Chapter 36 Lecture: Cold War Begins



Ch 36 PPT: Cold War!

Tmwk

1. What is the cartoon topic, time period, key ppl/countries, geo. location, Add OI)

Background:

Diplomatic relations with USSR declined, led to Cold War.

Why? Contain Communism by intervention- race to have best/most weapons, control space.

Postwar Economic Anxieties

Removal of war time price controls – prices rose 33% = Inflation

Strikes increase.

Taft Hartley Act: outlawed “closed” (all-union) shop, made unions responsible for damages that came from disputes in court, required union leaders to take noncommunist oath. Result: slowed growth of organized labor and union membership after WWII.

Note: union membership highest in 1950

1946 Employment Act: created 3 member Council of Economic Advisors to give data and recommendations to Pres. Goal: “to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.”

1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act: (GI Bill) sent soldiers to school; most attended technical or vocational schools.

Veteran’s Administration: gave loans for Vets to buy homes, farms, small businesses.

Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970

National income doubled in 1950s.

End of 1950s - most families had luxury items: cars, washing machines, tv’s.

Women benefited most from postwar prosperity: majority of new jobs went to women.

TMWK

2. Pg 856 Middle Graph: What is the topic of the graph ? What is a pattern or trend in the middle graph? Add OI

Roots of Postwar Prosperity

• 1950 Economic Upturn: helped by massive spending on Korean War and defense spending – 10% of GNP.

• Spending on military: “permanent war economy.” Industries - aerospace, plastics, electronics, oil, scientific research and development.

• Cheap energy: petroleum from Middle East – Americans doubled consumption of oil after war.

• Productivity of workers increased - more than 3% per year, doubling American’s standard of living.

• Rising educational levels: 1970 - 90% of school-aged population enrolled in educational institutions.

Agriculture greatly increased productivity due to mechanization, rich fertilizers, govt subsidies, price supports.

End of WWII - work force shifting away from agriculture.

Tmwk

3. Pg 858 Map: What is the map topic, time period, key ppl, geo. Location, add OI)

Sunbelt

• Post war: In 30 year period, 30 million people moved – many to “Sunbelt”: jobs in electronics industry in CA, aerospace in Florida/Texas, and at military bases.

• Region of Sunbelt: 15 states: Virginia to Florida; Texas to CA

• 1990s: South and West receiving $125 billion more in federal funds than N. East and Midwest.

Rush to Suburbs

• Suburbs: “White Flight”: Whites moving away from cities to suburbs. Inner cities left with “black, brown, and broke.”

• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA): gave home loans to buy homes instead of renting in cities.

• FHA refused to give home loans to blacks; this kept blacks in inner cities – causing racial separation.

• 1950s-1960s: Construction industry growing: NY- Levitt brothers building “Levittowns” – standardized housing in suburban areas called “tract” housing.

• Shopping malls started in suburban areas.

4. Number of births in the U.S.: 1933-2005

What is the trend? Add OI.

Postwar Baby Boom

1945 to1960 Baby Boom: great increase in birthrate.

Increased school enrollments, more baby products, clothing.

Concern: Baby “boomers” start retiring - put strain on Social Security. (now thru 2030s)

Europe's Post-War Reorganization: Yalta Conference

Feb 1945 Yalta conference - Big Three:

Occupation zones in Germany.

Stalin agreed Poland should have representative government based on free elections (Stalin broke his promise).

Bulgaria and Romania also free elections (Stalin also broke promise).

New international peacekeeping organization – United Nations.

Stalin agreed to attack Japan within 3 months after Germany collapsed. (kept this promise)

In return, USSR would get Sakhalin Island, Kurile Islands, joint control over the railroads in Manchuria/China and privileges in 2 seaport areas of Dairen and Port Arthur.

TMWK

5. Pg 864 Map: Name 5 countries which USSR exercised "sphere of influence" over.

U.S. vs. USSR

USSR Communism vs. U.S. capitalism – each believed strongly in their ideologies.

1945: U.S. ended lend-lease to Soviet Union. Reluctant to loan them $6 billion.

Stalin had the aim of having Soviet friendly neighbors on its western border, especially Poland, to protect itself (buffer)

USSR wanted to lead communist world and maintain “sphere of influence.”

Alliance during WWII was only out of need.

Shaping Postwar World

Western Allies met in New Hampshire: established International Monetary Fund (IMF) to help trade by regulating currency exchange rates.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank): promote economic growth in war damaged areas.

United Nations Conference: 50 nations met to make charter for UN – 5 Big Powers: U.S., Britain, USSR, France, China

-No member of the Security Council could have action taken against it without its consent.

-Also had an Assembly, controlled by smaller countries.

-U.S. Senate approved UN Charter because it provided safeguards for American sovereignty and freedom of action.

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6. Pg 866 Picture: Name two Nazis that were executed for war crimes.

7. Pg 867 Map: Describe what happened to Germany after WWII. And the Capital city of Berlin?

Problem of Germany

Punish Nazis for war crimes: Top 22 tried at Nuremburg Trials – 12 executed, 7 had long term jail sentences.

Germany divided - 4 military occupation zones: each assigned to Big 4 powers – France, Britain, USSR, U.S.

Capital City of Berlin in East Germany -was divided also.

1948 USSR cuts off rail and highway access to Berlin due to disputes over currency reform and control of Germany – wanted to starve them out.

Response:

-Americans organized airlift – Used planes to bring in tons of supplies = Berlin Airlift

-USSR lifted blockade May 1949

1949: Germany became independent country, with 2 separate govts in East and West. City of Berlin divided, also.

TMWK

8. Pg 869 Cartoon: What is the cartoon's topic, time period, key ppl, geo location, add OI.)

Cold War and Containment

USSR broke promise of removing troops from oil area in N. Iran.

