Avgiv - BNPS



Avgiv

Kx

ai‡bi

wk¶v

PvB

GKwU weKí fvebv

ARq ivq

kwn`yj Bmjvg

wRqvDwÏb Zv‡iK Avjx

mvBdzi ingvb ZvwiK

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Bbw÷wUDU di Gbfvqib‡g›U A¨vÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U (AvBBwW)

Avgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvB

GKwU weKí fvebv

ARq ivq

kwn`yj Bmjvg

wRqvDwÏb Zv‡iK Avjx

mvBdzi ingvb ZvwiK

cÖKvkKvj

Ryb 2006

cÖKvkK

Bbw÷wUDU di Gbfvqib‡g›U A¨vÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U (AvBBwW)

evwo 52, †ivW 8G, avbgwÊ, XvKv 1209

†dvb : 8158248, 8111323, d¨v· : 8114099

B‡gBj : ied@ I‡qemvBU :

cÖ”Q` I gy`ªY

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152/2-†K (wbPZjv)

wMÖb †ivW, cvš’c_, XvKv 1205

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evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vbxwZ, wk¶ve¨e¯’v I wk¶v`k©b wb‡q my`xN©Kvj a‡i A‡bK Av‡›`vjb-Av‡jvPbv-†jLv‡jwL n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j D‡j­L‡hvM¨ AR©bI m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †m AR©b a‡i †i‡L Avgiv µgk mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z cvwi wb| j¶Yxq †h, G hverKvj †h wk¶v Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q †mme Av‡›`vj‡b mvaviYZ PjwZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖYqb Kievi K_v| wKš‘ †mLv‡b GKwU A¯úóZv wQj †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³eM© †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Kgx© ch©vq ch©š— †h, cÖZ¨vwkZ cwiewZ©Z wk¶vi KvVv‡gvwU KxiKg n‡e| AvBBwW †P‡q‡Q †m NvUwZwU c~iY Ki‡Z| Avgiv ïay ejwQ bv †h PjwZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v I c×wZwU AKvh©Ki, Zvi mv‡_ G-I ej‡Z †P‡qwQ †h Av`k© wk¶ve¨e¯’vwUi KxiKg nIqv DwPZ| Avgiv Avkv Kwi GB M‡elYvKg©wU wk¶vi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjbKvgx‡`i GKwU j¶¨ w¯’i Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e Ges jf¨ †idv‡i‡Ýi wfwˇZ wb‡RivI wPš—vfvebv K‡i GB wk¶vcÖ¯—vebvwU‡K Av‡iv GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cvi‡eb|

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G †cÖ¶vc‡U AvBBwWi D‡`¨v‡M wk¶vmsµvš— w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖYq‡Yi j‡¶¨ wk¶vwe` I mykxj mgv‡Ri m‡½ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ W.ARq ivq iv‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖ‡dmi kwn`yj Bmjvg, wRqvDwÏb Zv‡iK Avjx I mvBdzi ingvb ZvwiK-Gi ZË¡veav‡b ÔAvgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvB : GKwU weKí fvebvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU M‡elYvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| ZviB cÖ_g avc wn‡m‡e G c‡e© wKQz Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avkv Kwi, cieZx© mg‡q GB cÖ¯—vebvwU AvBBwWmn mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq GKwU c~Y©v½ iƒc cwiMÖn Ki‡e|

G M‡elYvKg©wU gyL¨ M‡elK I Zuvi mn‡hvMx‡`i AK¬vš— cwikª‡gi dmj| KvRwU‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z mve©¶wYK civgk© w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi mv‡eK gnvcwiPvjK kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb, AvBBwWi civgk©K I evsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ ms‡Ni wbe©vnx cwiPvjK †iv‡Kqv Kexi, cÖv³b gyL¨mwPe W.Gm G mvgv`, A_©bxwZwe` W. gwkDi ingvb, AvBBwWi mgš^qKvix kvnbvR mygx, mnKvix mgš^qKvix gywRe †gn`xmn Av‡iv A‡b‡K| ab¨ev` w`‡q Avwg KvD‡K Lv‡Uv Ki‡Z PvB bv|

AvBBwWi †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Avgiv wk¶v‡K GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQ, hv‡Z MYgyLx weÁvbm¤§Z wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Rb¨ †`‡k GKwU RvZxq Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| G j‡¶¨ cybivq AbymÜvb, Av‡jvPbv, Kg©kvjv, weZK© BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i msMVb †Rvi †Póv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡e| G‡¶‡Î mK‡ji ˆbwZK mg_©b I

Avš—wiK mnvqZv cve e‡j Avgiv Avkvev`x|

bygvb Avn¤§` Lvb

wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, AvBBwW

m~wPµg

|cÖ¯—vebv |007 |

|wk¶v`k©b |007 |

|mgx¶v c×wZ |009 |

|cÖ_g Aa¨vq : wk¶ve¨e¯’vi iƒc‡iLv : weKí fvebv |010-015 |

|1. wk¶vbxwZ |010 |

| 1.1 wk¶vi msÁv |010 |

| 1.2 wk¶vbxwZi mviK_v |011 |

|wØZxq Aa¨vq : we`¨gvb wk¶v KvVv‡gv |016-023 |

|2. we`¨gvb wk¶v`vb Kvh©µ‡gi msw¶ßmvi |016 |

| 2.1 Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j wk¶ve¨e¯’v |016 |

| 2.2 weªwUkiv‡Ri cwiZ¨³ wk¶vc×wZ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v |017 |

| 2.2.1 mvaviY I †mKz¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v |017 |

| 2.2.2 ag©wfwËK wk¶v Kvh©µg |019 |

| 2.3 we`¨gvb wk¶vi mgm¨v I cÖK…wZ Ges Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vwkZ wk¶v |021 |

| 2.4 Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vKvVv‡gv |023 |

|Z…Zxq Aa¨vq : wk¶vi AeKvVv‡gv |024-051 |

|3. wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I wk¶vµg |024 |

| 3.1 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK |024 |

| 3.2 cÖv_wgK |025 |

| 3.3 wk¶vµg : cÖv_wgK I cÖvBgvwi ce© |027 |

| 3.3.1 cÖv_wgK I cvBgvwi c‡e© wk¶v I cvVµg |028 |

| 3.3.2 cÖ¯—vweZ cvVµg I cvV¨welq wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv |030 |

| 3.3.3 cÖv_wgK c‡e© eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Abvb¨ wk¶vc×wZ I wk¶v | |

| |037 |

|cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨r | |

| 3.4 gva¨wgK : wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ |039 |

| 3.5 wk¶vµg : gva¨wgK ev †m‡KÛvwi ce© |040 |

| 3.5.1 gva¨wgK I †m‡KÛvwi c‡e©i wk¶v I cvVµg |041 |

| 3.5.2 ÔI-GÕ †j‡fjwfwËK Bs‡iwR fvlvi gva¨‡g Ôgva¨wgK I D”P- | |

|gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wk¶v Kvh©µg |044 |

| 3.6 D”P-gva¨wgK ev nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi c‡e©i wk¶v I cvVµg |045 |

| 3.6.1 KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb |048 |

| 3.6.2 mn-cvVµg(cvVµg ewnf~©Z Kg©ZrciZv |049 |

| 3.7 D”Pwk¶v |050 |

| 3.7.1 mvaviY D”Pwk¶v |050 |

| 3.7.2 †ckvRxex I cÖhyw³MZ D”Pwk¶v |051 |

|PZz_© Aa¨vq : weKí fvebv |052-077 |

|4. Avgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvB |052 |

| 4.1 mycvwikgvjv |054 |

| 4.1.1 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK |054 |

| 4.1.2 gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK |058 |

| 4.1.3 bxwZk¶v |063 |

| 4.1.4 gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© mycvwik |064 |

| 4.1.5 gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ |070 |

| 4.1.6K gv`ªvmv wk¶vi HwZwn¨K DËivwaKviZ¡ |071 |

| 4.1.6L gv`ªvmv m¤^‡Ü Awf‡hvM |071 |

| 4.2 D”Pwk¶v I D”PZi †ckvRxex wk¶v |072 |

| 4.3 wk¶v I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb |073 |

| 4.4 Avgv‡`i mycvwi‡k hv †bB |075 |

|cÂg Aa¨vq : cwiwkóvw` |078-157 |

|cwiwkó 1 : KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶vq Aš—f©y³ welqmg~‡ni m¤¢ve¨ | |

|ZvwjKv |078 |

|cwiwkó 2 : wewfbœ wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© mycvwik |081 |

|cwiwkó 3 : gv`ªvmv wk¶v : cwðge‡½i AwfÁZv |087 |

|cwiwkó 4 : wf‡qZbv‡gi AwfÁZv |091 |

|cwiwkó 5 : RvwZmsN I Zvi A½ msMV‡bi wk¶v welqK mycvwikgvjv |093 |

|cwiwkó 6 : wmWI Ges GgwWwR mb` |098 |

|cwiwkó 7 : cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj | |

|†`‡ki mvsweavwbK wm×vš— |100 |

|cwiwkó 8 : Kg©kvjv, gZwewbgq I mv¶vrKvi †_‡K cÖvß gZvgZ I mycvwik |101 |

|cwiwkó 9 : wewkóR‡bi gZvgZ |105 |

|cwiwkó 10 : wk¶v wb‡q Ávbx gvbyl‡`i fvebv |132 |

|cwiwkó 11 : Ôag© I bxwZwk¶vÕ : D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶vµg |140 |

|cwiwkó 12 : evsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK wk¶vi µgweKvk : | |

|ARq ivq I kwn`yj Bmjvg |141 |

|cÖvmw½Kx |158-159 |

cÖ¯—vebv

†Kv‡bv †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v †m †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZ Ges †m †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I e¨e¯’vi Ici wbf©i K‡i| †Kej wk¶ve¨e¯’vB bq †h‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi †¶‡ÎB GK_v cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e Ab¨me e¨e¯’vi Ici BwZnvm-HwZn¨-ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve GZUv mivmwi bq|

evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK, Avw_©K I ivwóªK Ae¯’vb Ggb ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡q‡Q †h, GKwU †jvKvqZ weÁvbgb¯‹ Ges GKB avivi MÖnY‡hvM¨ wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖYqb Kiv †ek k³| KviY, Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi Avi †mB †mKy¨jvi wfwËwU †bB, d‡j iv‡óªi kvmbZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vwUI h‡_ó D`vi MYZvwš¿K bq| myZivs ej‡Z wØav †bB GKwU me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, ˆeÁvwbK, †mKy¨jvi I GKgyLx wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖYqb Kivi †Póv GKwU e¨_© cwÊZmyjf Abykxj‡b ch©ewmZ n‡Z eva¨, hw` bv ivóª Zvi AbyK~‡j KvR K‡i|

iv‡óªi cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB †m †`k KZUv MYZvwš¿K Zvi cÖgvY Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| iv‡óªi msweavbm¤§Z wm×v‡š— G mewKQzB cwi®‹vi _v‡K| Avgv‡`i msweav‡bI MYZvwš¿K, me©Rbxb, †mKz¨jvi, weÁvbgb¯‹ wk¶vi `vwe mgw_©Z n‡q‡Q| hw`I ¯^vaxbZvi cqwÎk eQi c‡iI bvbvwea Kvi‡Y †Zgb wk¶ve¨e¯’v Kvh©Ki nq wb| Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I jvwZb Av‡gwiKvb †`kmg~‡ni †¶‡ÎI mvwe©K wPÎ †gvUvgywU GKB| mgvR I ag© †mme †`‡kI cÖavb Aš—ivq n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|

