Ms. Chapman's Class (Pre-AP)



Pre-AP ELA 1 Fall 2017 Parts of Speech ReviewAll words fall under one of nine categories, according to their function; we call those categories parts of speech. It is important for you to have a deep and thorough understanding of parts of speech so that you are prepared for more complex linguistic structures – phrases, clauses, and sentences.Here are the things that I want you to understand about parts of speech:NOUNSA noun a word used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things, and ideas. They are usually capitalized. Common nouns refer to general people, places, things, and ideas.Practice: Which of the following words need to be capitalized? Make the necessary corrections.the amazon riverjulius caesarcabbagejealousyhoodiethe denver broncosceiling tileempire state buildingecuadoramericanthe hot zoneoak treeThere are spelling rules for turning a singular noun into a plural.For most words, simply add an “s” to the end.For most words ending in “y,” remove the “y” and add “ies.”For words ending in “o” or “s,” add “es.”For words ending in “us,” change the “us” to “i.”For most words ending in “f” or “fe,” remove the “f” or “fe” and add “ves.”Practice: Change the following words into plurals, making sure to spell them correctly.cupcharityglasscactuswolflifeThe word “fewer” is used for nouns that you can count; the word “less” is used for nouns that you cannot count.Practice: Select the correct word for the sentences below.Children often have (fewer, less) common sense than adults.You may use the express checkout lane if you have (fewer, less) than 15 items.(Fewer, Less) people were killed in the Revolutionary War than in the Civil War.His doctor says that it is important for him to eat (fewer, less) salt.In general, writers should try to avoid gender bias in their writing by choosing nouns that do not exclude one gender.Practice: Correct the sentences below.One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.A nurse should check on her patients at least once an hour.ARTICLESAn article a word that indicates one specific noun, or a nonspecific, general noun. There are only three words in English that are articles: “a,” “an,” (indefinite articles – used for nonspecific nouns) and “the” (definite article – used for specific nouns).Practice: Choose the correct article for the sentences below.Please hand me (a, an, the) red book from the shelf.(A, An, The) good friend is hard to find, so if you have one, treat him or her well.Is there (a, an, the) elephant at the zoo?VERBSA verb is a word used to express action or a state of being. “Conjugation” refers to verbs changing form. The form that the verb takes depends on several things:person (first – “I” and “we”; second “you”; and third “he, she, it, and they”)number (singular and plural)time, or tense (the time in which a verb takes place past, present, and future)Practice: Fill in the charts below with the correct conjugations of the verbs.to destroy (regular verb)PresentPastFutureI we I we Iweyouyou youyou youyouhe, she, it they he, she, it they he, she, ittheyto fight (irregular verb)PresentPastFutureI we I we Iweyouyou youyou youyouhe, she, it they he, she, it they he, she, ittheyto be (irregular verb)PresentPastFutureI we I we Iweyouyou youyou youyouhe, she, it they he, she, it they he, she, ittheyPractice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentences below.Yesterday evening I (go, goed, went) to a concert.When the police question him about the accident, he (tell, tells, told, telled) them the truth.Next week I (take, taked, took, will take) a vacation to the Grand Canyon.It is important to make sure that the form of the verb matches (agrees with) its subject. This is usually easy to do, but there are some situations in which it gets pound subjects (a subject with two or more nouns or pronouns) connected with the word “and” use the plural forms of verbs.Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.Lena and Alejandro (decorate, decorates) the Christmas pound subjects with more than one singular noun or pronoun connected with the words “or” or “nor” use the singular forms of verbs.Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.My mom or my dad (pick, picks) me up from school every day.The following indefinite pronouns are singular and use the singular forms of verbs: each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one.Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentences below.When the teacher asks for volunteers to present first, nobody (say, says) anything.Everybody (is, are) happy that we have two weeks of vacation coming up.When my mom asked me if I wanted pasta or rice for dinner, I told her either (was, were) fine.The following indefinite pronouns are plural and use the plural forms of verbs: both, few, many, several, others.Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.Although many people want to compete in the Olympics, few (earn, earns) a spot on the team.Even though most of the citizens support the Governor, others (feel, feels) he should step down.I have a hard time deciding between ice cream and cake because both (is, are) so delicious.Distances, periods of time, and sums of money take the singular forms of verbs.Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.Seven dollars (is, are) a lot to charge for a cup of coffee.Two miles (seems, seem) like a long distance when you are walking in uncomfortable shoes.Two minutes (is, are) all you need to make a cup of tea using a microwave.Some plural nouns act as a unit and therefore take the singular forms of verbs. These include: “news,” “measles,” “mumps,” and subjects such as “mathematics,” “gymnastics,” “civics,” and “statistics.”Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.Measles (is, are) a highly infectious diseases – every person who gets it spreads it to 20 others.When I was in elementary school, mathematics (was, were) my most challenging subject.Kwame does not like to study when the news (is, are) playing on the television.Some plural nouns act as a unit, but take the plural form of the verb. These include: “scissors,” “pants,” “glasses,” etc. (Note that if you use the words “pair of” in front of “pants” or “glasses,” you need a singular verb.)Practice: Choose the correct form of the verb for the sentence below.Ouch! These scissors (is, are) sharp!My favorite pants (feel, feels) very comfortable.That pair of glasses (is, are) less expensive if you buy it at Wal-Mart.All verbs within the same text (or segment of a text) should be in the same tense (time). (This is called consistency of tense.)Practice: Correct the paragraph below to show consistency of tense.In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there are pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops go by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too are dusty and the leaves fall early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves. (A Farwell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway)The emphatic form of a verb is created by adding the helping verb “do” in front of the main verb.Practice: Explain the difference between the following pairs of sentences.I love you. / I do love you.He wants to learn. / He does want to learn.We left the house on time. / We did leave the house on time.ADJECTIVESAdjectives are words that modify (describe; to change the meaning of through additional information) a noun or pronoun.When deciding whether to use commas to separate a list of adjectives, you need to determine whether the adjectives are coordinate (the order of the adjectives is not important, and the meaning of the sentence would stay the same even if you rearranged them) or noncoordinate (the sentence would not make sense or would sound strange if you rearranged the order of the adjectives). Coordinate adjectives require commas; noncoordinate adjectives do not.Practice: Add commas, when necessary, to separate the adjectives in the sentences below.The sleepy grouchy child cried when she had to get out of bed.Forty-five angry animal-rights protesters gathered outside of the White House.My old tattered Biology textbook is under my parative and superlative adjectives indicate that a noun has more or the most of some quality. Here is a chart for forming comparative and superlative adjectives:kind of adjectivecomparativesuperlativeone syllableadd “er,” “ier,” or “r” to the end of the wordadd “est,” “iest,” or “st” to the end of the wordtwo syllablesadd “er,” “ier,” or “r” to the end of the word (usually)add “est,” “iest,” or “st” to the end of the word (usually)three syllablesadd “more” in front of the wordadd “most” in front of the wordPractice: Choose the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective in the sentence below.The (beautifulest, most beautiful) gemstone in the world is the sapphire.I think chemistry is (harder, more hard) than biology.For the (freshest, most fresh) vegetables, visit your local farmers’ market.One special instance of adjective usage is the choice between “farther” (for literal distance) and “further” (for metaphorical distance).Practice: Choose the correct form of the adjective for the sentences below.A hybrid vehicle can travel (farther, further) on a single tank of gasoline.You will be able to go (farther, further) in your career if you can speak a second language.If it is possible for you to replace an adjective and a vague noun with a more specific noun, you should do so – it will make your writing clearer and more concise.Practice: Revise the following sentences by eliminating unnecessary adjectives and, when possible, replacing vague nouns with more precise ones.The young children carved a round, orange pumpkin into a jack-o-lantern for Halloween.The rich man lives in an enormous house.ADVERBSAdverbs are words used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Many, but not all, adverbs end in “-ly.”When trying to figure out if a word is being used as an adverb, ask yourself these questions:Does it describe how something is done?Does it describe where something is done?Does it describe how something is done?Does it describe to what extent or how much something is done?Does it describe how often something is done?Practice: Circle the adverbs in the following sentences; draw arrows to what they are modifying.President Theodore Roosevelt famously advised: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”We left very late for the party.It is extremely important that you always check your Scantron to make sure you have bubbled correctly.Just like adjectives, it is best to use a more precise verb over a general verb with an adverb.Practice: Revise the following sentences by eliminating unnecessary adjectives and, when possible, replacing vague nouns with more precise ones.Marco ran quickly after the bus and shouted loudly at the driver to stop.