Truman’s response to Soviets: 1947 resulted in “containment doctrine”: (George Kennan) under premise that Soviets were aggressively expansionary.

- U.S. policy = military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stop spread of Communism in the world.

March 1947: Truman Doctrine – asked for $400 million to help Greece and Turkey against the Soviets. “U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

-Critics: Policy caused greater enmity between non-communist and communist countries.

• Clergyman Reinhold Niebuhr supported Truman's idea that Cold War was fight between good and evil. Niebuhr spoke against moving away from Christian values. He was enemy of fascism/pacifism/ communism.

• 1947 Marshall Plan: Reconstruction plan- spend $12.5 billion over 4 years in 16

countries for rebuilding and creating stronger economic foundation for Western European countries. (USSR didn’t accept aid)

- Money used to buy food/fuel from U.S., and later for reconstruction needs.

• May 1948, Jewish state created - Truman officially recognized State of Israel.

TMWk

9. Pg 872 cartoon: In the cartoon, how has the US moved away from isolationism?

America Begins to Rearm

• 1947 National Security Act: created Dept of Defense and National Security Counsel to advise Pres on security matters. Plus Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): coordinate foreign fact gathering.

• “Voice of America”: authorized by Congress to broadcast American radio behind the “iron curtain.”

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Soviet threat brought Western Europe to sign treaty of defensive alliance – U.S. joined the European Pact. 12 countries pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all; promised to respond with armed force, if necessary.

• Significance: Marked a change in U.S. policy of past isolationism and avoiding entangling alliances, boost for European unification, strengthened policy of containing USSR, helped Germany reintegrate into Europe.

• Soviets exploded their 1st atomic bomb: Truman ordered development of “H-bomb” – hydrogen bomb - 1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb. 1st U.S. H-bomb exploded in S. Pacific 1952.

• 1953: Soviets exploded their H-bomb: nuclear arms race - each tried to out-do the other.

Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia

• Reconstruction in Japan: Led by Gen Douglas MacArthur – sought to democratize Japan.

• Top Japanese “war criminals” tried: 18 sentenced to prison terms, 7 executed.

• Constitution adopted in Japan: gave women’s equality and democratic govt.

• Civil War in China between Nationalists, led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) and Communists, led by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung). Communists won - many Nationalists fled to Island of Formosa (Taiwan).

Targeting Alleged Communists

Truman launched “loyalty” program in fear of communist spies. Loyalty Review Board investigated 3 million federal employees – 3,000 resigned/fired.

1940 Smith Act: (Anti-sedition law) – 11 communists convicted of advocating overthrow of Am govt.

- Dennis vs. U.S (Dennis - leader of Communist Party USA, tried under Smith Act): Supreme Court upheld the conviction.

• 1938 House of Un-American Activities (HUAC) created to investigate communist subversion – led by Richard Nixon.

-Nixon accused Alger Hiss of being communist. Hiss denied charges, but was convicted of perjury/sentenced 5 years prison.

• Nixon and Senator Joseph McCarthy led hunt for communists.

• Hunt for communists became like “witch hunt”. Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill – but Congress enacted the bill over his veto.

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: 1953, executed for conspiracy to commit espionage - charges of passing atomic bomb information to USSR.

Dominance of Soviet Union in Eastern Europe

Democratic Divisions in 1948

• Republican Thomas Dewey: runs “safe campaign”– too confident

• Democrat Truman: platform of civil rights, improved labor benefits, health insurance

• States’ Rights party: J. Strom Thurmond:

• New Progressive Party: Henry A. Wallace - platform: liberal, pro-Soviet

-Democrats split 3 ways, Thomas Dewey’s victory seemed inevitable!

-Truman travelled U.S. - gave 300 speeches. Surprise! Truman won, helped by votes from farmers, workers, blacks.

• Truman’s Fair Deal Program: improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, extension of Social Security.

-Congress opposed Truman’s program except higher minimum wage, public housing, and extending Social Security.

• Truman wanted to lend money and technical aid to underdeveloped nations to help them from becoming communist: targeted Latin America, Africa, Near and Far East.

10. Pg 878 Map: Describe how the fighting shifted during the Korean War. (3 details)

1950 Korean War

• Japan surrendered Korea (Japanese colony since 1910) to USSR and U.S. at end of war. USSR controlled N. Korea, N. of 38th parallel and U.S. held S. Korea, S. of 38th parallel – both set up rival governments.

• June 1950: N. Korean army came south of 38th parallel - S. Koreans pushed to a small area near Pusan.

• This invasion south gave U.S. reason to expand U.S. military – National Security Council wrote a 1950 document: National Security Council Memo #68 or NSC-68: recommending U.S. quadruple military spending. (seemed impossible)

• With the Korean invasion, Truman ordered massive military buildup – U.S. started spending $50 billion each year on defense budget.

• The UN - called its members to give assistance to restore peace. Truman ordered American air and naval units to support S. Korea.

11. Interpret how the graph relates to the Cold War: topic, trend, and Add OI

Military Spending

Military Seesaw in Korea

• MacArthur launched attack behind enemy lines at Inchon - successful! N. Koreans moved back behind 38th parallel.

• S. Koreans pursued N. Koreans N. of 38th parallel. But Chinese joined and pushed U.N. forces back south.

• MacArthur called for retaliation, but U.S. govt refused to expand war. MacArthur criticized Truman's decision - “there is no substitute for victory.”

• Truman removed (fired) MacArthur from command.

• July 1951 – truce talks began - continued for 2 years.

Tmwk

#12. Packet: Members choose one to read:

1. Struggle for Supremacy

2. Clash of Personalities

3. A Negotiated Peace

12A. Write down three main ideas from the article you read and two supporting details for each main idea. Then share the information with your team.

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