Civil War Study Guide



Civil War Study Guide Name______KEY____________

Ch. 17 - The Tide of War Turns Date_________________

Period________________

Vocabulary – Ch. 17 Section 1 - Use page 536 to define:

Emancipation Proclamation – document issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free

54th Massachusetts Volunteers – regiment of African American soldiers that gained fame for its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, S.C.

emancipate – to free

prolong – to lengthen (in time)

Commander-in-Chief - the president in his role as commander of all armed forces

Liberation - the act of setting someone free

Battle of Antietam - bloody battle in Maryland that ended Lee’s first invasion of the North

Ch. 17 Section 2 - Use page 542 to define:

Copperheads – Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South

writ of habeas corpus – law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges

conscription – military draft

income tax – tax on earnings

Clara Barton – Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross

greenback – paper money introduced during the Civil war

inflation – increase in prices and decrease in value of money

Ch. 17. Section 3 – Use page 548 to define:

Battle of Gettysburg – battle in 1863 in Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a Confederate invasion of the North

Siege of Vicksburg – The Surrounding of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi by Union forces

dislodge – remove

George Pickett– Confederate General who fought at Gettysburg

Pickett’s Charge – failed assault on Union positions on the final day of the Battle of Gettysburg

Sherman’s March to the Sea - Union general Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia

Appomattox Court House – town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant

Ch. 17. Section 4 – Use page 558 to define:

Walt Whitman– poet who wrote about the Civil War

John Wilkes Booth – Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln

ratify – approve

Ford’s Theatre– Washington, D.C. theater where Lincoln was shot

Thirteenth Amendment- Constitutional Amendment that ended slavery

Chapter 17 Section 3

Answer thoroughly in complete sentences on a separate piece of paper.

Section 1 pp. 537-541

1. How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the war for the Union and the Confederacy?

Since the Emancipation Proclamation only freed the slaves in the rebelling states, not in the border states (the Confederacy) it affected the war for the Union by now giving it a moral (honorable) cause. The Union was now fighting for freedom for all slaves not only to just preserve the Union – Lincoln’s original reason. This proclamation also gave the Union more soldiers to help with the fight because the freed slaves joined the Union cause.

The Emancipation Proclamation affected the war for the Confederacy – because the slaves joined the Union as soldiers, depriving the Confederacy of labor on the plantations and this affected their economy negatively.

2. What were some contributions made by African American soldiers to the Union cause?

Some of the contributions made by the African American soldiers to the Union cause were they gave the Union a new reason to fight because they where dedicated to free all slaves including those in the border states. There were more men to help fight, and they showed great courage on the battlefield which helped them gain respect and prove they deserved equal treatment from the white soldiers. Finally, the African American soldiers weakened the Confederate economy by leaving the plantations and fighting for the Union.

Section 2 pp. 543-547

3. What disagreements came out inside both the Union and the Confederacy during the war?

One disagreement in the Confederacy during the war was over secession. The Southern planters in western Virginia had few plantations or slaves. In 1863, they seceded from Virginia and joined the Union as West Virginia.

There were also disagreements in the Union. Northern Democrats, called Copperheads, disagreed with Lincoln and wanted peace with the South. Lincoln had the protestors arrested and suspended the writ of habeas corpus – a law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges.

In the Union and Confederacy another disagreement concerned the draft. It was very unpopular because the rich could hire people to serve in their place, which lead to a draft riot in New York City. In the South, those with more than 20 slaves did not have to serve in the army.

4. Describe the economic and social changes caused by the war.

The economic changes:

o the war included food shortages, especially in the South because of the blockade and the war.

• Inflation is an increase in the cost of goods, but a decrease in the value of money for both sides. High prices, life was difficult for the poor,

• Income tax (tax on earnings) was passed by the federal government to pay for the war – greenbacks printed in North to make sure people had money to spend.

Social changes

African Americans fighting for the Union and gaining more rights as some states repealed discrimination laws.

Women aided in the war effort by working in hospitals as nurses and volunteers on the front. They also worked in offices and factories in the North and on plantations in the South. Women also dressed as men to fight and served as spies for both sides.

The South’s morale, however, began to be destroyed as the war dragged on because of social resentment, food shortages, and inflation.

Section 3 pp. 549-555

5. Why were the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg so significant?

The Battles of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania and the Siege of Vicksburg in Mississippi were significant because both were important Union victories and turned the tide of the war in favor of them. In Gettysburg, the battle lasted from July 1-3, 1863 between the Union forces under General George Meade and the Confederates under Lee. At the end, Lee again was defeated in the North. He lost 1/3 of his troops with over 28,000 casualties. Due to the losses, Lee could never attack the U again, the C never recovered from this defeat, even though the war lasted two more years.

The Siege of Vicksburg lasted from the end of May to July 4, 1863. This was the last major Confederate city on the Mississippi River. Grant’s troops surrounded the city and blocked the delivery of food and supplies. He then bombarded the city with cannon fire and Vicksburg surrendered after 6 weeks. Controlling the MS River, part of the Anaconda Plan, had been achieved.

6. Explain Grant’s strategy for ending the war?

Grant’s new strategy as Commander of the Union forces called for all forces to coordinate their attacks; Forces under William Tecumseh Sherman would push through the South by burning Atlanta and wage total war across Georgia to the sea destroying everything.

Grant would pursue Lee’s army in Virginia and keep attacking him until he surrendered no matter how many casualties the Union suffered. It took a year for Grant to corner Lee and he finally surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.

7. Why do you think Grant gave generous terms of surrender to Lee?

Grant gave such generous terms of surrender to Lee because he knew that the country needed to repair itself. This was one step to put it back together. The terms were for the Confederates to lay down their arms and go home in peace taking their private possessions and horses with them. Grant also fed them. The Confederates had nothing left – they had lost their way of life and probably most of their possessions – there was no point to punish them further. It was time to heal.

Section 4 pp. 559-562

8. List the losses and gains of the war?

Losses

• 620,000 died; 375,000 wounded

• huge sums of money spent

• South economically ruined – plantations and railroads destroyed; livestock killed

• Lincoln assassinated

Gains

• The Union preserved

• Slavery ended: the 13th Amendment

9. What happened on April 14, 1865?

Abraham Lincoln was shot while watching a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate supporter. He was carried to the house across the street and died the next morning. Booth escaped, but was caught and killed by troops 11 days later. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.

10. List the changes brought about by the Civil War. – refer to the chart on p. 561.

Economic Change

• Income Tax introduced

• Paper money introduced

• Industry begins to replace farming as basis of national economy

• Southern slavery-based economy destroyed

• Factory production increases

Political Change

• National government grows more powerful

• Triumph of idea U.S. is a union, not a loose confederation of states

Social Change

• Slavery is abolished

• African Americans serve in the military

• Draft is introduced

• Women become active in nursing

Changes in Warfare

• Rifle and minie ball gives advantage to defender

• New weaponry increases casualties on battlefield

• Ironclads make wooden warships obsolete

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