Unit 6: Extra Topics - Ms. Drury's Flipped Chemistry Classes



Organic Chemistry, Heat, Gases, Rates, Acids and Bases, Nuclear Chemistry-14287566675000 6477006184900003257550384175000-2986405294005000Topic A: Organic Chemistry1Methane CH42Ethane C2H6Ethene C2H4Ethyne C2H2345678910How many carbon atoms are in each compound?Methane ____Ethane ____Ethene ____Pentane ____Propene ____Hexane ____Ethyne ____Propane ____Heptane ____Octane ____Decane ____Butyne ____Butane ____Propyne ____Butene ____For each compound fill in each blank:Number of Carbon atoms Series FormulaMethane__________________________________Butane__________________________________Propyne__________________________________Pentane__________________________________Octane__________________________________Heptene__________________________________Propene__________________________________Butyne__________________________________Decane__________________________________Nonane__________________________________Heptane__________________________________Ethyne__________________________________Hexyne__________________________________Ethane__________________________________How many times does carbon bond and why?For each of the following, draw the structural formula and then name the compound.C2H6________________C5H10________________C6H12________________C7H12________________C9H20________________C2H2________________C8H16________________C4H8________________C10H18________________C5H8________________C6H14________________C9H16________________For each of the following use tables P and Q to determine the name.CH4________________C10H20________________C3H4________________C8H18________________C5H12________________C9H18________________C2H6________________C4H6________________C7H16________________C6H12________________Functional GroupsFor each of the following identify the functional group and then name the compound using table R.Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Functional Group: _____________Name : ______________________Organic ReactionsMatch the reaction to its name:___ 1. Additiona. C13H28 C8H18 + C2H4 + C3H6___ 2. Substitutionb. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H20___ 3. Combustionc. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3 NaOH C3H5(OH)3 + 3C17H35COONa___ 4. Crackingd. C6H12O6 C2H5OH +CO2___ 5. Polymerizatione. n(CH2CH2) (CH2CH2)n___ 6. Fermentationf. C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl___ 7. Esterificationg. C3H6COOH + C2H5OH C3H6COOC2H5 + H2O___ 8. Saponificationh. C3H6 + I2 C3H6I2Name the reaction:A saturated alkane reacts with fluorine Small alkene chains connect to form larger alkane chainsSugar is decomposed to form an alcoholLarge hydrocarbons are heated and break into smaller fragmentsAn unsaturated hydrocarbon reacts with bromineAn alcohol and an organic acid are reactedA base is added to a fat molecule to form a soapHydrocarbons are burned in the presence of oxygenAnother name for hydrogenation*Another name for halogenation*1. How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of octane?2. Write an IUPAC name of one saturated hydrocarbon that leaves the fractionating tower at less than 40°C.3. Describe the relationship between the strength of the intermolecular forces and the number of carbon atoms in the different hydrocarbon molecules.4. State the trend between the boiling point of the hydrocarbons contained in the crude oil and the number of carbon atoms in these ic B: HeatHeat Table I1. Are the following endo or exothermic?CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O_____ 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O + 1452kJ _____H2 + I2 2HI_____The dissolving of NaOH_____25.69kJ + NH4NO3 NH4+ + NO3-_____The dissolving of LiBr_____2. Circle the more stable compound in each pair:H2O(g) OR H2O(l)NH3 OR Al2O3HI OR NOC2H6 OR C2H43. Circle the compound which is more likely to form in each pair:CO2 from elements OR CO2 from CONO OR NO2C2H6 OR C2H2NH3 OR HI4. Will the following feel hot or cold?Dissolving KNO3_____________Dissolving LiBr _____________Burning CH4 in O2_____________Forming Al2O3 _____________2216785564324500Specific HeatSpecific heat is defined as the amount of heat (in _____) needed to raise ____ gram of a substance ____?C. Every substance has its own specific heat depending on the bonds and forces it has.When you wake up in the morning and touch the floor, at first the carpet feels warm. The wood floor in the hallway is a bit chilly, but the tile floor in the bathroom is FREEZING! However, your whole house is probably 68?F. What quality is different about each of these surfaces? Which has the highest specific heat?At the park, why do you tend to steer clear of metal benches and prefer wooden picnic benches? Which has a lower specific heat?Based on the specific heat values in the table below, why do Al, Cu, Au, Fe and Hg have very low values? (What do they have in common?) 