gvby‡li mxgve×Zv Av‡Q, Zvi ˆZwi iv‡óªiI mxgve×Zv _vKv ZvB ¯^vfvweK| Gme mxgve×Zv‡K †g‡b wb‡qI gvbyl ¯^cœ †`‡L GKwU mgZvc~Y© mgv‡Ri, Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi, GKwU D`vi MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi Ges GB iv‡óªvc‡hvMx GKwU my›`i wk¶v`k©b iPbvi, hvi wfwˇZ ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ wk¶ve¨e¯’v|

wk¶v`k©b

`k©b k‡ãi GKwU A_© n‡jv †`Lv, myZivs wk¶v‡K †h `„wó‡Z Avgiv †`wL ZvB wk¶v`k©b| wKš‘ `k©b †Zv ïay †`Lv bq, Gi A_© Ávbv‡š^l‡Yi c_ ev m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqvi cš’v| myZivs wk¶v`k©b ej‡Z Avgiv eySe wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i `„wófw½ Ges Ávbv‡š^l‡Yi c_ Avwe®‹vi| wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i `„wófw½i mviK_v n‡jv gvbweK †PZbv m¤úbœ m„wókxj gvbyl ˆZwi, †h gvbyl †`k I mgv‡Ri †evSv bv n‡q n‡e Kg©wbô Ges Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wk¶v, ÔAvgv‡`i †`‡k n‡e †mB †Q‡j K‡e, K_vq bv eo n‡q Kv‡R eo n‡eÕ( GB cÖev`cÖwZg Kve¨cOw³‡K ev¯—‡e iƒcvwqZ Ki‡e|

Avgiv cÖvqk e‡j _vwK †h Avgv‡`i †`‡k wk¶vbxwZ e‡j wKQy †bB| GKw`K w`‡q K_vwU wVK Avevi †mwU AmZ¨I| ÔmiKvi hv fv‡jv g‡b Ki‡ebÕ( ZvB n‡jv eZ©gv‡b Pvjy wk¶vbxwZi g~j wfwË| `yÕGKwU D`vniY †`qv hvK| Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q cÖv³b ivóªcwZ †j. †R. Gikv‡`i miKvi nVvr K‡iB wk¶vwe` ev RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi †Zvqv°v bv-K‡i ¯‹z‡ji wbPz †kªwY †_‡K Aviwe fvlv I ag©‡K eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i e‡m| cieZ©xKv‡ji miKvi¸‡jv GKBfv‡e weÁvb I MwYZPP©v‡K Ae‡njvi gy‡L †V‡j w`‡q gva¨wgK ¯—‡i KL‡bv K…wlwk¶v‡K Avevi KL‡bv ev ag©‡K eva¨Zvg~jK wel‡q cwiYZ K‡i|

wk¶v`k©b Qvov wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqY Kiv hvq bv| cÖwZwU †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’vi g~‡j _v‡K GKwU `k©b, hvi wfwˇZ iwPZ nq †m †`‡ki wk¶vbxwZ| wk¶vbxwZ ev¯—evwqZ Kivi e¨e¯’vB wk¶ve¨e¯’v| Avi Gi wbg©vY-im` n‡”Q †m †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ Avi ms¯‹…wZ| myZivs Avgiv g‡b Kwi, Avgv‡`i wk¶v`k©b wewbg©v‡Yi wfZwU ˆZwi Ki‡e Avgv‡`i BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨ I †jvKR wPš—v‡PZbv|

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• eûZ¡evw`Zv (Pluralism) I ˆewPΨgqZv (Diversity)

• ˆewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨ GKZ¡ (Unity in diversity)

• gvbweKZv (Humanism) Ges

• ag©-eY©-RvwZ wbwe©‡k‡l m¤cÖxwZi gv‡S emev‡mi HwZn¨ A_©vr ÔBnRvMwZKZvÕ (Secularism)

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A_ev,

Ògvbyl n‡q gvbyl †P‡bv

gvbyl n‡q gvbyl gv‡bv

gvbyl iZbab

K‡iv †mB gvby‡li A‡š^lY|Ó

G †Zv Avengvb evsjvi ÔgvbeZvi RqMvbÕ|[?]

mgx¶v c×wZ

GB mgx¶vi g~j D‡Ïk¨, c~‡e© ewY©Z `vk©wbK `„wófw½‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Ôwk¶ve¨e¯’viÕ GKwU mvgwMÖK iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi Kiv, †h iƒc‡iLvwU DÌvcb Ki‡e GKwU me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, †mKy¨jvi I GK c×wZi wk¶ve¨e¯’v| GwU cÖYqbKv‡j †`‡ki msweavb I wewfbœ mg‡q M„nxZ RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ mb‡`i wk¶vwelqK mycvwikgvjv Ges cvk©eZ©x †`kmg~‡ni AwfÁZv‡KI we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡q‡Q|

GB D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡ek I mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z G mgx¶vq †h c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbgœiƒc :

• wewfbœ mg‡q cÖYxZ wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`bmn wk¶v welqK bvbv KvMRcÎ, †hgb BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDwb‡md cÖf„wZ Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vi wk¶v welqK cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw` ch©v‡jvPbv|

• wbe©vwPZ wk¶v I wk¶Y we‡klÁ Ges AwffveK‡`i GKvš— mv¶vrKvi MÖnY|

• QvÎQvÎx‡`i mv‡_ gZwewbgq|

• †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb Ges wk¶K-AwffveKmn mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯—‡ii Ávbx¸wYR‡bi mv‡_ gZvgZ wewbgq I civgk© MÖnY|

• wk¶v cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b (cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK Ges KvwiMwi wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~n G mgx¶vi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ) I mswk­ó wk¶K‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv ˆeVK|

GB mgx¶vq cÖvß Z_¨vw` cwi‡ewkZ iƒc‡iLvwU ˆZwi‡Z we‡kl mnvqK f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

wk¶ve¨e¯’vi iƒc‡iLv : weKí fvebv

1. wk¶vbxwZ

G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cÖ_‡g wk¶vi mvaviY msÁv wb‡q A‡jvPbv Kie, c‡i Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K Zz‡j aie|

1.1 wk¶vi msÁv

Avgiv wk¶vi msÁv w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z PvB| Avi GB wk¶v msÁvi Av‡jvPbvi †fZi w`‡qB †ewi‡q Avm‡e Avgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvB| Encyclopedia Britania-‡Z wk¶vi msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q A‡bKUv Gfv‡e, Ôeducation, any process, either formal or informal, that shapes the potential of a maturing organism. Informal education results from the constant effect of environment, and its strength in shaping values and habits cannot be overestimated. Formal education is a conscious effort by human society to impart the skills and modes of thought considered essential for social functioning. Techniques of instruction often reflect the attitudes of society, i.e.Õ Ges mvaviYfv‡e wk¶vi AvwfavwbK A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q, ÔThe act, process, or art of imparting knowledge and skill.Õ

wk¶v kãwU w`‡q Avgiv wk¶v`vb I wk¶vMÖnY Dfq cÖwµqv‡KB eywS‡q _vwK| wk¶v ej‡Z Avgiv eySe :

• GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv, hvi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li Aš—j©xb cÖwZfv I myß kw³‡K weKwkZ Kiv I dzwU‡q †Zvjv hvq Ges ÁvbvR©b I Ávbm„wói c_ Db¥y³ nq ; Ges e¨w³wef‡ei (potential) cwic~Y© cÖùzU‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgvRwef‡eiI cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U| Bs‡iwR‡Z ejv hvq Ôeducation is a process by which human beings and societies reach their fullest potentialÕ|

• m¤¢ve¨ wef‡ei (potential) g‡a¨ jxb n‡q _vKv e¨w³ ev mgwói Ávb, m„RbkxjZv, myKzgvie„wË, Kg©`¶Zv, PwiÎ I gvbwmK kw³i weKvk|

• aviY‡hvM¨ Dbœqb‡K (sustainable development) GwM‡q wb‡Z Ges aviY‡hvM¨ Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mswk­ó mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K `„pZvi mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL n‡Z gvby‡li `¶Zv‡K Av‡iv DbœZ ¯—‡i wb‡q †h‡Z wk¶v GKwU Acwinvh© I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs wk¶v ïay e¨w³mËvi weKvk NUvq bv, GwU mgvR I †`‡ki Dbœqb Dj­ç‡bi mv‡_I mnm¤úwK©Z (correlated)|

• wk¶v‡K Avgiv Gfv‡eI †`L‡Z cvwi( ÔcvV Kiv I †kLvÕ, A_©vr †gŠwjK I Zvrch©gq AbymwÜrmv I wRÁvmvi AvKi MÖš’mg~‡ni welqe¯‘‡K wbR †PZbvq cÖwZdwjZ K‡i ü`q½g Ki‡Z cviv, AZx‡Zi mwÂZ Ávb Abyaveb Ki‡Z wRÁvmvi HwZn¨ m„wó Kiv, hv †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v AbymÜv‡bi ¯ú„nv RvMÖZ K‡i fwel¨r‡K A_©en K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|

• D`vi wPš—vavivcÖm~Z wk¶vZ‡Ë¡i g~jK_v n‡jv : 1. mgZv I MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq DËiY Ges Kvw•¶Z mvgvwRK cwieZ©b Avbq‡b wk¶v‡K e¨envi Kiv ; 2. cðvrc` a¨vbaviYv I Abykvmb‡K ZË¡MZfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv|

GB K_v¸‡jv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Avgiv cÖ¯—ve Ki‡Z PvB †h Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’v n‡e( me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, weÁvbwfwËK, †mKy¨jvi I GKgyLx|

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vbxwZ I wk¶ve¨e¯’v Aek¨B aviY Ki‡e wk¶v`k©‡bi f~wgKv Ges Dwj­wLZ cÖZ¨q¸‡jv| myZivs cÖYxZ wk¶vbxwZi g~j j¶¨ n‡e fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ gvbeZvev`x I gvbe‡mevq D¾xweZ m„wóKzkj gvbe m„wó, hviv †`‡ki I mgv‡Ri m¤ú` e„w×mn mvwe©K Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡e|

1.2 wk¶vbxwZi mviK_v

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vbxwZi mviK_v¸‡jv GKwUgvÎ ev‡K¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvB, Avi Zv n‡jv( RvwZi Rb¨ GKwU Ôme©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, †mKy¨jvi, weÁvbwfwËK, GKgyLx wk¶vÕ, hv †kªwY-RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj QvÎQvÎx‡K Aek¨ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

