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Universe

It is the space which contains all the galaxies, stars, planets, moons and living organisms and everything.

• The universe is vast beyond comprehension.

• The sun and the earth are a tiny part in the universe.

In the universe groups of stars are gathered to form galaxies . The universe contains many galaxies and each galaxy

has a distinctive shape according to the harmony and order of the groups of stars in it. The sun is one of the stars of our galaxy (Milky Way).

The galaxy

They are groups of stars that rotate together in cosmic space by the effect of gravity

Galaxies Clusters

They are groups of galaxies in the space.

The Milky Way

the old (large) stars gather in the center.

The recent small stars are located in spiral arms of the galaxy.

The sun is a star of millions of stars that rotate around the center of milky way galaxy.

The Milky Way is given that name?

Because it appears in the sky at night as a splashing milk   or spreading straw.

The milky way galaxy contains all the stars we see at night in the sky.

The solar system

It is the sun and eight planets revolving around it.

- Planets revolve around the sun and the sun and the surrounding planets revolve around the centre of the galaxy (Milky Way).

- The sun takes about 220 million years to complete one rotation around the centre of the galaxy.

- The solar system is located in one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way on the edge of the galaxy.

- The earth is one of the planets that rotate around the sun.

The Earth

It is the planet of life

|The universe: |It is a wide and extended space that contains galaxies. The number of galaxies in the universe is |

| |about 100,000 million galaxies |

|Galaxies: |Galaxies gather in clusters including the |

| |Milky Way which contains the sun. |

|The Milky Way |It contains the sun and the solar system. |

|The solar system: |It is the sun and eight planets revolving around it |

|The earth |The planet of life |

Measuring the distances through the universe:

The distance between stars are very large, so it measured by unite called "light year"

A light-year

The distances in the universe are so vast so that they are measured by the light-years.

The light-year is the distance that light travels in a year.

- Since the speed of light equals 300000 km per second,

- this distance is 946000 million km, ((9.467 × 1012 ))

The distance between the sun and a star is 3 light years, What does it mean?

This means that the distance the sun and this star=3×9.467×1012

= 28.401×1012 km

Expansion of the universe

Activity>> Expansion of the universe and separation of galaxies.

Tools: Some water - some flour - some raisin

Steps:

1-Bring some flour and mix it with some water and

some of the bread yeast.

2- Mix the ingredients well to make bread dough.

3- Insert some raisins in the dough.

4- Leave the dough to ferment in a warm environment.

Observation Represented by raisins spacing of planets in the universe

Conclusion of the existence of spaces between the grains of raisin great void in the universe (expansion size of the universe)

Expansion of universe:

It is the continuous separation between galaxies.

The continuous separation between galaxies?

Due to the continuous motion of galaxies in the universe.

Cosmogony in ancient times:

1 -The general feature of perceptions about the universe in ancient civilizations is their relationship with the world of multiple gods and their deep belief that there is a fundamental difference between the Earth and heaven. This did not allow them to develop theories about the universe and cosmogony.

2 -The first human perception of cosmogony was in the Stone Age hundreds of thousands of years ago where myth dominated the human imagination.

3 -The human mind was developed of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. It became clear to them the relationship between the eternal universe and the multiple gods controlling it.

4 -astrology prevailed at both the Indian and Chinese civilization.

5 -Philosophers of the Greeks and Romans attempted to develop theories of cosmic phenomenon.

How did the universe originated ?

- Many scientists believe that the universe emerged from a massive explosion called the Big Bang 15000 million years ago which resulted in all forms of matter, energy, space and time.

- There was no one to relate what happened. But the outstanding discoveries in physics and astronomy enabled scientists to trace the history of the universe from the first second fraction of its evolution.

- They believe that the universe matter was a gaseous ball of high pressure and high temperature in a small volume. It is in a constant expansion.

- The Big Bang theory had been developed since 1933.

The Big Bang

Since about 15000 million years, the universe was very small and very hot. Through the Big Bang, the process of expansion and changing started and it continues to this day. Within minutes of the explosion, the atomic particles merged together producing helium and hydrogen which over the years produced galaxies, stars and the universe as we know it today.