41973813284800Based on your answer to question 2 do you expect wood to have a higher or lower specific heat than these substances and why?Glass is often called an insulator because it has a ___________ specific heat.Heat CalculationsDefine the following terms with units:q: ________________c: ____________________m: ________________ ΔT: ___________________Answer the following questions using the heat formula. Show work with units and significant figures.How many Joules of energy are needed to change the temperature of 100.0 grams of water from 20.0C to 40.0C?How many joules of energy are needed to change the temperature of 15.0 grams of water from 35.0C to 75.0C?How many joules of heat must be released in order to change the temperature of 50.0 grams of air (specific heat 1.01 J/gC) from 35.0C to 25.0C?___________________________________________________________________________334137017653000Base answers to questions 4-5 on the diagram:How much heat is added to change the substance from the coldest to the warmestpure liquid state?How much heat will need to be added to the same sample in order to raise the temperature from 20.0C to 40.0C? (Notice this is not on the graph, you must calculate it based on your answers above.)Heat of Vaporization and FusionHeat of Fusion of water: 334 J/gHeat of Vaporization of water: 2260 J/gSpecific Heat Capacity of gaseous water: 1.84 J/gCSpecific Heat Capacity of liquid water: 4.18 J/gCSpecific Heat Capacity of solid water: 2.09 J/gCShow all work and answers with three significant figures and proper units. Write the formula(s) you used first then show your work.1. How many Joules of heat are required to change the temperature of 200.0 grams of solid water from -20.0C to 0.0C?2. How many Joules of heat are needed to change 200.0 grams of water from solid to liquid?3. How many Joules of heat are required to change the temperature of 200.0 grams of liquid water from 0.0C to 100.0C?4. How many Joules of heat are needed to change 200.0 grams of water from liquid to gas?5. How many Joules of heat are required to change the temperature of 200.0 grams of gaseous water from 100.0C to 120.0C?6. How many Joules of heat are required to change the temperature of 200.0 grams of solid water from -20.0C to 0.0C and then melt it?7. How is your answer to question 6 related to your answers to questions 1 and 2?8. Using the rule you obtained in question 7 and your answers to questions 1-5, how much heat is required to heat 200.0 grams of water from -20.0 to 120.0C?9. Draw a heating curve to show the phase changes that occurred during the processes described in questions 1-5. Label each segment with the phase(s) on the top of the line and the formula you used to determine the amount of heat added on the bottom of the line. Keep in mind the x axis should be the TOTAL heat used in the reaction and the y axis should be temperature in degrees Celsius.Additional Questions:10. How much heat is absorbed by 550.0g block of ice to raise the temperature from -15.0 to 0.0C?11. How much heat is needed to vaporize 250.0 grams of water?12. How much heat is released when 25.0 grams of water freezes?13. Calculate the heat needed to change 50.0 grams of liquid water to gas at 100.0C.14. Calculate the heat released when 125 grams of liquid water solidifies.15. How much heat energy must be absorbed to raise the temperature of a 200.0 gram block of ice from -10.0 to 0.0C and then completely melt it to a liquid at the same temperature?16. How much energy would be required to heat the same 200.0 grams of liquid water in #15 (at 0.0C) to the normal boiling point of water and then vaporize it?17. If the temperature of the 200.0 grams of steam generated in #16 were heated to a new temperature of 120.0C, how much energy would be absorbed?18. What is the total amount of energy needed to heat 200.0 grams of ice at -10C to gas at 120.0C? 19. What is the total amount of energy needed to heat 125g of ice at -25C to gas at 135.0C? (Use a heating curve to help you).20. The heat of vaporization of substance X is 250.0J/g. How much heat is needed to change 10.0 grams of X from liquid to gas?21. The heat of fusion of substance Y is 125 J/g. How much heat is needed to change 25.0 grams of Y from solid to liquid?22. The heat of sublimation of substance XY2 is 780.0 J/g. calculate the heat required to sublime 200.0 grams of XY2. 23. Hypothesize a possible heat of sublimation for water and give your reasoning. Topic C: GasesKMT is the study of how ideal or _____________ gases behave. Real gases behave most like ideal gases under ________ pressure and ________ temperature.279082511747500 Based on the demonstration performed by your teacher, describe how gas molecules behave:Motion: ___________________________________________________________Collisions: __________________________________________________________Volume: ___________________________________________________________Attractions: ________________________________________________________How can you get a real gas to behave the LEAST like an ideal gas? Of the following: H2, He, CO2, which would behave least like and ideal gas and why?Which of the gases in question 3 behaves the most like ideal gases/ Why?Compared to other gases, why doesn’t water vapor behave ideally?Why do gases behave the least like ideal gases at low temperatures and high pressures?Gas LawsFILL IN THE BLANKS WITH INCREASE(S) OR DECREASE(S).Boyle’s Law relates pressure and volume. When pressure is increased on a gas at constant temperature, the volume _____________________. This is an indirect relationship.Pilots suffer from intestinal pain when they fly because at higher