“Give me the phone!” Raquel said angrily.Make sure that you only use adjectives to modify nouns and adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.Practice: Revise the following sentence by changing adjectives into adverbs, where necessary.If you study good, you will score high on your test.PRONOUNSA pronoun is a word that replaces or stands in for a noun (or another pronoun).The noun that a pronoun replaces is called the antecedent.Practice: Circle the antecedents in the following sentences and draw arrows to their pronouns.After Carmen won the lottery, she quit her job.Romeo and Juliet wanted to get married, but their parents thought they were not a good match.You spend so much time talking to Dedric that I wonder if you like him more than me.Personal pronouns help the reader of a sentence identify what kind of person (first, second, or third) is discussed in a sentence. The form of the pronoun changes depending on its function in the sentence. Subjects in a sentences are the things performing an action; objects are things on the receiving-end of the action.SingularPluralFunction in SentenceSubjectPossessivePossessiveObjectSubjectPossessivePossessiveObjectFirst PersonImyminemeweouroursusSecond PersonyouyouryoursyouyouyouryoursyouThird Personhe, she, ithis, hers, itshis, hers, itshim, her, ittheytheirtheirsthemPractice: Circle the correct pronouns for each of the following sentences.Juliana and (I, me) are walking to the library after school.When Ricky gave (she, her) the present, Michelle smiled and said “thank you.”When my mom and dad go on vacation, (they, them) leave (we, us) behind.Reflexive pronouns are usually used as object pronouns when the subject and object of a sentence are the same entity (that is, when the subject’s action reflects back on itself).SingularPluralFirst PersonmyselfourselvesSecond PersonyourselfyourselvesThird Personhimself, herself, itselfthemselvesPractice: Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns.The electrician shocked __________ when she accidentally touched a live wire.If you turn your phone off at night, you will be doing __________ a favor by making sure you are rested.We found __________ stranded when our car ran out of gasoline.Interrogative pronouns are placeholders for things whose identity we don’t know. They are used in questions.subjectobjectpersonwhowhomthingwhatperson or thingwhichpossessivewhosePractice: Circle the correct pronouns for the sentences below.(Who, Whom) is the most famous of all of the United States Presidents?To (who, whom) did you give your paper?My seventh grade teacher was the person (who, whom) influenced me to become an engineer.(Who, whom) can you trust with a secret?CONJUNCTIONSA conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words.There are three kinds of conjunctions that you need to know:Coordinating conjunctions connect two or more words. These are the FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) that you probably learned in elementary school.Subordinating conjunctions connect two or more words, but they also indicate that one part of the sentence is less important. There are many subordinating conjunctions; here are some of the most common ones:afteralthoughasbecausebeforeeven ifeven thoughifin order thatonceprovided thatrather thansinceso thatthanthatthoughunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereaswhereverwhetherwhilewhyPractice: Circle the conjunctions in the sentences below; label them as “coordinating” or “subordinating.”My mother gave me twenty dollars for my allowance since I finished all of my chores this week.Maurice wanted to go to the party but he had to stay home and study for a test.When you go to the grocery store, make sure to pick up more coffee and cream.The President threatened to veto the bill unless Congress included funds for education.We went hiking and we played basketball so we will be very hungry tonight.Because I planted a garden, I expect to spend lots of time outside this spring.A dog might bite you if it feels threatened.Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words:not only… but alsoeither… orneither… norboth… andwhether… orPractice: Fill in the blanks with the correct correlative conjunctions in the sentences below.When you leave the house, you should __________ turn out the lights __________ lock the doors.