Formatting Numbers with C++ Output Streams
Formatting Numbers with C++ Output Streams
David Kieras, EECS Dept., Univ. of Michigan Revised for EECS 381, Winter 2004.
Using the output operator with C++ streams is generally easy as pie, with the only hard part being controlling the format of the output. As you will see, this is relatively clumsy compared to C stdio's printf function, but printf is not type-safe. An output stream has a bunch of member variables that control the details of what output looks like, and these variables can be controlled by a set of member functions and special objects called manipulators. Most of these variables retain their values until they are changed, but a few only act temporarily - for the next output operation only.
Throughout this document, the output stream cout is used in the examples. However, everything works for any text output stream, such as an output file stream.
The prototypical output statement in C++ is:
cout ................
................
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