altitudes, the pressure is decreased so the air volume in their body _______________________.Your lungs suck in air when the diaphragm is enlarged. When the diaphragm opens, the lung expands, the volume _______________ and the pressure ________________ which allows air in. When the diaphragm collapsed, there is less room so the volume ___________ and the pressure _____________.Scuba divers need to be careful when checking their air tanks. When they descend in the water the water pressure increases and pushes on the tank. The tank air pressure increases and the volume of the air _______________. When they ascend to the surface, the pressure decreases and the volume of the gas in their tank and body _______________________.Why do you ears pop on an airplane? (Hint: the air pressure decreases at high altitudes.) explain in terms of pressure and volume.Charles’ Law relates volume and temperature. When temperature is increased on a gas at constant pressure, the volume _____________________. This is a direct relationship.Hot air balloons work based on density changes affected by Charles law. To rise, the temperature is __________________ and the volume ____________________ to make the density low. To come back down the fire is turned off so the temperature _______________ and volume ________________ so the density increases. The balloon is always inflated so the pressure is relatively constant.To un-dent ping pong balls submerge them in hot water. Explain this phenomenon in terms of volume and temperature.A balloon outside in the winter seems to deflate but inside it re-inflates. However the number of gas molecules stays constant. How does that happen? Explain in terms of volume and temperature.Gay Lussac’s Law relates pressure and temperature. When temperature is increased on a gas at constant volume (in a rigid container), the pressure ______________ because the gas molecules move more. This is a direct relationship.Drivers need to check the air pressure on their tires during change of seasons. In the winter the temperatures are decreased, the pressure inside the tires is ____________________ and the tires are flat. In the summer temperatures are increased and pressures are__________________ so the tires are swollen. But the volume the tires air can occupy stays the same.Don’t put aerosol spray cans in direct heat or flames because they explode. Explain this phenomenon in terms of pressure and temperature.Gases Review Questions0000Which term is defined as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample?temperatureB) pressureC) thermal energyD) chemical energyAt which temperature would atoms of a He(g) sample have the greatest average kinetic energy? A) 25°C B) 37°CC) 273 K D) 298 KThe average kinetic energy of water molecules is greatest in which of these samples?10 g of water at 35°CC) 10 g of water at 55°C100 g of water at 25°CD) 100 g of water at 45°CWhich change in the temperature of a 1-gram sample of water would cause the greatest increase in the average kinetic energy of its molecules? 1°C to 10°C B)10°C to 1°C C)50°C to 60°C D) 0°C to 50°CWhat is the equivalent of 0 Kelvin on the Celsius scale? A) –100? B) 100?C) –273? D) 273?The temperature of a sample of a substance changes from 10.°C to 20.°C. How many Kelvin does the temperature change?A) 10.B) 20.C) 283D) 293The temperature 30. K expressed in degrees Celsius is A) 243?CB) –243?CC) 303?CD) –303?CWhich temperature is equal to +20 K? A) –253?CB) –293?CC) 253°CD) 293°CWhich Kelvin temperature is equal to –73?C? A) 100 K B) 173 K C) 200 K D) 346 KA sample of a gas is contained in a closed rigid cylinder. According to kinetic molecular theory, what occurs when the gas inside the cylinder is heated?The number of gas molecules increases.The number of collisions between gas molecules per unit time decreases.The average velocity of the gas molecules increases.The volume of the gas decreases.Under which conditions of temperature and pressure would He behave most like an ideal gas?50 K and 20 kPa C)50 K and 600 kPa 750 K and 600 kPa D)750 K and 20 kPaThe kinetic molecular theory assumes that the particles of an ideal gasare in random, constant, straight-line motionare arranged in a regular geometric patternhave strong attractive forces between themhave collisions that result in the system losing energyThe concept of an ideal gas is used to explainthe mass of a gas sampleC) why some gases are diatomicthe behavior of a gas sampleD) why some gases are monatomicUnder which conditions does a real gas behave most like an ideal gas?at low temperatures and high pressures C)at low temperatures and low pressuresat high temperatures & high pressures D) at high temperatures and low pressuresTwo basic properties of the gas phase area definite shape and a definite volume definite shape but no definite volumeno definite shape but a definite volumeno definite shape and no definite volume0000An assumption of the kinetic theory of gases is that the particles of a gas havelittle attraction for each other and a significant volumelittle attraction for each other and an insignificant volumestrong attraction for each other and a significant volumestrong attraction for each other and an insignificant volumeAccording to the kinetic theory of gases, which assumption is