__________ you succeed __________ fail in life depends largely on how hard you work.__________ Lin __________ Stefan wanted to be the one to have to take out the garbage.PREPOSITIONSA preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word. They can describe relationships in terms of time, place, or subject matter. Here are some common prepositions.aboutaboveaccording toacrossafteragainstalongalong withamongapart fromaroundasas foratbecause ofbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebetweenbeyondbutbyby means ofconcerningdespitedownduringexceptexcept forexceptingforfrominin addition toin back ofin case ofin front ofin place ofinsidein spite ofinstead ofintolikenearnextofoffonontoon top ofoutout ofoutsideoverpastregardingroundsincethroughthroughouttilltotowardunderunderneathunlikeuntilupuponup towithwithinwithoutPractice: Circle the prepositions in the sentences below; next to each preposition, write whether it is demonstrating a relationship in terms of time, place, or subject matter.During the basketball game on Friday night, I sat behind someone I knew from elementary school.Unlike my brother, I enjoy reading books about history while I am on vacation.Around midnight I checked underneath my bed for monsters.Some words can function either as prepositions or subordinating conjunctions; in those instances, you should analyze the function that the word is performing in the sentence.Practice: Identify whether the bolded words below are being used as conjunctions or prepositions.I bought a present for my mother, for it was her birthday.Everyone but Franklin had a date for the prom, but Franklin decided to go by himself.Although rules of usage are evolving, traditionally writers and editors have avoided ending sentences with prepositions as a matter of clarity. You should be aware that some teachers in your later high school years and college might require you to abide by this rule.Practice: Revise the following sentences so that they do not end with prepositions.Where are you going to?What is the book about?Whom is the present for?INTERJECTIONSAn interjection is a word used to express a particular emotion on the part of the speaker. Here is a list of some interjections.ackahahaahemalasarghawwbamblahbood’ohduhgeegollygoodnessgoshhaheyhmmhuhmehoopsouchphewpleaseughwhatwhoawhoopswowyayyikesPractice: Circle the interjections in the sentences below; write what effect they have on the sentence.Phew – I just got done running a marathon!Hmm, I don’t know where I left my keys.Broccoli lasagna is my least-favorite meal, and I just found out we are having it for dinner – ugh!I was walking and texting at the same time, and – bam! – I smacked into a light post.Aww, what an adorable baby!We have been sitting in traffic for three hours – argh!FURTHER STUDYINGBe able to match all bolded terms in this review to their definitions.Be able to identify parts of speech as used in a sentence.Be able to identify errors in usage of parts of speech.Be able to use parts of speech plete the exercises on the back of this page.(OVER)Practice: Write your own original sentences below.Write a sentence about your summer reading nonfiction book that demonstrates your knowledge of proper nouns and capitalization.Write a sentence summarizing the plot of your summer reading novel; afterwards, circle all of the pronouns and draw arrows connecting them to their antecedents.Write a sentence about Katniss’s character using a subordinating conjunction; circle the subordinating conjunction.Write a sentence about the symbolism in The Odyssey using a coordinating conjunction; circle the coordinating conjunction.Write a sentence about any of the books that we have read this year that contains a mistake in gender bias.Write a sentence about The Odyssey using a third-person singular feminine object pronoun. Circle that pronounWrite a sentence about The Odyssey using a third-person singular feminine subject pronoun. Circle that pronoun.Explain when you should use “who” and when you should use “whom” in your own words.Write a sentence about The Joy Luck Club using the word “whom” correctly.Explain when you should use “fewer” and when you should use “less” in your own words.Write a sentence about The Joy Luck Club using the word “fewer” correctly.Explain what the emphatic form of a verb is and when you should use it.Write a sentence about your summer reading novel using the emphatic form of a verb. Underline that verb.Explain when you should use “farther” and when you should use “further” in your own words.Write a sentence about The Odyssey using the word “further” correctly.Explain what consistency of tense is and why it is important in your own words.Write a sentence about your summer reading novel that is NOT consistent in tense.Explain when you should use commas to separate a series of adjectives.Write a sentence about your summer reading novel with a series of adjectives that requires separation with commas.Write a sentence about The Odyssey with a series of adjectives that does NOT require separation with commas. ................
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