Stages of the origin of the universe since Big Bang:

|The Big Bang | |The process of expansion and changing of the |

| | |gaseous ball components stared and it continues to|

| | |this day |

|After explosion | |Temperature was about 1000000 |

| | |million degrees |

|Within minutes | |The universe was formed containing 75% hydrogen |

| | |and 25% helium. |

|After 1000 million years of the Big Bang. | |Matter got joined in masses |

| | | |

| | | |

|within 2000 to 3000 million years of the | |Ancestral galaxies were evolved |

|Big Bang | | |

|After 3000 million years after the Big | |Galaxies began to form |

|Bang. | | |

|after 5000 million years | |Our galaxy, the Milky Way, took its disc form |

|of the Big Ban | | |

|after 100000 million | |The Sun was born and then the Earth and |

|years of the Big Bang | |planets were created. |

|after about 12000 million years of the Big| |Earliest life forms began |

|Bang | |to appear on earth |

|15000 million years after the Big Bang | |The universe as it now |

So, we can define the Big Bang as follows:

Big Bang:

- it is a massive explosion happened, since 15000 million years, resulted in it all forms of matter, energy and time.

Or.

- it is the expansion of the universe and merging of atomic particles forming helium and hydrogen gases.

Enriching Information

In 1964, scientists coincidently discovered radio waves coming from space. They concluded that these waves are a type of the echo coming from the Big Bang. T.V sets can receive such signal on the Earth.

Future of the universe

Scientists have different theories about this subject.

|the opened universe theory |the closed universe theory |

|The scientists see that there is no definitive end to the universe |believe in see that the universe will stop expanding and will begin to |

| |contract until it becomes very compact or very hot, preparing for a new |

| |Big bang. |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Questions on lesson

Complete the following statements:

1 – the universe is the space which contains all the galaxies, …………………………….. , planets, ………………….. and living organisms.

2 – Galaxies are groups of ……………………………. That rotate together in space by the effect of ………………

3 – the stars move in fixed orbits around the centre of the …………………………………

4 – the galaxy that our earth planet belongs to is called………………………….

5 – in milky way galaxy , the old stars gather in the ………………………., while small stars are located in the ………………………. Arms of the galaxy.

6 – the solar system contains a number of ………………………….. orbit the sun.

7 – the distance between stars are measured in ……………………….. unit and it equals …………………. Million km.

8 – the first human perception of cosmogony was in the ………………….. age , where …………………………… dominated the human imagination.

9 – the scientists believe that the universe originated from a massive explosion called the ………………..

10 – within minutes of the Big Bang, the atomic particles merged together producing ………………. And ………………………….. gases.

11 – Galaxies began to form after …………………….. million years after Big Bang.

12 – in 1964 , scientists coincidently discovered ………………………. Waves coming from the space.

13 – the ……………………. Theory states that there is no definite end to the universe, while …………………. Theory states that the universe will contract preparing for a new Big Bang.

Choose the correct answer:

1 – planets, stars and galaxies clusters are a part of ……………………………..

a. galaxies b. solar system c. stars d. the universe.

2 – Bigger units of the universe are …………………………..

a. planets. b. stars c. galaxies. d. moons.

3 - …………………………. Are located in the spiral arms of milky way galaxy.

a. old stars b. moons c. small stars d. no correct answer.

4 – the sun and the surrounding planets revolve around the centre of the …………………………..

a. earth b. moon c. galaxy d. no correct answer.

5 – the sun takes about ……………….. million years to complete one rotation around the centre of the galaxy.

a. 320 b. 220 c. 203 d. 302

6 – the light year is considered as ……………………………….

a. a distance covered by light in one year

b. light speed in Km/sec

c. the time consumed by light to cover a certain distance .

d. the speed of light and electromagnetic waves in Km/sec.

7 – Scientists believe that the matter of the universe was a ………………….. ball of high pressure and high temperature.

a. liquid b. solid c. gaseous d. no correct answer

8 – since about 15000 million years, the universe was …………………………….

a. very big and very hot. b. very small and very cold

c. very small and very hot. d. very big and very cold

9 – the two gases which produced galaxies, stars and universe over millions of years are ………………..

a. oxygen and helium. b. oxygen and carbon dioxide

c. hydrogen and helium d. hydrogen and carbon dioxide

10 – within minutes of Big Bang , hydrogen gas was formed by a ratio of …………………………

a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

11 – the sun was born after ………………………… million years of the Big Bang.

a. 3000 b. 2000 c. 15000 d. 10000

12 – the earliest life forms began to appear on the earth after ………………. Million years of the Big Bang.

a. 15000 b. 13000 c. 12000 d. 10000

Write the scientific term:

1 – the space which contains all the galaxies, stars, planets, moons, living organisms.

2 – it is the wide and extended space that contains galaxies.

3 – it contains all the stars we see at night in the sky.

4 – the sun and eight planets revolving around it.

5 – the distance that is covered by light in one year.

Give reasons

1 – the continuous expansion of the space.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2 – Galaxies move away from each other.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3 – our galaxy is called by Milky Way galaxy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4 – The gravity has important role in cosmogony of the universe.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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The Universe

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