correct?Gas particles strongly attract each other.Gas particles travel in curved paths.The volume of gas particles prevents random motion.Energy may be transferred between colliding particles.When a sample of a gas is heated at constant pressure, the average kinetic energy of its moleculesdecreases, and the volume of the gas increasesdecreases, and the volume of the gas decreasesincreases, and the volume of the gas increasesincreases, and the volume of the gas decreasesUnder which conditions of temperature and pressure would a sample of H2(g) behave most like an ideal gas?0°C and 100 kPa B)0°C and 300 kPa C)150°C and 100 kPa D)150°C and 300 kPaA real gas behaves more like an ideal gas when the gas molecules areclose and have strong attractive forces between themclose and have weak attractive forces between themfar apart and have strong attractive forces between themfar apart and have weak attractive forces between themA real gas differs from an ideal gas because the molecules of real gas havesome volume and no attraction for each othersome volume and some attraction for each otherno volume and no attraction for each otherno volume and some attraction for each otherTopic D: RatesIn order for a reaction to occur the particles must __________________with proper ______________ and ________________. Therefore, the more collisions the reactant particle have, the faster the rate.Recall 5 ways to increase the rate of reaction. Be specific. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Matches have the potential to burn on fire. But they will not without sufficient activation energy. Explain what activation energy means and what type of activation energy the matches need.Regents QuestionsWhich event must always occur for a chemical reaction to take place?formation of a precipitateformation of a gaseffective collisions between reacting particlesaddition of a catalyst to the reaction systemIncreasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction bylowering the activation energyincreasing the activation energylowering the frequency of effective collisions between reacting moleculesincreasing the frequency of effective collisions between reacting moleculesAfter being ignited in a Bunsen burner flame, a piece of magnesium ribbon burns brightly, giving off heat and light. In this situation, the Bunsen burner flame providesionization energyactivation energyheat of reactionheat of vaporizationAs the number of effective collisions between reacting particles increases, the rate of reactionDecreasesincreasesremains the sameIn most aqueous reactions as temperature increases, the effectiveness of collisions between reacting particlesDecreasesincreasesremains the sameGiven the reaction: Mg + 2 H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2At which temperature will the reaction occur at the greatest rate?A) 25?CB) 50?CC) 75?CD) 100?CA 5.0-gram sample of zinc and a 50.-milliliter sample of hydrochloric acid are used in a chemical reaction. Which combination of these samples has the fastest reaction rate?a zinc strip and 1.0 M HCl(aq)a zinc strip and 3.0 M HCl(aq)zinc powder and 1.0 M HCl(aq)zinc powder and 3.0 M HCl(aq)A 1.0-gram piece of zinc reacts with 5 milliliters of HCl(aq). Which of these conditions of concentration and temperature would produce the greatest rate of reaction?1.0 M HCl(aq) at 20.°C1.0 M HCl(aq) at 40.°CC) 2.0 M HCl(aq) at 20.°D) 2.0 M HCl(aq) at 40.°CAt STP, which 4.0-gram zinc sample will react fastest with dilute hydrochloric acid?lumpC) barpowderedD) sheet metalGiven the reaction:Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)In this reaction, 5 grams of powdered iron will react faster than a 1-gram piece of solid iron because the powdered ironhas less surface areahas more surface areais less denseD) is more denseWhich statement best explains the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?A catalyst is added as an additional reactant and is consumed but not regenerated.A catalyst limits the amount of reactants used.A catalyst changes the kinds of products produced.A catalyst provides an alternate reaction pathway that requires less activation energy.Which change would most likely increase the rate of a chemical reaction?decreasing a reactant's concentrationdecreasing a reactant's surface areacooling the reaction mixtureadding a catalyst to the reaction mixtureTopic E: Acids and Bases1.Use Table K and Table L to help you identify the rules for determining whether a substance is an acid, a base, or a salt based on the formula. Underline all the acids, circle bases, and box in salts. Leave the covalent substances alone.NH3NaClCH3OHH2SO4Ca(OH)2CH4NH4BrHClNa2SO4HNO3CH3COOHNaOHH3PO4LiOHCH2(OH)2NH4OHCa(NO3)2HC2H3O2All acids have the ____________ ion in common.All bases have the _____________ ion in common.All salts have formulas: _________________________________________________________________All other compounds have formulas: ______________________________________________________Organic acids have the general formula: ________________ 2.Which formula represents a hydronium ion?(1) H3O+ (2) OH– (3) NH4+ (4) HCO3–3.Which compound is an Arrhenius acid?(1) H2SO4 (2) NaOH (3) KCl (4) NH34.Which substance is an Arrhenius acid?