GB c k㸔Q w`‡q Avgiv Kx †evSv‡Z PvB, Zv wb‡P ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

me©Rbxb

Bs‡iwR Universal kãwUi mv‡_ Avgiv cwiwPZ( GB A‡_©B Avgiv me©Rbxb ev wek¦Rbxb kãwU e¨envi K‡iwQ| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b me©Rbxb kãwUi Bs‡iwR Kiv n‡q‡Q Universal| Avgv‡`i Kvw•¶Z wk¶ve¨e¯’v mK‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ _vK‡e( ag©-eY©-RvwZ-m¤cÖ`vq, bvix-cyi“l I Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb, Z_v abx-`wi`ª wbwe©‡k‡l| wk¶vi mv‡_ mswk­ó hveZxq my‡hvM-myweavw` RvwZ-†MvÎ-ag©-wj½ I Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb wbwe©‡k‡l mKj †kªwYi wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ n‡e( GKB wk¶v¯—‡i QvÎQvÎxiv GKB cvVµg I cvV¨welq AbymiY Ki‡e|

me©RbxbZv ïay †`‡ki mxgvi g‡a¨ Ave× bq, †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiK Avgv‡`i †`‡k wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ïay Ae¯’vb †f` bq, we‡k¦i mKj Ávb I k„•Ljv Avgv‡`i wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi Aš—f©y³ n‡e| GB aviYv¸‡jv‡KB Avgiv msÁvwqZ K‡iwQ Ôme©RbxbÕ kãwU w`‡q|

ˆelg¨nxb

G K_vi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vq we`¨gvb bvbv ai‡bi ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NwU‡q GKwU mylg wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi K_vB ej‡Z †P‡hwQ| eZ©gvb wk¶ve¨e¯’vi bvbv¯—‡i ˆelg¨ we`¨gvb| AvengvbKvj †_‡K Avgv‡`i iv‡óª wKsev mgv‡R bvbv ˆewPΨgq, GgbwK ci¯úiwe‡ivax wk¶ve¨e¯’v cvkvcvwk P‡j Avm‡Q| d‡j gb-gvbwmKZvq, jä wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡b, wPš—v I we‡k­lY ¶gZvq, mgvR I †`‡ki cÖwZ `„wófw½‡Z c„_K I ¯^Zš¿ Rji“× K‡¶ (water tight compartment) Avgv‡`i Z_vKw_Z wkw¶Z gvbyl Aei“×|

GK †kªwYi gvby‡li mv‡_ Ab¨ †kªwYi gvby‡li mnR m¤úK© †bB| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wg_w®Œqv NU‡Q bv, hv DbœZ mgvR MV‡bi Avewk¨K kZ©| G Kvi‡Y gv`ªvmv c×wZ †_‡K AvMZ wkw¶Z Av‡j‡gi mv‡_ G †j‡fj cvm †PŠKm Zi“‡Yi Rxeb`k©‡b AvKvkmg cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡”Q| ˆelg¨ i‡q‡Q bvix-cyi“‡li myweav jv‡fI, MÖvg-kni Dfq ch©v‡q| ˆelg¨ we`¨gvb abx `wi‡`ªi Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡YI|

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vbxwZ MÖv‡g-kn‡i, mvgvwRK DuPz-wbPz‡Z, a‡g©-a‡g©, †kªwY‡Z-†kªwY‡Z †Kv‡bv ˆelg¨ iPbv Ki‡e bv| kni-e›`i wKsev AR cvovMuv A_ev †Svc-KzVywi hvB †nvK, Ae¯’vb wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Kv‡Q wk¶v myweav †cuŠ‡Q †`evi A½xKvi †h wk¶vc×wZ‡Z _vK‡e, Zv‡KB Avgiv eje ˆelg¨nxb wk¶vbxwZ| Avi Zvi wfwˇZ cÖYxZ e¨e¯’v‡K eje ˆelg¨nxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v|

GKwU gvÎ A‡f`vZ¥K wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡KB Avgiv ej‡Z PvB ˆelg¨nxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v| †h e¨e¯’v ïay me©RbxbZv‡K aviY Ki‡e bv, Zv‡K i¶vI Ki‡e| LuvwU I ms‡e`bkxj gvbyl ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶v_©xi g‡b ˆelg¨nxb †PZbvi weKvk NUv‡bv Ri“wi|

†mKy¨jvi (BnRvMwZK ev †jvKvqZ)

†mKy¨jvwiRg (secularism) k‡ãi KvQvKvwQ evsjv cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e Avgiv BnRvMwZKZv ev †jvKvqZ kã `ywU‡K e¨env‡i Ki‡Z cvwi| cybtcyb ivR‰bwZK Ace¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Gi A_© `uvo Kwi‡q‡Qb Õwbixk¦ievw`ZvÕ (atheism)| GwU AwZ Aek¨B wVK bq| cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bI kã `ywUi g‡a¨ A‡_©i wfbœZv Kiv nq, Ges `ywU‡K GK K‡i †`LvI nq bv| Avgiv Gi `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvq bv wM‡qI ej‡Z cvwi †h Ôwbixk¦ievw`ZvÕ ev (atheism) n‡jv Ggb GKwU gZev`, hv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ck¦‡ii Aw¯—‡Z¡ wek¦vm K‡i bv (a doctrine of disbelief in the existence if God), Ab¨w`‡K †mKy¨jvwiRg (secularism) Ck¦‡ii Aw¯—Z¡ ev Abw¯—Z¡ wb‡q gv_v Nvgvq bv, BnRM‡Zi welq wb‡qB Zvi Abykxjb I Aa¨qb (any ‘ism’ pertaining to the present world or to things not spiritual; the belief that the state, morals, education etc. should be independent of religion)|

g~jZ aviYvwU‡K Zvi ¯^iƒ‡c GL‡bv Dc¯’vcbB Kiv nq wb| Gi †mvRv A_© n‡jv ivóª bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek¦v‡m bvK Mjv‡e bv| A_©vr ivóª me©`v GKwU wek¦vmwbi‡c¶ Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡e| ag© n‡e bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek¦vm( iv‡óªi mv‡_ Gi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi ag©wek¦vm ivóªxq ev miKvwi Kg©Kv‡Ê cÖwZdwjZ n‡e bv, ev cÖfvweZ Ki‡e bv| Avi †mB iv‡óªi bvMwiKiv ci¯ú‡ii gZ I wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡e| Ggb ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ ivóªxq e¨e¯’vB BnRvMwZK ev †mKy¨jvi wm‡÷g|

†mKz¨jvi k‡ãi AwaKZi Pvjy cÖwZkã n‡jv ag©wbi‡c¶Zv, hv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Õ72-Gi msweav‡b e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| Gi †cQ‡bi wbM©wjZv_© `k©b wQj †h, ivóªxq Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbvq a‡g©i †Kv‡bv ¯’vb _vK‡e bv, iv‡óªi my‡hvMmyweav mK‡ji Kv‡Q Aeva, †Kv‡bv wek¦v‡mi wbwi‡L Zv wePvh© bq Ges ivóªxq AvB‡b mKj bvMwiK mgvb| ejv evûj¨ †h, Gi Øviv KL‡bvB bvw¯—KZv‡K cÖkªq †`qv nq wb, eis msweav‡b mKj ag©cvj‡bi wbi¼zk wbðqZv †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB `yB‡qi g‡a¨ fv‡ei mgm¨v †bB, mgm¨vUv wQj cÖ‡qv‡Mi|

e¯‘Z †mKy¨jvwiRg (BnRvMwZKZv A_ev Bn‡jŠwKKZv) Ggb GK mgv‡Ri K_v e‡j, hvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨Õ GB `k©b| ÔgvbeZvev`Õ, eûZ¡evw`Zv (pluralism), ˆewPΨgqZv (diversity) Ges hyw³ev` GB mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨| evsjvq BnRvMwZKZvi A_© n‡jv BnRMr m¤úwK©Z( Avgv‡`i `„k¨gvb RM‡Zi evB‡ii †Kv‡bv wKQyi Aw¯—Z¡ ev Abw¯—Z¡ A_©vr Avwa‡fŠwZK RMr ev Aa¨vZ¥ev` (metaphysical world or spiritualism) m¤ú‡K© wb¯ú„nZv| Avgiv †mKy¨jvwiRg‡K GB A‡_© e¨envi K‡iwQ|

Avgiv ivóªxq Rxe‡b †hgb †mKy¨jvwiRg ev BnRvMwZKZvi Awaôvb PvB, †Zgwb Avgv‡`i Kvw•¶Z wk¶ve¨e¯’vqI Zvi cÖwZdjb †`L‡Z PvB| Gi Avi GKwU A_© n‡jv wk¶ve¨e¯’vq †Kv‡bv we‡kl ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ ev †Kv‡bv †kªwYwe‡k‡li Rb¨ we‡kl AMÖvwaKvi msiw¶Z _vK‡e bv ; ivóªvqË wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b mevi AwaKvi _vK‡e mgvb| ag©-†kªwY-eY©-RvwZ-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj wk¶v_©x GKwU GKK wk¶ve¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v MÖnY I Ávb AR©b Ki‡e| gvbeZv‡ev‡a RvMÖZ n‡q Zviv wk¶vq g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡e| cvVµg I cvV¨m~~wP‡Z †Kej †Kv‡bv we‡kl a‡g©i K_v ev †m welqK cÖPviYvg~jK cÖeÜ(Mí ¯’vb cv‡e bv| G ai‡bi wk¶v‡K Avgiv wk¶vi †jvKvqZKiY (secularization of education) ej‡Z PvB|

weÁvbwfwËK

Ggb åvš— aviYv Av‡Q †h, weÁvbwfwËK wk¶v gv‡b †Kej weÁvb welqK cvV`v‡bi DciB ¸i“Z¡ †`qv| Avgiv †h ai‡bi wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖ¯—ve Ki‡Z PvB, wk¶v`v‡b I MÖn‡Y †h c×wZ cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z PvB, Zv‡Z wk¶v_©x n‡q DV‡e weÁvbgb¯‹| weÁvbgb¯‹ n‡q IVvi gv‡b n‡jv gy³wPš—vi aviK I hyw³ev`x D`vi g‡bi AwaKvix nIqv| mevB‡K weÁvb cwo‡q †Kej ˆeÁvwbK, BwÄwbqvi, Wv³vi ev K…wlwe` ˆZwi Kiv weÁvbwfwËK wk¶v bq, eis wk¶ve¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q hyw³ I Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ QvÎQvÎx‡K we‡k­lYx g‡bve„wËm¤úbœ K‡i †Zvjv|

GK K_vq, hyw³wbôfv‡e mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ weÁvbm¤§Z cš’v cÖ‡qv‡M QvÎQvÎx‡K m¶g Kiv( †hLv‡b AÜ ag©wek¦vm I Kzms¯‹v‡ii †Kv‡bv ¯’vb _vK‡e bv| GB cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q M‡o DV‡e gy³gbv I gy³wPš—vi AwaKvix gvbyl m¤^wjZ GKwU D`vi mgvR| G‡KB Avgiv ej‡Z PvB weÁvbwfwËK wk¶v| weÁvb †PZbvi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖv‡qvwMK Ávbm¤úbœ gvbyl M‡o †ZvjvB G bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨| A_©vr wk¶v_©x †Kej wKQz welqB Rvb‡e bv, ev¯—e Rxe‡b †m¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj I †hŠw³KZvI wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

