Biology Nutrient Cycle Labs



Name ___________________________________________________ Hour ______________

Biology Digestive Labs

Due March 26th

|Lab |Due:_______________ | | | | | | |

|Fat Digestion |Data Table |0 |1 |2 |3 | | |

|Lab |Questions |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |

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|Fantasy |Data Table |0 |1 |2 |3 | | |

|Food lab |Math |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |

| |Questions |0 |1 |2 |3 | | |

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|HW |Analyzing Digestion |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |

| |Page 1 |0 |1 |2 |3 | | |

| |Page 2 |0 |1 |2 |3 | | |

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| |Your Points _________ | | | | | | |

| |Total Points 30 Possible pts | | | | | | |

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Fat Digestion Lab

I. Introduction

Digestion is a process in which fats, protein, and carbohydrates are changed chemically into less complex molecules. These changes usually are caused by the chemical action of enzymes. Enzymes are produced by many oranges of the digestive system. Digestion can occur in a test tube with the proper chemicals supplied. Color changes in certain chemicals can show if digestion has occurred.

Litmus is a chemical that can be used to show if fat digestion has occurred. Litmus in the presence of fat is purple. Litmus is pink in an acid environment. When fat is digested, it is changed into fatty acids. Litmus changes to dark pink and then to light pink if the fat is broken down into fatty acids. This color change can, therefore, show if fat digestion ahs occurred.

In this investigation, you will

a) use litmus to determine if fat (cream) digestion occurs.

b) Determine how lipase and bile affect fat digestion rate.

II. Materials

Test tubes – 3

Cream

Litmus solution

Bile solution

Lipase solution

water

dropper

III. Procedure

A. Label test tubes one to four.

B. To each of the tubes, add 1 inch of water, one drop of cream, and 20 drops of litmus.

C. Mix the contents of each tube.

D. Record the exact color of each tube in the column marked “at start” in Table 1. Use these colors: purple, dark pink, light pink.

|TABLE 1. FAT DIGESTION RESULTS |

| |DROPS OF LIPASE |DROPS OF BILE |COLOR |

| | | |AT START |End of Class |24 HOURS LATER |

|Tube 1 |0 |0 | | | |

|Tube 2 |20 |0 | | | |

|Tube 3 |20 |5 | | | |

|Tube 4 |0 |5 | | | |

E. To tube two, add 20 drops of lipase enzyme.

F. To tube three, add 20 drops of lipase enzyme and five drops of bile.

G. To tube four, add 5 drops of bile.

H. Mix the contents of each test tube by inverting the test tube.

I. Set the tubes upright and wait ten minutes.

J. At the end of End of Class, mix again and observe the color within each tube. Hold the test tubes toward the light to observe the color changes. Because color changes may not be readily apparent, compare each solution with the other solutions. Record the colors (use only blue, dark pink, or light pink) in Table 61-1.

K. After 24 hours mix again and observe the color of each tube. Hold the test tubes toward an artificial light source to observe the color changes. Record the colors in Table 1. (Use only blue, dark pink, or light pink.)

Analysis:

1. (a) What was used in this experiment as the source of fat? _______________________________________________________

(b) Why was lipase used in this experiment? _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

(c) What was the purpose of using litmus in this experiment? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. (a) Which test tube showed the lightest pink color after twenty minutes? __________

(b) Which test tube showed the most fat digestion after twenty minutes? __________

(c) What chemicals were added to this tube? _____________________________________________________

3. (a) Which test tube showed only dark pink color after twenty minutes?

____________

(b) Which test tube showed only some fat digestion after twenty minutes? _________

(c) What chemicals were added to this tube? ____________________________________________________

4. (a) Which test tube remained blue in color after twenty minutes?

________________

(b) Which test tube showed no fat digestion after twenty minutes? _______________

(c) What chemicals were added to this tube? ________________________________

5. (a) What is the function of enzymes in the human body? (Consult your text and notes) _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) What is the function of bile in the human body? _________________________________________________________

6. Which test tube contained those chemicals most similar to those found in the intestine during fat digestion? _____________________________________________________

7. What experimental evidence do you have to show that bile helps speed up fat digestion?______________________________________________

8. What experimental evidence do you have to show that bile is not needed in fat digestion? ________________________________________________________

Fantasy Food Log (USE table in homework packet at the back)

Directions: Design a make believe (FANTASY) diet using the classroom packets given in class by listing something to eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner and snacks (optional). Then add up each column. After totaling your numbers you can determine if you went over or were under your recommended daily amount of nutrient intake.

| |Total Calories |Fat gram(s) x 9 = fat |Cholesterol (mg) |Sodium (mg) |

| | |calories | | |

|Breakfast items | | | | |

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|Lunch items | | | | |

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|Dinner items | | | | |

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|Snacks | | | | |

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|Total: add breakfast lunch | | | | |

|and dinner | | | | |

Complete the following equations:

1. What is your BMR? __________ (show work here)

Hints: Note kg’s = (weight in lbs) x (0.41)

Basal Metabolic Rate = (Weight in kilograms) x (0.8) x (24 hours)

2. What is your FPE? ___________(show work here)

Food processing energy = 10% of your Basal Metabolic Rate

3. How many calories did you burn during your day of driving? _________

Activity = the energy used to drive, take pictures, etc. = (BMR)(0.35)

4. What is the total number of calories you burned in this day? _________________

(show work here)

Total calories = (Basal metabolic rate) + (Food processing energy) + (Activity)

Questions:

5. How many calories did you consume?

6. What percent of these calories came from fat?

7. How much are you over or under the recommended fat percentage? (30% RDA)

8. How many milligrams of sodium did you consume?

9. How much are you over or under the recommended sodium allowance? (2400 RDA)

10. Did you go over your cholesterol limit? (300 RDA)

11. How much above or below the cholesterol limit were you?

12. Let’s estimate the number of calories you burn in a typical day: (use back of notes packet to help by determining what activities you did today)

EXTRA CREDIT

If you did not use all the calories you ate, then use the tables of exercise data to write a specific plan for using the surplus calories. Thus, preventing their storage as fat: Be sure the math is clearly shown.