(1) Ba(OH)2 (2) H3PO4 (3) CH3COOCH3 (4) NaCl5.Which compound releases hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution?(1) CH3COOH (2) HCl (3) CH3OH (4) KOH6.The Arrhenius theory explains the behavior of(1) acids and bases(2) alcohols and amines(3) isomers and isotopes(4) metals and nonmetals7.Which two compounds are electrolytes? (1) C6H12O6 and CH3CH2OH (2) C6H12O6 and HCl (3) NaOH and HCl (4) NaOH and CH3CHOH8. Given the equation: HCl(g) + H2O(l)→X(aq) + Cl?(aq) Which ion is represented by X? (1) hydroxide (3) hypochlorite (2) hydronium (4) perchlorate9.When one compound dissolves in water, the only positive ion produced in the solution is H3O+(aq). This compound is classified as (1) a salt (2) a hydrocarbon (3) an Arrhenius acid(4) an Arrhenius base10.An aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide contains hydroxide ions as the only negative ion in solution. Lithium hydroxide is classified as an (1) aldehyde (3) Arrhenius acid (2) alcohol (4) Arrhenius base 11.Which compound is an Arrhenius acid? (1) H2SO4 (3) NaOH (2) KCl (4) NH3 12.An Arrhenius base yields which ion as the only negative ion in an aqueous solution? (1) hydride ion (3) hydronium ion (2) hydrogen ion (4) hydroxide ion13.Which two formulas represent Arrhenius acids? (1) CH3COOH and CH3CH2OH (2) HC2H3O2 and H3PO4 (3) KHCO3 and KHSO4 (4) NaSCN and Na2S2O314.According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that (1) changes litmus from red to blue (2) changes phenolphthalein to pink (3) produces hydronium ions as the only positive ions in an aqueous solution (4) produces hydroxide ions as the only negative ions in an aqueous solution15.Which formula represents a hydronium ion? (1) H3O+ (2) OH– (3) NH4+ (4) HCO3– 16.Which substance is an Arrhenius acid? (1) Mg(OH)2 (2) H2SO4 (3) CH3COOCH3 (4) LiCl 17.Which compound releases hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution? (1) CH3COOH (2) HF (3) CH3OH (4) LiOH18.Which substance is an Arrhenius base? (1) CH3OH (2) LiOH (3) CH3Cl (4) LiCl 19.The only positive ion found in H2SO4(aq) is the (1) ammonium ion (3) hydronium ion(2) hydroxide ion (4) sulfate ion 20.Which substance, when dissolved in water, forms a solution that conducts an electric current?(1) C2H5OH (3) C12H22O11(2) C6H12O6 (4) CH3COOHStrong or Weak, Concentrated or Dilute?Directions: For each case, decide if the picture shows a weak or strong, and concentrated or dilute solution.490537563510382257683529146501333500Acid: H+ ion: Anion A-:16002001778000W/S and C/DExampleCase 15829304254500282130512827000357949515875220789515875121729513017533451807556500-114301250952716530175260002278380251460003493770386715271272038671517792703295651478280289560007353301085850062674532956515049549085500Case 23307080210185001525905495935002122170431165512445183515Case 337642801498600023736301498600096393014986000271272066040165544566040361956604081724517018021221701746256400804870450014782801079500295465529654500164973035369500-1016018542000334137041275Case 41504953575056400801219200025984209525263080535496500 5. What does concentrated mean in terms of amount of particles? ____________________________________6. What does dilute mean in terms of amount of particles?__________________________________________7. What does strong mean in terms of ions? ______________________________________________________8. What does weak mean in terms of ions? _______________________________________________________The pH ScaleThe pH scale is a measure of the H+ or H3O+ concentration in a solution. “pH” stands for “potential to ATTRACT Hydrogen ions” “potential to ATTRACT Hydrogen ionsAcids have a LOW pH (a LOW potential to attract H+ ions (release/DONATE H+)Bases have a HIGH pH (a HIGH potential to attract H+ ions (bases are H+ acceptors)The pH scale is logarithmic, which means that a change of one pH unit will change the concentration of H+ by a factor of 10.40767001333501. What is the relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration?2. Which substance is 10000 times more acidic than seawater?3. What substance is 100 times more basic than lemon juice?001. What is the relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration?2. Which substance is 10000 times more acidic than seawater?3. What substance is 100 times more basic than lemon juice?4. Complete the table below using the grid above:Hydronium Ion Concentration (M)pHAcid or Base?Stomach fluidsLemon JuiceTomato JuiceMilkBloodSeawaterMilk of MagnesiaAqueous AmmoniaBleach5. Using the table you created, complete the rules for pH of acids and bases:Acids have pH values in the range of ___ to ___ and hydronium ion concentrations between _____________ and ________________.Bases have pH values in the range of ___ to ___ and hydronium ion concentrations between _____________ and ________________.To obtain the pH of an acid or base, find the _______________ of the hydronium concentration. Therefore, pH can also be known as the “power” of the hydronium concentration.6. Find the pH of the following solutions and determine if its acidic or basic:Acid ConcentrationpHAcid or Base? (or neutral )[H3O+] = 1x10-2[H3O+] = 1x10-7[H3O+] = 1x10-10[H+] = 1x10-11[H+] = 1x10-5[H3O+] = 0.0010[H3O+] = 0.0000010[H+] = 0.00000000107. Circle one to complete the table:If an ACID is added…If a BASE is added…pHIncreases