GKgyLx

GKgyLx ej‡Z Avgiv †evSv‡Z PvB( mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖv_wgK †_‡K GKwU GKK ev GK‡m&ªvZ wewkó wk¶ve¨e¯’v, A_©vr Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j unitary or one stream system| †mwU †Kv‡bv GKK k„•LjvwelqK (monodisciplinary) wk¶v`vb bq| Gi ¯úó A_© n‡jv GKRb wk¶v_©x GKwU gvÎ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K D”PZg ¯—i ch©š— bvbv wel‡q I k„•Ljvq wk¶v MÖnY I Ávb AR©b Ki‡e| Gi ga¨ w`‡q eZ©gv‡b †h wewfbœ avivi wk¶v`vb c×wZ, †hgb( mvaviY wk¶v, gv`ªvmv-g³e-†Uvj-PZz®úvVx AeKvVv‡gvMZ ag©wfwËK wk¶v, Bs‡iwR fvlvi gva¨‡g wKÛviMv‡U©b †_‡K G †j‡fj ¯‹zje¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q †`qv wk¶v( Zvi Aemvb NU‡e| †hgb cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—i ch©š— (1g †kªwY †_‡K 8g †kªwY) mKj wk¶v_©x‡K wk¶ve¨e¯’v Aby‡gvw`Z GKwU gvÎ wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z n‡e, Zv Zviv †h we`¨vqZ‡bB cov‡kvbv Ki“K bv †Kb| cieZ©x ¯—i¸‡jv‡Z, †hgb gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK †kªwY‡Z mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L we‡kl k„•Ljvq GKvwaK avivi wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i( †hgb gvbweK, weÁvb, evwYR¨, e„wËg~jK, msMxZwe`¨v, ÔbxwZ I ag©Õ (ethics) BZ¨vw`|

Avgiv hLb ÔGKK I †jvKvqZ ev †mKy¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’viÕ (Unitary and secular education system) K_v ewj, ZLb wKš‘ Avgiv †Kv‡bv ag©iwnZ mgv‡Ri ev iv‡óªi Kíbv Kwi bv| †h‡nZz Avgv‡`i mgvR I ivóª n‡q DV‡e †mKy¨jvi, ZvB Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi mKj †¶‡Î GB †mKy¨jvwiRg bxwZi cÖwZdjb NU‡e, G‡KB Avgiv wk¶vi †mKy¨jvivB‡Rkb ev †jvKvqZKiY ej‡Z PvB|

GB `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K GKwU Kvh©Ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡j we`¨gvb wk¶vbxwZ, wk¶ve¨e¯’v, wk¶vµg, cvVc×wZ BZ¨vw`i wek` ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb `iKvi| †mB mv‡_ wewfbœ †`‡ki ev¯—e AwfÁZv, Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vmg~n, we‡kl K‡i RvwZmsN †NvwlZ mb`, wewfbœ †emiKvwi Dbœqb cÖwZôv‡bi weKí wk¶ve¨e¯’v I cvVµg, ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni wk¶v m¤úwK©Z Kg©m~wPi ch©v‡jvPbv `iKvi| †mB mv‡_ wewfbœ wk¶vwe`‡`i gZvgZI we‡ePbvq †bqv `iKvi| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b †m †PóvB Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z Avgv‡`i fvebvi GKUv ev¯—eiƒc †`qv m¤¢e nq| GKgyLx kãwU w`‡q Avgiv †h aviYvwU †evSv‡Z PvB, Zv †evSv‡Z MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b evsjvq e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔGKB c×wZÕ Avi B‡iwR‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q Ô UniformÕ, Avi RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi mb‡` GB aviYvwU cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔUnitaryÕ kãwU w`‡q (†hgb : Elementary education shall be compulsory and unitary.)

wØZxq Aa¨vq

we`¨gvb wk¶v KvVv‡gv

2. we`¨gvb wk¶v`vb Kvh©µ‡gi msw¶ßmvi

†`‡k myôz I ¯úó wk¶vbxwZ bv _vK‡jI GKwU wk¶v-Aeqe i‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g wk¶vi mKj ch©v‡q wk¶v`vb wewfbœ c‡e© wef³ K‡i †`qv nq|

2.1 Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j wk¶ve¨e¯’v

weªwUk hy‡Mi cÖvq `yÕk eQi Ges cvwK¯—vwb kvm‡bi PweŸk eQi Kvj‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Jcwb‡ewkK Kvj e‡j wPwýZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| weªwUkiv ¶gZv MÖnYKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k GKw`‡K cvVkvjv-PZz®úvVx I Ab¨w`‡K gmwR`-g³e wfwËK †h cÖvPxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v RivRxY© Ae¯’vq wQj, Zvi ¯’v‡b wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU AvaywbK wk¶vc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L AwfRvZ gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi m`m¨‡`i miKvwi Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, ZvB mbvZbx gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K wbDwK¬qvm a‡i Zvi Ici hrmvgvb¨ AvaywbKZvi wg‡kj NwU‡q jW© Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm KjKvZvq ÔK¨vjKvUv Gwjqv g¨vWªvmvÕ bv‡g GKwU AvaywbK gv`ªvmvi †MvovcËb K‡iwQ‡jb 1781 mv‡j| G cÖm‡½ †nw÷s‡mi GKwU Dw³ ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Ôwµwgbvj †Kv‡U©, cywjk wefv‡M Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R gymjgvb‡`i wbhy³ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ...G †cÖ¶vc‡U gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z gymjgvb QvÎiv †jLvcov K‡i miKvix Kv‡R †hvM w`‡Z cv‡i|Õ[?] D‡j­L¨ †h, dviwm ZL‡bv †Kv‡U©i fvlv, ZvB wePvi Kv‡R mnvqZvi Rb¨ dviwm Rvbv gymwjg Kg©Pvixi cÖ‡qvRb| µ‡g µ‡g GB be¨ cÖwZôv‡b Aviwe, dviwm, D`©y, †Kvivb, nvw`m, wd°vn& QvovI Bs‡iwR mn wKQy wKQy AvaywbK welq µgk Aš—f©y³ n‡Z _v‡K, d‡j KjKvZv gv`ªvmv †K›`ªxK be¨gv`ªvmv wk¶v I mbvZbx gv`ªvmv wk¶vi g‡a¨ `~i‡Z¡i m„wó n‡Z _v‡K| †mB †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡ki XvKv Avwjqv gv`ªvmv, evsjv‡`k gv`ªvmv wk¶v †evW© Ges GB †ev‡W©i Aaxb¯— mKj miKvwi I †emiKvwi gv`ªvmv KjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi HwZn¨ I µgaviv enb K‡i Avm‡Q|

Gi `keQi c‡iB fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ †Rvbv_b WvbKvb KZ©„K GKwU ms¯‹…Z K‡jR ¯’vwcZ nq evivbmx‡Z 1791 mv‡j| Dfq cÖwZôv‡bB wk¶v`vb Pj‡Z _v‡K mbvZbx wel‡q I cÖ_vq| D‡Ïk¨ †gvj­v Avi cy‡ivwnZ m„wó| GLv‡b hyw³ev`x D`vi wPš—vi ¯’vb wQj bv, cÖvMÖmi bZzb we`¨vi, Áv‡bi cÖ‡ek I PP©v wQj wbwl×| Dfq m¤cÖ`vqB Lywk( Bs‡iR Zv‡`i ag© I RxebvPv‡i n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Q bv| mgvR‡K AÜ ivLvB Bs‡iR‡`i D‡Ïk¨ eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv( G‡Z kvmb I †kvl‡Yi myweav| GiB avivevwnKZvq Pvwn`v bv-_vKv I ivg‡gvnbmn cÖMwZkxj wn›`y mgv‡Ri we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I, Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovq (1824) KjKvZv‡ZI GKwU ms¯‹…Z K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq|

Bs‡iwR fvlv ivRKxq fvlvi gh©v`v jvf Ki‡j KjKvZv gv`ªvmv I ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri ¸i“Z¡I K‡g Av‡m Bs‡iR‡`i †Pv‡L| GiB cwiYwZ‡Z 1835 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq †gK‡j cÖYxZ AvaywbK weªwUk †mKy¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v, Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ hZUv bv fviZxq cÖRv‡`i AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ Ávb-weÁvb-`k©‡b Av‡jvwKZ Kiv, Zvi PvB‡Z weªwUk kvmb‡K wPi¯’vqx Kivi j‡¶¨ GK`j fviZxq GwjU ˆZwi Kiv, hviv Bs‡iR kvm‡bi mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e MvÎe‡Y© bv n‡jI wPš—v †PZbvq I fvev`‡k© n‡q DV‡e Bs‡iR|* †gK‡ji GKwU mycvwik wQj K¨vjKvUv gvWªvmv I ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri Aejywß Ges miKvwi A_©vbyKz‡j¨ Aviwe, dviwm ev ms¯‹…Z fvlvq cy¯—K cÖKvk bv Kiv| GiB avivevwnKZvq cÖwZwôZ nq ÕK¨vjKvUv BDwbfvwm©wUÕ 1857 mv‡j, wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni eQ‡iB|

†gK‡j cÖYxZ †mKy¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v bvbv Kwgkb I KwgwUi mycvwi‡k cwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡Z 1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi Av‡M GKwU w¯’Zax iƒc jvf K‡i| bvbv mg‡q cÖ`Ë †hme wk¶v KwgwU I Kwgk‡bi myycvwi‡k wk¶vc×wZ‡Z cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© K‡qKwU n‡jv( 1907-Õ08 mv‡ji Avj© KwgwU, jW© KvR©‡bi wmgjv wk¶v KwgwU (1901), 1914 mv‡j MwVZ bv_vb KwgwU Ges m¨vWjvi Kwgkb (1919)| bv_vb KwgwU‡Z gv`ªvmv wk¶vq e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj, hviB †cÖw¶‡Z 1915 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq gv`ªvmv wbD w¯‹g wm‡÷g, †hLv‡b ejv n‡qwQj cvV¨m~wP †_‡K dviwm Zz‡j w`‡q evsjv, MwYZ, f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm, Bs‡iwR fvlv BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Aš—f©yw³i|

2.2 weªwUk iv‡Ri cwiZ¨³ wk¶vc×wZ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v (evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK wk¶vi µgweKvk wb‡q me©‡kl 12 b¤^i cwiwk‡ó Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)|

Bs‡iR kvmK †`k Qvovi Kv‡j ZrKvjxb evsjvq †h wk¶v KvVv‡gvwU Avgiv DËivwaKvim~‡Î †c‡qwQjvg, wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q †mwUi eZ©gvb iƒcwU `uvwo‡q‡Q(

2.2.1 mvaviY ev †mKy¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v

• 1g avc : cÖ_g ev cÖv_wgK (Primary) 5 eQi †gqvw` : 1g †kªwY †_‡K 5g †kªwY (eqm 6-11)

• 2q avc : gva¨wgK avc, †hwU eZ©gv‡b wZbwU c‡e© wef³(

(K) wbgœ-gva¨wgK (Lower secondary) 3 eQi †gqvw` : 6ô-8g †kªwY (eqm 11-14)|

(L) gva¨wgK (Secondary) 2 eQi †gqvw` : 9g-10g †kªwY (eqm 14-16)| eZ©gv‡b gva¨wg‡K wZbwU we‡kl k„•LjvwfwËK kvLv i‡q‡Q( gvbweK, evwYR¨ I weÁvb| GB wk¶v ce©v‡š— miKvi PvwjZ mvaviY cix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡K DËxY© n‡Z nq|