Analyzing Digestion in the Stomach

You are scheduled to participate in a track meet at 4:00 p.m. this afternoon. You want to do your best. You know that a “good” meal will help you to perform well. What kind of meal is best for you? When should you eat it? In this activity you will analyze the factors that affect digestion in the stomach. You cannot get the most energy from foods that you have not completely digested. Foods in you stomach have not been completely digested. The process of digestion is completed in the small intestine. Also, you do not have much control over the amount of time foods remain in your stomach. The amount of time depends on the kinds of food that you have eaten. And you do have control over that.

Many factors affect the amount of time in which food remains in your stomach. Examples include the chemical makeup of the food, the physical state of the food, and your emotional state. The level of activity that you engage in immediately after you eat also affects the amount of time I which food remains in your stomach.

In terms of chemical makeup, foods are classified into three categories. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) provide immediate energy for the body’s activities. Proteins are used for growth and the repair of body tissues (in other words making other proteins). Fats are a form of stored energy. Because stored fat must be broken down in the body’s cells before it is used, stored fats are not a quick form of energy. Use Table 1 and 2 to answer the following questions.

Table 1:

|Food |Carb |Fat |Protein |Food |Carb |Fat |Protein |

|Bacon | |X | |Lean hamburger | | |X |

|Bread |X | | |Low fat milk | | |X |

|Butter | |X | |Orange |X | | |

|Cereal |X | | |Potato (boiled) |X | | |

|Chicken (without skin)| | |X |French fries | |X | |

|Cream | |X | |Potato chips | |X | |

|Steak | | |X |Spaghetti |X | | |

Table 2: Time various foods stay in the stomach

|Bread, spaghetti, rice, orange |2-3 hours |

|Chicken, lean hamburger, steak |3-4 hours |

|Bacon, butter, cream |4-6 hours |

1. Which kind of food remains in the stomach for the longest period of time?

2. Which food remains in the stomach for the least amount of time?

3. A meal of 2 scrambled eggs, 2 slices of toast, 2 slices of bacon and coffee with cream and sugar can remain in the stomach for up to 6 hours. A meat loaf sandwich, mashed potatoes, and coffee without cream or sugar remains in the stomach for about 4 hours. Which nutrient appears to influence the time it takes for the stomach to empty?

4. Steak and hamburger are both protein rich. Steak typically will remain in the stomach longer than hamburger. Propose a reason for this.

5. Fried chicken usually remains in the stomach longer than baked chicken. Explain why.

6. Why do you become hungry more quickly after a meal of cereal and toast than after a meal of bacon and eggs?

7. Becoming angry or tense while you are eating often decreases peristalsis of the stomach. What effect do these emotions have on the time food stays in the stomach?

8. It is generally desirable for an athlete to compete on an empty stomach. During vigorous exercise, the blood flow to the digestive system decreases. If food is in the stomach, the decreased flow of blood may cause cramps. Keeping in mind the roles of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins play and the amount of time they stay in the stomach, choose a menu from the list below that would be best for an athlete to eat three hours before a competition. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.

a. Cheeseburger, French fries, low fat milk

b. Steak, potatoes, low fat milk

c. Orange juice, cereal, low fat milk, potatoes

HW Biology

Digestion of Nutrients:

This chart shows the step by step changes for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as they pass through the digestive system. Study one nutrient at a time and follow its pathway through the chart. Color each square the color indicated to help follow each nutrient.

|Carbohydrate |Protein |Fat |Enzyme for digestion at|Where is this enzyme |physical or chemical |

|(red) |(blue) |(green) |this point. |made? |change |

|Double sugar | | |Salivary amylase |Salivary glands |C |

|(red) | | |(red) | | |

| |Polypeptide | |Pepsin and hydrochoric |Stomach |C |

| |(blue) | |acid | | |

| | | |(blue) | | |

| | |Emulsified fat |Bile |Liver |P |

| | |(green) |(green) | | |

| |Peptide | |Trypsin | | |

| |(blue) | |(blue) | | |

| | |Fatty acids and |Lipase |Pancreas |C |

| | |glycerol |(green) | | |

| | |(green) | | | |

|Polysaccharide to | | |Pancreatic amylase | | |

|double sugar | | |(red) | | |

|(red) | | | | | |

| |Amino acids | |Erepsin | | |

| |(blue) | |(blue) | | |

|Single sugar | | |Various bacterial |Small Intestine |C |

|(red) | | |hydrolases | | |

| | | |(red) | | |

1. What is the final form into which each nutrient is changed?

a. Fat –

b. Carbohydrate –

c. Protein –

2. Describe the changes needed to digest the following nutrients:

a. Fat –

b. Carbohydrate –

c. Protein –

3. Name all the enzymes used to digest each nutrient and tell where they are used:

a. Fat –

b. Carbohydrate –

c. Protein –

4. Which organ makes enzymes that digest all three types of nutrients?

Review macromolecules and their monomers, structural formulas, chemical formulas, etc

5. Write the one formula used by Heterotrophs here:

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6. Define these terms and write their letters near each part of the digestion system that they occur in on the following diagram of the digestive system.

a. Ingestion (I) –

b. Peristalsis (P) –

c. Absorption (A) –

d. Elimination (E) –

e. Mechanical Digestion (M) –

7. What increases the surface area of the small intestine to allow for more absorption of macromolecules?

8. Label the following 10 digestive parts in the diagram and define what each part does.

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