or DecreasesIncreases or Decreases[H+] or [H3O+]Increases or DecreasesIncreases or Decreases[OH–]Increases or DecreasesIncreases or DecreasesSolution becomes moreAcidic or BasicAcidic or BasicIndicators22860064135How to use Table M:If the pH is below the first number, the solution will be the first color listedIf the pH is above the second number, the solution will be the second color listedIf the pH is between the numbers, the solution will be a mix of the two colors00How to use Table M:If the pH is below the first number, the solution will be the first color listedIf the pH is above the second number, the solution will be the second color listedIf the pH is between the numbers, the solution will be a mix of the two colorsTable MEx: If you add bromthymol blue… to a solution with a pH of 8, it will be blueto a solution with a pH of 6, it will be greento a solution with a pH of 4, it will be yellow1. Which indicator, when added to a solution, changes color from yellow to blue as the pH of the solution is changed from 5.5 to 8.0? (1) bromcresol green (2) bromthymol blue(3) litmus(4) methyl orange2. Which indicator would best distinguish between a solution with a pH of 3.5 and another with a pH of 5.5? (1) bromthymol blue (3) litmus (2) bromcresol green (4) thymol blue 3. In which solution will bromcresol green appear blue?(1) 1 M NaCl(3) 1 M NH3(2) 1 M H2CO3(4) 1 M CH3COOH4. In which solution will thymol blue indicator appear blue?(1) 0.1 M CH3COOH(3) 0.1 M KOH(2) 0.1 M HCl(4) 0.1 M H2SO45. What is the color of the indicator methyl orange in a solution that has a pH of 2?(1) blue(3) yellow(2) orange(4) red6. In a solution with a pH of 3, what color is bromcresol green?(1) yellow(3) green(2) blue(4) red7. At what pH will bromothymol blue be yellow and bromocrescol gree be blue?(1) 10.5(2) 5.7 (3) 7.0Topic G: Nuclear ChemistryUse Table O to fill in the chart:Type of RadiationNotation(in nuclear equations)Same as what other particle?alpha particle MASSCHARGEbeta particle MASSCHARGEgamma radiationMASSCHARGEneutronMASSCHARGEprotonMASSCHARGEpositronMASSCHARGEWriting Nuclear Equations – Use Table N! When elements undergo radioactive decay, they change from one element to another. This happens by losing high energy alpha or beta particles, or by emitting positrons. The process of an atom becoming a different atom is called transmutation. Nuclear equations are written to track the changes that occur during transmutation. When writing nuclear equations, it is important to make sure that mass and charge are conserved. Write the complete nuclear equation for the spontaneous decay of the following nuclides:1.198Au_____________________________________________________________2. iodine-131_____________________________________________________________3.42K_____________________________________________________________4. strontium-90_____________________________________________________________5. What is the decay mode for the nuclides above? ________________6.220Fr_____________________________________________________________7. thorium-232_____________________________________________________________8.239Pu_____________________________________________________________9. radon-222_____________________________________________________________10. What is the decay mode for the nuclides above? ________________11.37Ca_____________________________________________________________12. iron-53_____________________________________________________________13.37K_____________________________________________________________14. neon-19_____________________________________________________________15. What is the decay mode for the nuclides above? ________________16. What is the decay mode of 37K? 17.Which nuclear emission has the greatest penetrating power?(1) alpha particle?? (3) gamma radiation(2) beta particle??? (4) positron18.What is the mass number of an alpha particle?(1) 1??? (3) 0 (2) 2??? (4) 419.Which nuclear emission has the greatest mass?(1) alpha particle?? (3) gamma ray(2) beta particle???? (4) positron20.Which list of nuclear emissions is arranged in order from the least penetrating power to the greatest penetrating power?(1) alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray(2) alpha particle, gamma ray, beta particle(3) gamma ray, beta particle, alpha particle(4) beta particle, alpha particle, gamma ray21.Which list of radioisotopes contains an alpha emitter, a beta emitter, and a positron emitter?(1) C-14, N-16, P-32(2) Cs-137, Fr-220, Tc-99(3) Kr-85, Ne-19, Rn-222(4) Pu-239, Th-232, U-23822.Which nuclear decay emission consists of energy, only?(1) alpha particle?? (3) gamma radiation(2) beta particle??? (4) positron23.Which group of nuclear emissions is listed in order of increasing charge?(1) alpha particle, beta particle, gamma radiation(2) gamma radiation, alpha particle, beta particle(3) positron, alpha particle, neutron(4) neutron, positron, alpha particle24.Which two radioisotopes have the same decay mode?