(M) D”P-gva¨wgK (Higher Secondary) 2 eQi †gqvw` : 11-12k †kªwY (eqm 16-18)| GB ¯—‡iI D³ wZbwU kvLv i‡q‡Q| GB wk¶v ce©v‡š—I miKvi PvwjZ mvaviY cix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡K DËxY© n‡Z nq|

D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—i wb‡q Bs‡iR Avgj †_‡K cvwK¯—vwb hyM ch©š— A_©vr jW© KvR©b (1901) †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Avµvg Lvb ch©š— (1949) A‡bK cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgb D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii `yÕeQ‡ii †Kvm©‡K Aejyß K‡i cÖ‡ewkKv‡K 11k ch©š— Kiv Ges øvZK wWwMÖ‡K wZb eQi Kiv| 1974 mv‡j cÖYxZ Ly`v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡bI ejv n‡qwQj, Ô...11k †kªwYi ¯‹zj wk¶v Ges 3 eQie¨vcx mvaviY mœvZK wWwMÖ †Kvm© cÖPwjZ nIqv `iKvi|Õ Z‡e ev¯—eZvi wbwi‡L Kwgkb GB e¨e¯’vwU cix¶vg~jKfv‡e cÖeZ©‡bi j‡¶¨ wKQy msL¨K ¯‹z‡j Pvjy Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQj|

G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i e³e¨ n‡jv, jW© KvR©‡bi Avgj †_‡K gva¨wgK‡K GKv`k †kªwY ch©š— Avi I mœvZK †Kvm©‡K 3 eQi †gqvw` Kivi cix¶v-wbix¶v A‡bK n‡q‡Q, hv mgv‡R †kl ch©š— M„nxZ nq wb| mgvR †gvUvgywUfv‡e cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, D”P-gva¨wgK I D”Pwk¶v( GB PviwU avcwewkó AeKvVv‡gv‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Q|

• 3q avc : D”PZi (Higher) wk¶v| D”P-gva¨wgK cix¶vq DËxY© QvÎQvÎxiv mvaviY wWwMÖ, †Kv‡bv we‡kl wel‡q m¤§vb wb‡q wWwMÖ, KvwiMwi, K…wl, wPwKrmv kv¯¿... BZ¨vw`‡Z wWwMÖ †bqvi Rb¨ wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq Rv‡Zi wewfbœ ai‡bi D”PZi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b GB wk¶v MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †h K‡qK ai‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv(

D”Pwk¶v (K‡jR/we‡kl Bbw÷wUDU/wek¦we`¨vjq)

K. wWwMÖ †Kvm©

1. mvaviY wWwMÖ †Kvm© : 3 eQi †gqvw`

2. Abvm©, BwÄwbqvwis, K…wl, wPwKrmv kv¯¿ BZ¨vw`‡Z... wWwMÖ †Kvm© : 4 eQi †gqvw`

L. mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ (GgGmwm, Ggwdj, wcGBPwW... BZ¨vw`)

Pvi eQi †gqvw` wWwMÖ †Kvm©‡K mvaviYfv‡e cÖvwš—K wWwMÖ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

GB e¨e¯’vwUB bvbv fvOPy‡ii ga¨ w`‡q mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’vq ejer Av‡Q| GB Pvi avcwewkó wk¶ve¨e¯’v A_©vr cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, D”P-gva¨wgK Ges D”PZi ch©v‡qi wk¶v eZ©gvb wk¶v KvVv‡gvq ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ mg‡q cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i I D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i (Bs‡iR Avg‡j †h ¯—iwU‡K ejv n‡Zv Intermediate) Bs‡iR Avgj †_‡K bvbv mg‡q bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKQyw`b AvM ch©š— cvewjK wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z 3 eQi †gqvw` m¤§vb †Kv‡m©i wWwMª I 1 eQie¨vcx gv÷vm© wWwMª `v‡bi e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj|

2.2.2 ag©wfwËK wk¶v Kvh©µg

K. gv`ªvmv wk¶v Kvh©µg

eZ©gv‡b mvaviY wk¶v`vb e¨e¯’vi cvkvcvwk ¯‹zj I D”Pwk¶vi †¶‡Î ¯^Zš¿ gv`ªvmv wk¶v`vb Kvh©µg †h KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g `vb Kiv nq Zv wbgœiƒc :

cÖv_wgK ev Ge‡Z`vwq (eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv mwVK mxgv †bB) : cÖ_g-cÂg †kªwY (5 eQi †gqvw`)

`vwLj : lô-`kg †kªwY (5 eQi †gqvw`)|

`vwLj ¯—‡i mvaviY gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii Abyiƒc 3wU Ges AwZwi³ Bmjvwg kvLv i‡q‡Q| Ge‡Z`vwq I `vwLj wg‡j GB ¯—‡i wk¶v mgvß nq 10 eQ‡i, mvaviY gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii Abyiƒc|

Avwjg : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY (2 eQi †gqvw`)|

mvaviY D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii g‡Zv GB †Kv‡m©i †gqv`I `yÕeQi Ges gvbweK, evwYR¨, weÁvb I Bmjvwg we‡kl kvLvq wk¶v `vb Kiv nq|

gv`ªvmvi D”Pwk¶v (dvwRj I Kvwgj)

gv`ªvmv wk¶ve¨e¯’vq D”Pwk¶v †`qv nq `ywU ¯—‡i(

1. dvwRj (`yÕeQi †gqvw`) : GB ¯—‡ii wk¶v‡K mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’vi mvaviY `yÕeQi †gqvw` wWwMªi mv‡_ Ges

2. Kvwgj (`yÕeQi †gqvw`) : GB ¯—‡ii wk¶v‡K mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’vi mvaviY `yÕeQi †gqvw` GgG wWwMªi mv‡_ Zzjbxq e‡j `vwe Kiv nq|

G `vwei †hŠw³KZv wb‡q mgv‡R weZK© i‡q‡Q| wkw¶Z mgvR I cÖMwZkxj ivR‰bwZK gnj †_‡K Gi cÖej we‡ivwaZv Kiv n‡”Q| Z‡e gv`ªvmv wk¶vi cÖe³viv GB mgZzj¨Zvi `vwe K‡i Avm‡Qb Ges miKvwi PvKzwi †_‡K mKj ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav `vwe K‡i Avm‡Qb| m¤cÖwZ miKvi G e¨cv‡i †gvUvgywU m¤§wZm~PK g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb Ges GB mgZzj¨Zv Kxfv‡e ev¯—evwqZ Kiv hvq, G wel‡q RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPv‡h©i †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ GKwU KwgwUi Ici `vwqZ¡I b¨¯— Kiv n‡q‡Q|*

miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z gv`ªvmv wk¶ve¨e¯’vi g~j †mªv‡Zi evB‡i Bmjvg ag©wfwËK GKwU cÖvPxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q gmwR`wfwËK wk¶v bv‡g| G‡K g³ewfwËK wk¶vI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡k gvRvi I gmwR`wfwËK ev ¯^Zš¿ g³e, †dviKvwbqv, nv‡dwR cÖgyL bvbv bv‡g gv`ªvmv wk¶v miKvwi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| g~jZ ag©cv‡Vi wfwË wn‡m‡eB GB wk¶v gymwjg mgv‡R Pvjy wQj| GB gv`ªvmv¸‡jvi wk¶vi gva¨g Aviwe, dviwm ev D`©y|

KIwg gv`ªvmv wk¶v bv‡g cwiwPZ †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M PvwjZ GKwU Bmjvg ag©wfwËK wk¶vc×wZ evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb, hv LvwiwR gv`ªvmv wk¶v bv‡gI cwiwPZ| KIwg gv`ªvmv wk¶v Avevi bvbv avivq wef³| †hgb fvi‡Z PvwjZ '†`Ie›`Õ cš’x‡`i Abym„Z KIwg| KIwg RvZxq gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z g~jZ †Kvivb, nvw`m I wdKn& I Aviwe fvlv n‡jv cv‡Vi welq, Ges wk¶v Avi¤¢ I mgvc‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó euvavaiv mgqmxgv †bB| Gme gv`ªvmvi msL¨v I cvViZ QvÎQvÎxi msL¨vi mwVK wn‡me Rvbv hvq bv|

L. wn›`y I †eŠ× ag©wfwËK †Uvj/ PZz®úvVx wk¶ve¨e¯’v

GB e¨e¯’v AwZ cÖvPxbKv‡ji fviZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †ik wn‡m‡e K¼vjmvi Ae¯’vq evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A‡j GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q, Z‡e Gi cÖfve wn›`y ev †eŠ×mgv‡R Abyf~Z nq bv| GB wk¶v †Uvj I ms¯‹…Z/cvwj K‡j‡Ri gva¨‡g †`qv n‡q _v‡K| ms¯‹…Z/cvwj fvlv-mvwnZ¨-e¨vKiY wfwËK GB wk¶v wZbwU ¯—‡i cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K(

mviwY 2.1 : ms¯‹…Z I cvwj fvlvwfwËK wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’vb

|¯—‡ii bvg |†kªwY I †gqv` |gš—e¨ |

|ms¯‹…Z fvlvwfwËK |

|Av`¨ |7g †kªwY †_‡K `yÕeQi | |

|ga¨ |Av`¨ cieZ©x Pvi eQi | |

|Dcvwa |Ga¨ cieZ©x Pvi eQi | |

|cvwj fvlvwfwËK |

|Av`¨ |7g †kªwY †_‡K wZb eQi | |

|ga¨ |Av`¨ cieZ©x wZb eQi | |

|Dcvwa |Ga¨ cieZ©x wZb eQi | |

hZ`~i Rvbv hvq, ms¯‹…Z †Uvj I PZz®úvVxi msL¨v 90-Gi g‡Zv Ges K‡jR i‡q‡Q 5-7wU| QvÎmsL¨v mwVK Rvbv hvq bv, Z‡e K‡qK nvRv‡ii †ewk bq| Ab¨w`‡K cvwj †Uv‡ji msL¨v 30-40wUi g‡Zv Ges K‡jR i‡q‡Q 2-3wU| QvÎmsL¨v nvRv‡ii †ewk bq|

GQvovI i‡q‡Q cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wKÛviMv‡U©b, gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †emiKvwifv‡e cwiPvwjZ ¯‹z‡ji gva¨‡g I Ges G †j‡fj wfwËK Bs‡iwR fvlvq wk¶v `vb Kvh©µg| †h‡nZz G `ywU wk¶v Kvh©µg Avgiv weªwUk HwZn¨ †_‡K cvB wb, ZvB GLv‡b G‡`i m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv n‡jv bv| c‡i h_v¯’v‡b G‡`i wk¶v Kvh©µg I AbvbyôvwbK ev Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk¶v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb cv‡e|

2.3 we`¨gvb wk¶vi mgm¨v I cÖK…wZ Ges Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vwkZ wk¶v

