Causes of esophageal spasms

Causes of nutcracker esophageal spasms. Signs and symptoms of esophageal spasms. The etiology of esophageal spasm is unknown. the increase in the release of acetylcholine seems to be a factor (sensitive to colinergic stimulation,) but the activation event is not known. Other theories include gastric reflux or a primary nerve or engine disorder ... ................
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