(1) 37Ca and 53Fe(3) 37K and 42K(2) 220Fr and 60Co(4) 99Tc and 19Ne25. Which two nuclides are isotopes of the same element?26.The chart below shows the spontaneous nuclear decay of U-238 to Th-234 to Pa-234 to U-234. What is the correct order of nuclear decay modes for the change from U-238 to U-234?27.As a radioactive element emits gamma radiation only, the atomic number of the element(1) increases(3) remains the same(2) decreases28.As an atom of a radioactive isotope emits an alpha particle, the mass number of the atom(1) increases(3) remains the same(2) decreases29.A mixture of emanations from radioactive atoms is passed through electrically charged plates, as shown in the diagrm below.The nuclear emanations 1, 2, and 3 are called, respectively(1) alpha, beta, and gamma(2) beta, gamma, and alpha(3) gamma, alpha, and beta(4) gamma, beta, and alpha30. In a paper-making factory, beta radiation is used to check that the paper being produced is the correct thickness. If the paper gets too thin, the reading on the detector increases causing the rollers to move apart to make the paper thicker. If the paper gets too thick, the reading on the detector goes down causing the rollers to move closer together. A diagram of this set-up is shown below:91440093641001504950387985rollers00rollers3543300318770 detector00 detector1928495243205002272030226060003915410236220004100830256540001945640121285002187575168275004340225300208??source00??source38614352825750039598603276600017405351676400012331704572000417449011366500151320541275paper00paper Explain why beta radiation is used for this procedure rather than alpha or gamma radiation.Find the XDirections: Solve for the unknown particle X. 1)156210014677300 + 252412516383000 + 148590015176500 + 235267514859000 + 69532515367000 + + Type of Decay2) 247243 Cm Pu + 9694_____________________________3) 243243 Pu Am + 9495_____________________________4) 243239 Am Np + 9593_____________________________Find the XNatural Decay Fill-insDirections: Observe the first few steps of the Uranium decay process. Uranium needs 14 separate decay processes in order to reach a stable nucleus. Fill in the remaining decay equations.Natural and Artificial DecayDirections: Compare and contrast artificial and natural transmutation below:Natural TransmutationCommon to Both(check if the same)Artificial TransmutationStarts with unstable or stable nucleus?Ends with a stable or unstable nucleus?Are new elements formed?If new elements are formed are they heavier or lighter than the original element?Does it produce energy?Do particles need to collide or do they just decay?centerbottomRadioisotopes and Half-livesRadioactive isotopes are unstable, which means that they spontaneously (readily) decay (break apart) into different isotopes or elements. Radioactive isotopes give off radiation during the process of radioactive decay. Radiation can be in the form of particles (alpha, beta, or positron) and/or pure energy (gamma rays). For radioactive isotopes, the rate (speed) of radioactive decay is constant. All radioactive isotopes have a specific half-life, or time that it takes for exactly half of the sample to decay into something else and half of the sample to remain unchanged. It is because of information about half-lives that we can know how old the Earth is and how old fossils are. Graphing Questions744855254000What was the original mass of the Ac sample?How many grams of Ac remain after 40 years?What is the half-life of Ac?What mass of Ac remains after one half-life?What fraction of Ac remains after one half-life?How many half-lives must Ac go through until only 25% of the original sample mass remains? How many half-lives until only 6.25% remains?How many half-lives will it take for all of the original sample to decay?A radioisotope’s half-life is 1 min. Given that the initial mass of the sample is 12g, calculate the mass of the radioisotope that has not decayed after 1 min, 2min, 3min, 4min, 5min and 6min. Draw a graph of the radioisotope mass versus time.Estimate the time that must elapse in order for ? of the radioisotope to be present.By interpolation of the graph, estimate the grams of the radioisotope left after 1.5min.The initial mass of a sample of a radioisotope is 100g. After 1 hour, 80g remain. After 2 hours, 60g remains, after 4hours, 41g remain and after 6 hours, 26.2g remain. On the next grid, draw a graph of mass of radioisotope remaining versus time.Use this graph to estimate the half-life of the radioisotope.Use your answer to number 13 to calculate the amount of time required for 25g of the radioisotope to remain. Compare that to the time you would get if you used the graph.By extrapolation of the graph, find the mass of the radioisotope remaining after 8 hours.Fission and FusionFission:23592 U + 10n 9236Kr + 14156Ba + 310n + EnergyFusion:21 H + 31 H 42 He + EnergyExplain why fission is considered a chain reaction and could be dangerous.Explain why fusion is not as dangerous as fission in terms of control and products made.Why is it so difficult for hydrogen atoms to combine? (Why is fusion not cost effective?)Where does all the energy that is produced in fission and fusion come from?What type of transmutation are both fission and fusion?Nuclear ReactionsDirections: Fill in the table with checks for decay, artificial transmutation, fission, or fusion.PropertyFissionFusionNatural Trans-mutationArtificial Trans-mutationRequires temperature of millions of degreesTakes two small nuclei and combines them into a larger nucleiTakes a stable nucleus and turns it into an unstable