Avgv‡`i †`‡k eZ©gv‡b †h wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q Zv‡K cÖK…Zv‡_© †Kv‡bv msnZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v ejv hvq bv| †Kbbv GwU wk¶v_©xi g‡b †Kv‡bv mvaviY bvMwiKZv †eva Ges mg‡kªwY-†PZbv M‡o †Zv‡j bv| Zvi KviY GLv‡b wewfbœ wk¶vc×wZi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv msnZ I msÁvwqZ wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP Pvjy †bB| †hgb mvaviY wk¶vc×wZ‡Z weÁvb wb‡q hviv D”P-gva¨wg‡K co‡Q Zv‡`i wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP, gv`ªvmvq Av‡jg †kªwY‡Z weÁvb wb‡q cvViZ QvÎwUi Ges G-†j‡f‡j cvViZ QvÎwUi AbyKiYxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| GKvwaK c×wZ GK‡Î wgkª Ae¯’vq Pvjy Av‡Q, †mm‡ei K_v BZtc~‡e© D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wewfbœ ai‡bi, GgbwK A‡bK mgq ci¯úi Av`k©we‡ivax we`¨vqZ‡bi Aw¯—Z¡ I Abym„Z wk¶v Kvh©µg Ges GKvwaK cvVµg Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi g~j bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ Lvc Lvq bv| we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î| Avgv‡`i msweav‡b ¯úó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii mKj QvÎQvÎx‡K GKB avivi wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP (ÔGKB c×wZi MYgyLx I me©Rbxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v cªwZôvÕ) cÖYqb AwZ Aek¨ cvjbxq, GLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨‡qi my‡hvM ev A¯úóZv msweavb iv‡L wb| (msweav‡bi 17 b¤^i Aby‡”Q` `ªóe¨)*

Avgiv †hme bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K GKwU wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖ¯—ve KiwQ, Zvi mv‡_I Gi m½wZ †bB| Gme wewfbœavivi wk¶vi gvb hvPvB‡qi †Kv‡bv mvaviY gvb`ÊI †bB| Pjgvb wk¶vi mvwe©K e¨e¯’vcbvi w`KwUI `ye©j| KviY GKvwaK ai‡bi wk¶vi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b I cwiex¶Y bxwZgvjvI ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡Y GK bq| KZK †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó bxwZB †bB| GKgyLx wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy _vK‡j e¨e¯’vcbvMZ GB RwUjZv Avcwb‡ZB `~i n‡Zv|

GKB Kvi‡Y mgag©x wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’vI wbwðZ Kiv hv‡”Q bv| G wel‡q me©m¤§Z †Kv‡bv MvBWjvBbI ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welqwU ZvB Ae‡nwjZB †_‡K hv‡”Q| A_P wk¶vi gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j avivevwnK wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbvq RbMY ev Zv‡`i wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i AskMÖnY ¯úó bq| miKvwi ¯‹zj-K‡jR n‡j Zv‡Z AwffveK ev RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i †Kv‡bv AskMÖnYB _v‡K bv| †emiKvwi n‡j wKQzUv AskMÖnY `„ó nq| A_P mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbvi †¶‡ÎB RbMY (AwffveK) Ges wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai (we‡kl K‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi) AskMÖnY _vK‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii `„p AeKvVv‡gvwUB Avgv‡`i †`‡k GL‡bv gReyZ nq wb| d‡j ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwai bv‡g msm` m`m¨ ev Zvi g‡bvbxZ e¨w³ `jxq ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½ wb‡q ¯‹z‡ji Kvh©µg PvwjZ n‡”Q, †hLv‡b mr I †hvM¨ wk¶K‡`i GgbwK ¯^vaxb‡PZv cÖavb wk¶KI ¯‹zj cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv| cwiw¯’wZ Ggb Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q‡Q †h wbf©xK ¯^vaxb‡PZv †hvM¨ Awffve‡Kiv ¯‹zj cwiPvjbv KwgwU‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡ib bv, ev Avm‡Z †`qv nq bv|

GLb ch©š— Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’v, we‡klZ cÖv_wgK wk¶ve¨e¯’v fwZ©-wbf©i| ZvwM` ïay wk¶v_©xi msL¨v evov‡bv‡Z| wKš‘ fwZ© msL¨v ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡jI GUvB gyL¨ we‡eP¨ bq| wk¶vi gyL¨ we‡eP¨ gvbm¤úbœ Ges Kg©`¶Zvm¤úbœ wk¶v_©x M‡o †Zvjv| Avgiv G‡¶‡Î GL‡bv A‡bK †cQ‡b c‡o AvwQ| Z‡e Gb‡ivj‡g‡›Ui wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i AMÖMwZ j¶Yxq Ges m‡š—vlRbK| DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v G‡¶‡Î BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

Avgiv Ic‡i †h Av`k©wfwËK wk¶vi K_v e‡jwQ, Zv ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e GKwU myôz wk¶ve¨e¯’v ev wm‡÷‡gi ga¨ w`‡q| myZivs Avgv‡`i wk¶vi DÏxó j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU wk¶ve¨e¯’v ev A¨vWy‡Kkb wm‡÷g M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ †h wPš—v-fvebv, bxwZgvjv I Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K myôz Aeqe w`‡Z PvB, Zv‡KB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi A¨vWy‡Kkb cwjwm ev wk¶vbxwZ|

AvaywbKKv‡j we‡k¦i cÖvq me ivóªB wk¶vi `vq-`vwqZ¡ MªnY K‡i‡Q, hw`I cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi wk¶v`vb c×wZI Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Bs‡iR cÖkvmb Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges `„wófw½ wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k GKwU bZzb wk¶ve¨e¯’v me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖeZ©b K‡i, hvi wfZUv wQj, ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e BnRvMwZKZv| Z‡e MÖv‡gM‡Ä, GgbwK kn‡iI HwZn¨evnx cvVkvjvwfwËK cÖv_wgK wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj `xN©w`b| gmwR`wfwËK wKQy wKQy g³eI wQj |

2.4 Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶v AeKvVv‡gv

Avgiv cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K D”P-gva¨wgK (HSC) ¯—i ch©š— wk¶v`vb AeKvVv‡gvi Avbyc~we©K fvOPy‡ii †h BwZnvm wee„Z K‡iwQ Zv †_‡K ejv hvq, Dc‡ivwj­wLZ wZb¯—i wewkó (cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”Pwk¶v) AeKvVv‡gvwU mgvR MÖnY K‡i‡Q| myZivs GB AeKvVv‡gwU †gvUvgywU eRvq †i‡L cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶v we‡ePbvq wb‡qB Pvi¯—i wewkó wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖ¯—ve Avgiv ivL‡Z PvB| AeKvVv‡gvwUi iƒc‡iLv n‡jv(

cÖvK-cÖv_wgK : 3 eQi †gqvw` (wkïi eqm 3-5)

cÖv_wgK : 8 eQi †gqvw` (cÖ_g-Aóg †kªwY : wkïi eqm b~¨bZg 6 eQi)| eZ©gv‡bi wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—i (lô-Aóg †kªwY) Avi _vK‡e bv|

gva¨wgK : beg-`kg †kªwY (2 eQi †gqvw`)

D”P-gva¨wgK : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY (2 eQi †gqvw`)

D”Pwk¶v : mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi (mvaviY I †ckvRxex)

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

wk¶vi AeKvVv‡gv

3. wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I wk¶vµg

Avgv‡`i `„wó‡Z wewfbœ ¯—‡i wk¶v`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K wbgœfv‡e eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i(

3.1 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK

GB c‡e©i wk¶v 3-5 eQi e‡qwm wkï‡`i Rb¨| g~jZ Kg©Rxex bvix‡`i wkï‡`i Rb¨ gv‡q‡`i Kg©cÖwZôvb msjMœ GjvKvq wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Kg‡c­‡·i Af¨š—‡i duvKv, Db¥y³ I wbivc` ¯’v‡b G ai‡bi wk¶v cÖwZôvb/wkï hZœ †K›`ª Pvjy Kiv DwPZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡k hw`I G ixwZ †g‡b Pjv nq bv| cvV bq, †Ljvayjvi gva¨‡g wkï‡`i g‡b wk¶v MÖn‡Yi, cwiev‡ii evB‡ii mge‡qwm I AvcwiPZ e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi, Pvicv‡ki RMr m¤ú‡K© Ges A‡Pbv cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn I †KŠZ~nj M‡o †Zvjvi K_vB cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ e‡j Avgiv g‡b Kwi| Avgv‡`i mycvwik n‡jv wkïi Pvi eQi eqm nIqvi Av‡M †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK wk¶vi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv|

Avgiv Av‡iv g‡b Kwi †h M„‡ni †mœn‡eóbxi AvIZvq gv-evevi, we‡kl K‡i gv‡qi mvwbœ‡a¨ jvwjZ wkïi †e‡o IVv I cÖv_wgK wk¶vjvf Aek¨B GKwU Av`k© e¨e¯’v| wKš‘ AvaywbK msmv‡ii RwUjZvq M„‡n GB cwi‡ek A‡bK mgq m„wó Kiv gv-evevi c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bv, G Kvi‡Y AvaywbK we‡k¦i bvbv †`‡k 5 eQi eqm ch©š— wkï‡`i †`Lv‡kvbv I Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k wkï‡`i cwiPh©v I †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ wkïfeb, wkï D`¨vb, BZ¨vw` bvbv bv‡g cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkï wb‡KZb M‡o D‡V‡Q|

XvKv kn‡i †W-†Kqvi †m›Uvi bv‡g g~jZ e¨emvwqK `„wófw½‡Z wKQy cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vqZb M‡o D‡V‡Q, cÖavbZ D”Pweˇ`i Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ| ejvevûj¨ †h, Gme wkï‡K›`ª Av`k© e¨e¯’v †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i| Kg©Rxex I bvix kªwgK‡`i wkï‡`i Rb¨ G ai‡bi wkï-hZœ †K›`ª M‡o DV‡Q bv|

GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgv‡`i mycvwik(

➢ Gme wkï‡K‡›`ªi D‡Ïk¨ nIqv DwPZ wk¶vi Af¨vm, Av`k© I e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi wfwË m~wPZ Kiv, wkïi kvixwiK, gvbwmK I PvwiwÎK cwicywó mvab Ges Gi cvkvcvwk Avb›``vqK c×wZi gva¨‡g wkï‡K LvwbKUv cVb-cÖ¯‘wZ I msL¨v cwiwPwZ Ges fv‡jvg›` wePv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv, hv‡Z †m cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z Amyweav †eva bv K‡i| Z‡e wkïi Pvi eQi eqm nIqvi Av‡M Zv‡K †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK wk¶vi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv|

➢ G ai‡bi wkï cwiPh©v wb‡KZb †ewk cwigv‡Y wkí GjvKvq I Mv‡g©›Um wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨š—‡i wkígvwjK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M ¯’vwcZ nIqv DwPZ| G e¨vcv‡i wkï

gb¯—Z¡, wkïhZœ welqmn we‡klfv‡e wkw¶Z bvix wk¶K I †mweKvi cÖ‡qvRb, Avi GRb¨ we‡kl cÖwk¶Y e¨e¯’viI Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q|

➢ miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M G ai‡bi cÖwk¶Y e¨e¯’v M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i Ges †Rjv-Dc‡Rjvq Av`k© cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkï wb‡KZb cÖwZwôZ nIqv DwPZ|

