; solid, with cartilaginous rind up to 0.2 cm thick, stuffed with pale pith turning orange-brown upon exposure; grey-pink or drab at apex, grading downward to greyish red-brown or purple-brown at ground level, bruising orange-brown, pseudorhiza dark grey-brown to red-brown. Veil present as scattered, drab fibrillose patches on above-ground portion of stipe. Odor farinaceous or of cucumbers. Taste usually farinaceous and bitter. Cap cuticle two-layered; the upper layer ≈200 ?m thick, of radially aligned, narrow (up to 5 ?m wide), hyaline hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix; the lower layer ≈200 ?m thick, of wider (6–10 ?m wide), somewhat thicker-walled, gelatinized hyphae with incrusting brownish (KOH) pigments. Cheilocystidia abundant, originating deep within the lamellar trama, forming a nearly sterile gill edge; length variable and indeterminate, up to 5–6(8) ?m wide at apex; narrowly clavate, often developing apical extensions with age; thin-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Basidia 28–36 × 6–6.5 ?m; clavate, four-spored, hyaline to brownish. Spores 5.4–7.5 × 3.5–5 ?m; ellipsoidal, asymmetrical in profile, bullet-shaped in face view; virtually smooth, but sparsely punctate roughened as viewed only under high magnification; dextrinoid, in KOH golden-brown; spore print color dull yellowish cinnamon. Clamp connections very rare (Smith & Trappe 1972); true clamps absent, ‘pseudoclamps’ near septa (Norvell & Exeter 2008). Distinguishing Characters: Characterized by the 1) robust stature, 2) viscid, drab to pinkish or purple-brown, conic or convex to campanulate cap with margins that become incurved to straight, 3) cartilaginous, stuffed stipe with grey-pink or drab apex, extending deep into the ground as a pseudorhiza, 4) pale grey gills, and 5) relatively small, ellipsoidal, virtually smooth spores that are bullet-shaped in face view. Similar Species: Species of Phaeocollybia are distinguished by their terrestrial sporocarps with cartilaginous stipes, pseudorhizae that are often reminiscent of plant roots, brownish spore prints, and typically viscid to glutinous and conic to campanulate caps. Care must be taken to retrieve the fragile pseudorhiza: dig specimens out of the ground or grasp the stipe as low as possible and gently pull directly upward. Phaeocollybia oregonensis can be difficult to identify. At least eight collections submitted to ISSSSP tentatively as P. oregonensis were later redetermined to be other species. At least one additional collection was submitted to ISSSSP tentatively as a species other than P. oregonensis but later determined to be P. oregonensis. Similar species of Phaeocollybia include:Phaeocollybia benzokauffmanii is generally larger overall, retains an inrolled margin throughout all growth stages, and has larger, limoniform, verruculose to verrucose spores.Phaeocollybia kauffmanii often grows to larger sizes and has orangish caps, margins that remain inrolled throughout all growth stages, and larger, verruculose and verrucose spores.Phaeocollybia lilacifolia has a tawny to dark brown cap, lilac to violet gills, and larger, limoniform to almond-shaped, rugulose-verruculose spores.Phaeocollybia rifflipes has a much less robust stature, a tawny to dark grown, heavily glutinous, and hygrophanous cap, and larger, limoniform, verruculose to rugulose-verruculose spores.Life History: Sporocarps are produced gregariously in fall and are terrestrial. It is presumed to be ectomycorrhizal. It is dependent on wind for dispersal of spores, but dispersal by animals is also possible.Range, Distribution, and Abundance: Phaeocollybia oregonensis is known from Oregon and British Columbia. In Oregon, it is known from five sites in the West Cascades ecoregion, nine sites in the Coast Range ecoregion, and one site in the Klamath Mountains ecoregion. These tallies take into account that many of the database records represent collections taken from the same location (namely Larch Mountain (Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area) and Wildcat Mountain (T3S R6E S23, Mount Hood National Forest); multiple records from the same location were counted as one site in the above tallies. The ISSSSP voucher tracking sheet (2019) shows two additional verified sites: one general location in T20S R6W S23 (Siuslaw Resource Area, Northwest Oregon BLM (the border between the Willamette Valley and Coast Range ecoregions runs in this section) and one presumably in the Coast Range ecoregion (R. Exeter, Mary’s Peak Resource Area, Northwest Oregon District BLM). Not all NRIS and GeoBOB records have associated verification data. The tracking sheet only covers collections from 2004 to present. Therefore, it is uncertain if all GeoBOB and NRIS sites have been verified. All MyCoPortal collections were collected by or verified by experts (L. Norvell, A.H. Smith). Given the difficulty in identifying Phaeocollybia oregonensis, all collections should be verified through experts and/or genetic analysis.National Forests and BLM Districts in Oregon and Washington: Documented from the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Siuslaw and Mount Hood National Forests and Northwest Oregon, Coos Bay, and Medford BLM Districts. Habitat Associations: Found in montane and coastal forests west of the Cascade crest, under Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and species of Abies. Phaeocollybia oregonensis has an affinity for late-successional and old-growth forests but at least one location has been found in a younger stand. It occurs in Western Hemlock (64%), Pacific Silver Fir (21%), Sitka Spruce (7%), and Douglas Fir (7%), vegetation zones (ISSSSP 2014). Elevation ranges from 700 to 4400 feet and slopes and aspects vary.Threats: Primary threats to populations of Phaeocollybia oregonensis include activities resulting in the loss of overstory, removal of potential host tree species, compaction or other soil disturbances, and removal of litter, duff, and coarse woody debris. Natural and human-induced fires are also a threat, especially those with high heat intensity at ground level or resulting in tree mortality. Potentially