oneReleases millions of times more energy than chemical reactionsTakes a large nuclei and splits it using neutrons into smaller nucleiHappens all by itself because the nucleus is unstableReleases only thousands of times more energy than chemical reactionsRequires a particle acceleratorRequires a “bullet”Powers the sun and other starsUsed in bombs in WWIIUsed in nuclear reactorsUsed in bombs but only testedAnother word for nuclear “decay”23592 U + 10n 9236Kr + 14156Ba + 310n 21 H + 31 H 42 He 31 H 32He + 0-1e31 H + 10n 32He + 11pFission and Fusion ComparisonDirections: Compare and contrast fission and fusion by completing the table below:FissionCommon to Both(check if the same)FusionStarts with small or large nuclei?Ends with small or large nuclei?Produces or requires energy (or both)?Do particles need to collide or do they just decay?Can happen at STP or at high temperatures?Requires control rods and moderators or not?Requires neutrons or not?Produces 1000x more energy than chemicals or 1000000x?Used in nuclear bombs or hydrogen bombs?Used in reactors or stars?Produces waste or clean?Requires neutral particle or needs to overcome positive repulsions? Multiple Choice26.Which nuclear equation represents a natural transmutation?27.Which balanced equation represents nuclear fusion?28.Which reaction converts an atom of one element to an atom of another element?(1) combustion??????? (3) saponification(2) polymerization?? (4) transmutation29.Which equation represents a fusion reaction?30.Which reaction represents natural nuclear decay?31.Which equation represents a spontaneous nuclear decay?32.In a nuclear fusion reaction, the mass of the products is (1) less than the mass of the reactants because some of the mass has been converted to energy(2) less than the mass of the reactants because some of the energy has been converted to mass(3) more than the mass of the reactants because some of the mass has been converted to energy(4) more than the mass of the reactants because some of the energy has been converted to mass33.Nuclear fusion differs from nuclear fission because nuclear fusion reactions(1) form heavier isotopes from lighter isotopes(2) form lighter isotopes from heavier isotopes(3) convert mass to energy(4) convert energy to mass 34.One benefit of nuclear fission reactions is(1) nuclear reactor meltdowns(2) storage of waste materials(3) biological exposure(4) production of energy35.The change that is undergone by an atom of an element made radioactive by bombardment with high-energy protons is called (1) natural transmutation(2) artificial transmutation(3) natural decay(4) radioactive decay36.A nuclear fission reaction and a nuclear fusion reaction are similar because both reactions(1) form heavy nuclides from light nuclides(2) form light nuclides from heavy nuclides(3) release a large amount of energy(4) absorb a large amount of energy37.A nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei combine to form a more massive nucleus is called(1) addition??? (3) fusion(2) fission?????? (4) substitution38.A serious risk factor associated with the operation of a nuclear power plant is the production of(1) acid rain(2) helium gas(3) greenhouse gases, such as CO2(4) radioisotopes with long half-lives39.What is a problem commonly associated with nuclear power facilities?(1) A small quantity of energy is produced.(2) Reaction products contribute to acid rain.(3) It is impossible to control nuclear fission.(4) It is difficult to dispose of wastes.40.Which change takes place in a nuclear fusion reaction?(1) Matter is converted to energy.(2) Energy is converted to matter.(3) Ionic bonds are converted to covalent bonds.(4) Covalent bonds are converted to ionic bonds.41.Types of nuclear reactions are fission, fusion, &(1) single replacement(2) neutralization(3) oxidation-reduction(4) transmutation42.Atoms of one element are converted to atoms of another element through(1) fermentation??? (3) polymerization(2) oxidation???????? (4) transmutation43.Given the diagram representing a reaction: Which phrase best describes this type of reaction and the overall energy change that occurs?(1) nuclear, and energy is released(2) nuclear, and energy is absorbed(3) chemical, and energy is released(4) chemical, and energy is absorbed44.Which radioactive isotope is used in treating cancer?(1) carbon-14????? (3) lead-206(2) cobalt-60?????? (4) uranium-23845.Which nuclide is used to investigate humanthyroid gland disorders?(1) carbon-14????????? (3) cobalt-60(2) potassium-37?? (4) iodine-13146.Which nuclide is paired with a specific use of that nuclide?(1) carbon-14, treatment of cancer(2) cobalt-60, dating of rock formations(3) iodine-131, treatment of thyroid disorders(4) uranium-238, dating of once-living organisms47.The decay of which radioisotope can be used to estimate the age of the fossilized remains of an insect?(1) Rn-222????? (3) Co-60(2) I-131???????? (4) C-1448.According to Table N, which radioactive isotope is best for determining the actual age of Earth? (1) 238 U???????? (3) 60 Co(2) 90 Sr????????? (4) 14 C49.Which isotope is most commonly used in the radioactive dating of the remains of organic materials? (1) 14C????? (3)32P(2) 16N????? (4)37K ................
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