➢ wkïwk¶v I wkï gb¯—Z¡ wel‡q M‡elYv I cÖwk¶‡Yi j‡¶¨ Ges Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkï‡`i Mo †gav-gb‡bi wfwˇZ cÖ‡qvRbxq wkïwk¶v cÖYvwj D™¢veb I cÖeZ©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z wkïwk¶v welqK M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU ¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi|

➢ Avgiv Aek¨ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB 1 eQ‡ii Av‡M †Kv‡bv wkï‡K gv‡qi †Kvj †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †Kv‡bv wkï cwiPh©v †K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv hyw³hy³ g‡b Kwi bv| Avgv‡`i mycvwik n‡jv 2 eQi c~Y© n‡jB, m¤¢e n‡j 3 eQi, †Kv‡bv wkï‡K wkï cwiPP©v †K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b gvZ…Z¡ QywU 1 eQ‡ii Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZ©x eQ‡i wcZv‡K cÖ_g Qq gvm wcZ…Z¡ QywU Ges cieZ©x Qq gvm gvZv‡K cybivq gvZ…Z¡ QywU `v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv m¤¢e|

G wel‡q 1974 mv‡j cÖYxZ Kz`ivZ G Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mycvwikmg~‡ni K_v ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hvi cÖvmw½KZv Av‡Rv nvwi‡q hvq wb| Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mycvwikmgy‡ni mviK_v n‡jv †h, ÕRb¥ †_‡K cÖ_g cuvP eQi n‡”Q gvbeRxe‡bi we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Aa¨vq|Õ Rxe‡bi GB ¯—‡i GKwU wkï †h cwi‡e‡k †e‡o I‡V, jvwjZ nq Ges g‡bi weKvk I eyw×i ùziY N‡U, Zv cieZ©x Rxe‡b ¯’vqx I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯^v¶i †i‡L hvq Kwgk‡bi GB g‡Zi mv‡_ AvgivI GKgZ| GB j‡¶¨ Kwgkb 5 eQi eqm ch©š— wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx gvZ…‡mœn‡eóbx Zzj¨ wkï D`¨vb I wkïfeb ¯’vc‡bi mycvwik K‡i‡Q, †hLv‡b wkïi g‡bi weKvk I kix‡ii e„w× NU‡e| Kwgk‡bi g‡Z GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖvwk¶YcÖvß wkw¶Kvi, whwb †mœn-ggZv w`‡q wkïi `yiš—cbv‡K evwÃZ Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zvi g‡b wbivcËvi fve RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z cvi‡eb|[?]

3.2 cÖv_wgK

Avgiv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I ˆewk󨸇jv‡K Gfv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z PvB(

➢ †`k I gvby‡li mvwe©K Kj¨vY I †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU myôz I MwZkxj cÖv_wgK wk¶ve¨e¯’v| Avgiv ms‡¶‡c cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Gfv‡e DÌvcb Ki‡Z cvwi( K. wkïi ˆbwZK, g‡bv-ˆ`wnK weKvk I e„w× Ges mgvR m‡PZb e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk mvab ; L. Zvi g‡b †`k‡K †Pbv I †`‡ki cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv, bvMwiKZv‡eva, KZ©e¨‡eva I †KŠZ~nj RvMÖZKiY Ges Aa¨emvq, kªg, m`vPvi I b¨vqwbôv BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewj AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv ; M. fwel¨r bvMwiK wn‡m‡e †hme †gŠwjK Ávb I weÁvbgb¯‹Zv I hyw³evw`Zv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, †mm‡ei m‡½ cwiwPZ Kiv, Aek¨ mnR‡eva¨ fvlvq Mí ev mim iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q ; Ges O. cieZ©x ¯—‡ii wk¶v MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv AR©‡b mnvqZv `vb|

➢ cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶v Kvh©µg Aek¨B wkï‡`i g‡a¨ wek¦gvbweK-†PZbv mÂv‡ii j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwiPvwjZ n‡e, wkïwU hv‡Z GKwU BnRvMwZK I gvbeZvev`x iv‡óªi †hvM¨ bvMwi‡K cwiYZ nq, Ges hv‡Z Zvi g‡a¨ wek¦bvMwiKZv‡eva, mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I ˆbwZKZv‡eva RvMªZ nq| Ges GwU Ki‡Z n‡e wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx M‡íi gva¨‡g I mij fvlvq| G K_vwU †cÖ¶vc‡U †i‡L µgk †kªwYwfwËK cvVµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e mnR I †eva¨ fvlvq|

➢ cÖ‡Z¨K wkïB Abš— kw³ I m¤¢vebvi AwaKvix| wkïi g‡a¨ jywK‡q _vKv GB Abš— kw³ I m¤¢vebv‡K RvwM‡q †Zvjv n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlvq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i( Ôwkïi ü`qgyKzj‡K c~Y© weKwkZ Kiv A_©vr Zvi g‡a¨ gbyl¨‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKvk mvab Kiv|Õ wkï‡`i wk¶v w`‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i cÖwZ AMva Avš—wiKZv, ggZv I Av¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|

➢ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi Avi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv D™¢vebx I Dc‡hvMx cš’vq I cwi”Qbœ cwi‡e‡k wkï‡`i cwiPh©v Kiv, hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU wkï DrK…óZg `¶Zv wb‡q fwel¨r m‡PZb e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Ges mgv‡Ri GKRb `vwqZ¡evb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †e‡o I‡V| GB mylg kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvk mva‡bi my‡hvM m„wói cðv‡Z j¶¨ _vK‡e GKwU wkïi kvixwiK, eyw×e„wËK, gvbwmK I bv›`wbK AwgZ m¤¢vebv Ges ÔˆewPΨag©©x mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †beviÕ ¶gZvi cwic~Y© weKvk NUv‡bv|

➢ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B wkï‡K A¶iÁvbm¤úbœ Kiv Ges cvkvcvwk ÔwZb AviÕ (3 R’s) ¯—‡ii wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i †Zvjv, hv‡Z wkïwU Avi cov‡kvbv bv Ki‡jI co‡Z (Reading), wjL‡Z (WRiting) I cÖv_wgK wn‡me wb‡Kk (ARithmatics) Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Rxe‡bi P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgyLx n‡Z cv‡i| GLb Aek¨ wk¶v we‡klÁiv ÔwZb AviÕ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔcÖv_wgK Ávb m¤úbœÕ nIqvi K_v e‡jb (conversant with primary education literature)| A_©vr GB wk¶v ce© A‡š— wk¶v_©x Aek¨B n‡e cÖv_wgK wk¶v welqK mvwn‡Z¨ Ávbm¤úbœ I cÖv_wgK MwY‡Z AwfÁ| Avgiv GB j¶¨‡K Av‡iv we¯—…Z Ki‡Z PvB bvbv welq Aš—f©y³ K‡i|

➢ wk¶v †hb †Kv‡bv ¯—‡iB, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK c‡e©, ˆelg¨g~jK bv n‡q `uvovq, †mw`‡K j¶ †i‡L wk¶vµg, cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYxZ n‡e| G cÖm‡½ Avgiv 1960 mv‡j M„nxZ BD‡b‡¯‹vi cÖ¯—vemg~n ¯§iY Ki‡Z PvB|[?] Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ I cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vbxwZi Av‡jv‡K Zv ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z PvB|

➢ we‡k¦ †hfv‡e Áv‡bi mxgv µgk R¨vwgwZK nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q, †m K_v †f‡e Avgiv g‡b Kwi eZ©gv‡b 5g †kªwYwfwËK cÖv_wgK wk¶v h‡_ó bq| eZ©gv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK (6ô-8g †kªwY) wk¶v‡K cÖv_wgK c‡e© Aš—f©y³ K‡i Zv eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK Kiv Ges be cÖv_wgK ce© n‡e 1g †kªwY †_‡K 8g †kªwY ch©š— we¯—…Z| 32 eQi Av‡M Kz`iZ G Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mycvwikI ZvB wQj|[?]

3.3 wk¶vµg : cÖv_wgK ev cÖvBgvwi ce©

cÖvq mKj wk¶v Kwgk‡bB cÖv_wgK wk¶v ïi“i b~¨bZg eqm wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q 6 eQi| gb¯—Z¡we` I wPwKrmK‡`i g‡Z GB eq‡m wkïi gw¯—®‹ weKwkZ nq Ges MÖnY I aviY ¶gZv AR©b K‡i| 6-11 eqtKvj wkïi gb, gw¯—®‹ I eyw×e„wËi µgweKvk cwic°Zvi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| GB KvjwU wkïi gb I eyw×i MVbKvjI e‡U| gb¯—vwZ¡Kfv‡e wkïi GB Kvjce© Zv‡`i g‡bvweKvk I kvixwiK e„w×i ce©, hv wkLevi Aš—nxb m¤¢vebvi Øvi Ly‡j †`q|

AbymwÜrmy gb wb‡q Zvi Rvbvi AvMÖn evo‡Z _v‡K| kvixwiK I gvbwmK Dfqw`‡KB Zvi Kg©ZrciZv †`Lv †`q| m„wókxjZvi D‡b¥lI NU‡Z _v‡K| wcZv-gvZv wbf©i cvwievwiK e„‡Ëi evB‡i Zvi mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K wPb‡Z †k‡L Ges G m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó n‡Z _v‡K, mgv‡Ri ˆewPΨ I bvbv gvbyl‡K wPb‡Z †k‡L| gvby‡li mgvRe×Zv m¤ú‡K© Zvi aviYv M‡o I‡V|

wkïi GB ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK MV‡bi K_v g‡b †i‡LB wkï wkLbwe`iv g‡b K‡ib †h wk¶vi Rb¨ GB ce©wU Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges Zv‡`i g‡Z wkïi GB Kvjce©wU Lye hyrmB Ges †hvM¨, hLb cÖ_vMZ wk¶Y cÖwµqvi mv‡_ Zv‡K hy³ Kiv DwPZ Ges cwievi I †Pbv RM‡Zi evB‡i `jMZ Kg©Kv‡Êi mv‡_ Zvi m¤ú„³Zv NUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi GwU NU‡Z cv‡i ¯‹z‡ji cwi‡e‡k, †hLv‡b GKwU wkï ïay eqmvbycvwZK wk¶vB jvf Ki‡e bv, `jMZ wµqvKvÊ Ges Ask`vwiZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv Rb¥v‡e, d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mgvR m‡PZbZv evo‡e Ges Zviv mgvR I cÖK…wZi ˆewP‡Î¨i mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q DV‡e|

Avgiv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ( †mB Av‡jvPbv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wk¶vµg, cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYq‡bi cÖ¯—ve ivL‡Z PvB|

iex›`ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb, ˆkk‡e wkï‡K wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mhZœ cÖqvm| cÖ_vMZ wk¶vc×wZ‡Z wkï‡K Ave× K‡i ivL‡j Zvi g‡bi weKvk mvab nq bv| wkï‡K w`‡Z n‡e h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv( cv‡Vi ¯^vaxbZv, †Ljvi ¯^vaxbZv, m„wókxj K‡g©i š^vaxbZv| m‡e©vcwi mKj ai‡bi wk¶Y cÖwµqvq †hb _v‡K Avb›` I †mœn-fv‡jvevmvi ¯úk©| Gi e¨Z¨q NU‡j wkïi eqm evo‡e wVKB wKš‘ gvbwmK weKvk NU‡e bv AvbycvwZK nv‡i| †gvÏvK_v n‡jv, cÖv_wgK c‡e©i wkLb †hb fxwZKi †evSvq cwiYZ bv nq|