threatening activities include logging, fuels management, wildfire, and construction of roads, parking lots, campgrounds, and trails. The above threats can each have negative effects on the fungal mycelium, the tree roots with which it associates, and sporocarp production. The loss of or damage to mycelium or associated root structures can result in extirpation or reduced population size, while reduction of sporocarp production can result in negative effects on reproduction and spore dispersal.Conservation Considerations: Conduct pre-disturbance surveys. Implement accepted multi-visit protocols to increase the likelihood of sporocarp detection. Revisit known sites to confirm presence but realize that an unsuccessful detection of sporocarps does not necessarily mean that a given population has been extirpated; the mycelium can still be present though not producing sporocarps during a given year. Buffer documented sites from land management activities that would result in soil disturbance or loss of overstory or host species. Consider incorporation of patch retention areas (as described in Standards and Guidelines 1994, C-41). Protect known sites from OHV use. Protect known sites from wildfire when and where feasible. Consider habitat enhancement projects at known sites, such as the careful removal of overstocked non-host species. When conducting management activities in high-potential habitat, consider leaving all or most potential host trees (especially those of older ages and larger sizes), minimize soil disturbance (especially compaction), retain as much coarse woody debris as possible, and consider creating additional coarse woody debris. With fuel reduction projects, retain ample ground litter, and avoid high-intensity fires. Consider prescribing controlled burns during spring, after months of higher precipitation and cooler temperatures, thereby potentially reducing burn severity and related impacts on mycorrhizal fungi. Prior to burning, consider mechanically removing excess fuels from areas that have not experienced fire for a long period of time. Conservation Status: Global: G2; National: N2; Oregon: S2, ORBIC List 1, Sensitive; Washington: not ranked.(The above ranks are from ORBIC (2019) and the Oregon/Washington State Director Special Status Species List, February 25, 2019)Other Pertinent Information (includes references to Survey Protocols, etc):The current fungal survey protocol is found at the ISSSSP website: fungal survey protocol for Survey and Manage is found at the Survey and Manage website:: Scot LoringDate Completed: January 20, 2020Knowledgeable Contacts:Lorelei Norvell, Editor-in-Chief of Mycotaxon, the International Journal of Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature, and President of the Pacific Northwest Mycology Service.Ron Exeter, Botanist, Mary’s Peak Resource Area, Northwest Oregon District BLM (ret)Steve Trudell, Affiliate Professor, College of Forest Resources, University of WashingtonJoe Ammirati, Dept of Biology, University of WashingtonMike Castellano, Research Forester, Corvallis Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USFSReferences:Aurora, D. 1986. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. Berkeley, CA.Castellano, M.A. and T. O’Dell. Management Recommendations for Survey and Manage Fungi, V. 2.0. 1997. , M.A., J.E. Smith, T. O’Dell, E. Cazares, and S. Nugent. 1999. Handbook to Strategy 1 Fungal Species in the Northwest Forest Plan. PNW-GTR-476. , J. and K. Grenier. 2008. Annotated Bibliography of Information Potentially Pertaining to Management of Rare Fungi on the Special Status Species List for California, Oregon and Washington. R6 USFS and OR/WA BLM Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP). Fungorum. 2020. . Accessed December 23, 2020.Interagency Special Status and Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP). 2014. Summary of Habitat Data for OR & WA Sensitive Fungal Taxa. Special Status and Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP). 2019. Voucher Tracking Sheet, October 2019.MyCoPortal. 2020. . Accessed on December 23, 2020.Norvell, L.L. and S.A. Redhead. 2000.?Phaeocollybia?in western North America 2: the vernal?P. pleurocystidiata?sp. nov. and?P. carmanahensis?reconsidered. Mycologia 92(5): 984-991.Norvell, L.L. and R.L. Exeter. 2008. Phaeocollybia of Pacific Northwest North America. USDI BLM/OR/WA/GI-08/100-1792. Salem, Oregon. Norvell, L.L. 1998. PhD Dissertation: The Biology and Taxonomy of Pacific Northwest species of Phaeocollybia Heim (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae). University of Washington. Seattle, Washington. Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC). 2019. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species of Oregon. Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Portland, Oregon. Smith, A.H. and J.M. Trappe 1972. The Higher Fungi of Oregon’s Cascade Head Experimental Forest and Vicinity I. The Genus Phaeocollybia (Agaricales) and Notes and Descriptions of Other Species in the Agaricales. Mycologia 64: 114. Smith, J.E., D. McKay, G. Brenner, J. McIver, and J.W. Spatafora. 2005. Early impacts of forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in a mixed conifer forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 42(3): 526–535.Trappe, M.J., K. Cromack, Jr., J.M. Trappe, D.B. Perrakis, E. Cazares, M.A. Castellano, and S.L. Miller. 2009. Interactions among prescribed fire, soil attributes, and mycorrhizal community structure at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA. Fire Ecology 5(2): 30-50.PhotosFigure 1. Phaeocollybia oregonensis Photo courtesy of L.L. NorvelFigure 2. Phaeocollybia oregonensis Photo courtesy of Ron ExeterFigure 3. Phaeocollybia rifflipes (for comparison) Photo courtesy of Scot LoringFigure 4. Phaeocollybia benzokauffmanii (for comparison) Photo courtesy of Scot LoringFigure 5. Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (for comparison) Photo courtesy of Scot LoringFigure 6. Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (for comparison) Photo courtesy of Scot Loring ................
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