A_P Avgiv Awffve‡Kiv Avgv‡`i mš—vb-mš—wZi eyw×e„wËK I kvixwiK weKvk I Dbœq‡bi †P‡q †ewk PvB wkïiv KZ `ª“Z gyL¯’ K‡i cyuw_MZ we`¨v gw¯—‡®‹ aviY K‡i wk¶vi cieZ©x ¯—i¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i A_©Kix Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| gv_vq I wc‡V we`¨vi fv‡i wkïiv AvR by¨â, †mw`‡K Avgv‡`i †Lqvj _v‡K bv| d‡j gv evevi Kv‡Q cyÎ-Kb¨vi wk¶v n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q GK ai‡bi evwYwR¨K cY¨, hv A_© _vK‡jB †Kbv hvq| wk¶vi †h g~j j¶¨ Ôgvbyl nIqvi mvabvÕ, ÔÁv‡bi A‡š^lYÕ, Ôm„wói cÖZ¨q Avi Drcv`bgyLxbZvÕ... BZ¨vw` †_‡K µgk m‡i G‡mwQ Avgiv| d‡j wk¶vi A_©Kix w`KwUB cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i †PZbvq, G‡Z wk¶v gvbeRxe‡bi cÖK…Z cª‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cvi‡Q bv| wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡I mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q K‡g Avm‡Q| Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve Abyhvqx wkLb Kvh©µg n‡e wbgœiƒc(

3.3.1 cÖv_wgK ev cÖvBgvwi c‡e© wk¶v I cvV¨µg

AvUeQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK c‡e©i cvVµg I cvV¨m~wPi bgybv wb‡P Q‡Ki AvKv‡i cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|

mviwY 3.1 : cÖv_wgK cvV¨µg I cVbxq welqe¯‘

QK 1 : cÖv_wgK c‡e© (1g-8g †kªwY) cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP |cvV¨/wk¶Yxq welq |†Kvb †kªwY‡Z co‡e |mßv‡n KZ NÈv co‡e/wkL‡e | |†Ljvayjv-kixi PP©v |1g-2q (1) |3q-4_© (2) |5g (3) |6ô-7g (4) |8g (5) | | |myyKzgvi-m„wókxj Kg©-msMxZ, wPÎv¼b, Ave„wË (c`¨, M`¨ I ivBg...) |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |nv‡Z-Kj‡g (GKK I `jxq) KvR, dzj MvQ jvMvb, evMvb-cwiPh©v BZ¨vw` |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |wb‡Ri cwiPh©v I cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLv.. BZ¨vw` |1g-2q |3q-4_© | | | | | |K. evsjv : (evsjv fvlvfvlx wkï‡`i Rb¨)

|1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |L. evsjv gvZ…fvlv bq Ggb wkï, †hgb ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i Zv‡`i gvZ…fvlv : mg¨K A¶i cwiwPwZ, cVb I wjLb |Zv‡`i fvlvq hZ`~i †h †kªwY ch©š— cov‡bv m¤¢e ZZ`~i ch©š— cov‡bvi mg¨K †Póv wb‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk Aek¨ Gme wkï‡`i evsjvI co‡Z n‡e| | | |cÖv_wgK A¼ (elementary arithmatic) |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |cwi‡ek I cÖwZ‡ek cwiwPwZ |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |¯^v¯’¨weÁvb* (¯^v¯’¨wewa I wbR cwiPh©v, gvbe kvixi weÁvb...) |- |- |- |6ô-7g* |8g | | |†`k-cwiwPwZ (f~‡Mvj) |- |- |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |†`k-cwiwPwZ (BwZnvm): mgvR-mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ) |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |cÖv_wgK weÁvb1 : cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek |- |- |5g |6ô-7g1 |8g | | |bxwZwk¶v |- |- |- |6ô-7g |8g | | |wØZxq-fvlv : Bs‡iwR

(¶z`ª RvwZmËv I Aevsjvfvlx QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 3q fvlv) | |3q/4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |Z_¨cÖhyw³-Kw¤úDUvi : cÖv_wgK aviYv |- |- |- |7g |8g | | |mncvV/ewnc©vVµg ZrciZv |1g-2q |3q-4_© |5g |6ô-7g |8g | | |Hw”QK e„wËg~jK welq (1wU)3 |- |- |- |- |8g | | |* GB ch©v‡q QvÎQvÎxiv ¯^v¯’¨wewai mv‡_ cywó m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡e Ô¯^v¯’¨ I cywóweÁvbÕ wel‡qi Aax‡b|

1 GB c‡e© wk¶v_©xiv cÖv_wgK weÁvb cwiwPwZ‡Z co‡e(

K. cÖK„wZ, gvwU, MvQcvjv, RxeRš‘, cwi‡ek

L. Rxewe`¨v : Dw™¢` I cÖvYxRMr

M. cÖv_wgK c`v_©we`¨v

N. cÖv_wgK imvqb

2 bxwZwk¶vq Aš—f©y³ n‡Z cv‡i( gvbeZv‡eva, me gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi, gvbevwaKv‡ii Ici ¸i“Z¡ `vb, †h‡nZz gvbeZv‡eva Avgv‡`i HwZ‡n¨i A½...; GQvovI G‡Z Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e( evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ gvby‡li a‡g©i mviK_v, wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h H‡K¨i K_v I gvbeag©x Kj¨vYg~jK K_v¸‡jv Av‡Q Zv wkï‡`i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv| †Kv‡bv ag©B †h Ab¨ Avi GKwU ag© †_‡K e‡ov ev †QvU bq( G K_vwU †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Z n‡e| ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvbyl‡`i ag©wPš—v I Ava¨vwZ¥KZv m¤ú‡K© †jLv Aš—f©y³ n‡e|

3 D`vniY wn‡m‡e KwZcq wel‡qi D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv( Kw¤úDUvi wjUv‡iwm, Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iqvi ms‡hvRb, B‡jKwUªwkqvb, QyZvi, ivRwgw¯¿, K…wl hš¿cvwZ Pvjbv-msi¶Y I †givgZ, A‡Uv‡gvevBj †gKvwb·, gy`ªYwkí, g„rwkí, Kvgvi wkí, Pvgovi KvR, eqbwkí, iÄb, †W‡Kv‡ikb BZ¨vw`... | |Avgiv g‡b Kwi 1g-2q †kªwYi QvÎQvÎxiv ¯‹z‡j cÖwZw`b 2-3 NÈvi †ewk Ave× _vK‡e bv, A_©vr ¯‹zj‡¶cYKvj n‡e 2-3 NÈv, 3q-4_© †kªwY ch©š— cÖwZw`b ¯‹zj‡¶cYKvj 4 NÈv, Ges 5g †kªwY ch©š— cÖwZw`b ¯‹zj‡¶cYKvj 5 NÈv, 6ô-7g †kªwYi Rb¨ GB Kvj n‡e 6 NÈv, Avi 8g †kªwYi Rb¨ eivÏ _vK‡e cÖwZw`b 6-7 NÈv|

1. ¯‹z‡ji mßvn n‡e 5 w`b| myZivs †m wn‡m‡e 1g-2q †kªwYi Rb¨ mßv‡n wkLb mgq cvIqv hv‡”Q m‡e©v”P 15 NÈv| GB mgq‡KB wewfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡ Abyhvqx KZ©„c¶ NÈv eÈb K‡i †`‡eb| Abyiƒcfv‡e cÖwZ mßv‡n 20 NÈv mgq 3q-4_© †kªwYi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq¸‡jvi Ici, cÖwZ mßv‡n cÖvß 25 NÈv 5g †kªwYi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq¸‡jvi Ici, cÖwZ mßv‡n cÖvß 30 NÈv mgq 6ô-7g †kªwYi welq¸‡jvi Ici Ges 8g †kªwY‡Z mßv‡n cÖvß 35 NÈv wba©vwiZ welq¸‡jvi Ici eÈb K‡i †`qv n‡e|

2. cvV¨ cy¯—K¸‡jvi welqe¯‘i AvqZb GZ wecyj n‡e bv †h, cvV¨welq I cy¯—K msL¨v fxwZcÖ` I †evSv wn‡m‡e QvÎQvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q cÖZxqgvb nq| | |3.3.2 cÖ¯—vweZ cvVµg I cvV¨welq wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv

we‡klÁ I mvaviY gvby‡li mv‡_ gZvgZ wewbgq Ges wbweo I e¯‘wbô Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡qB GKwU mwZ¨Kvi weÁvbgyLx I ev¯—evqb †hvM¨ cÖv_wgK ce©-Dc‡hvMx cvVµg, cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb I Z`bymv‡i cvV¨ cy¯—Kvw` iPbv m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| KvRwU wbtm‡›`‡n `yiƒn I kªgmva¨| Avgiv wb‡P G wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Kijvg gvÎ| AvU eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK c‡e©i cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP m¤ú‡K© wKQy Av‡jvPbv wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

1g I 2q †kªwY (cÖ_g `yÕeQi)

1. eq‡mvc‡hvMx ewnt‡Ljvayjv (outdoor sports & games) I kixiPP©v (free hand exercise, drill etc) ;

2. myKzgvi I m„wókxj Kg© : msMxZ (mg‡eZ I GKK), b„Z¨, Ave„wË (c`¨, M`¨ I ivBg...) ; wPÎv¼b : †cwÝj w`‡q †iLv, eµ †iLv, e„Ë, †KvY, wµ‡KvY, PZz‡®‹vY ; iwOb †cwÝj I †gvgi‡Oi e¨envi BZ¨vw` ;

3. nv‡ZKj‡g KvR : KvMR w`‡q dzj, cvZv, †Ljbv BZ¨vw` ˆZwi, gvwU-Kv`v Ges c­v÷vi Ae c¨vwim w`‡q cyZzj, †Ljbv, bvbvwea e¯‘ evbv‡bvi KvR, dzjMvQ jvMv‡bv I cwiPh©v, `jMZfv‡e evMvb cwiPh©v †kLv‡bv, wb‡Ri cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLvi KvR †kLv‡bv, Uq‡jU I †kŠPvMvi e¨envi †kLv‡bv Ges nvZ-cv †aŠZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv BZ¨vw` ;

4. K. evsjvfvlvfvlx wkï‡`i Rb¨(

evsjv : mg¨K A¶i cwiwPwZ (cÖvK-cÖvBgvwi‡Z hvB wk‡L AvmyK bv †Kb), cVb I wjLb, (GB ¯—‡i eY©cwiwPwZg~jK wkï‡Zvl cvV¨eB iPbv †ek `yiƒn Ges †ek m‡Zœi mv‡_ AvKl©Yxq ˆkjx‡Z Zv wjL‡Z n‡e|) Ggb †Kv‡bv evK¨ ev kã e¨envi Kiv evÃbxq bq, hv wkïg‡b †f`vZ¥‡eva RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| ÔAÕ-†Z ARMi Avgiv Aek¨B wjL‡Z cvwi (wKš‘ G D`vniYwU Lye AvKl©Yxq bq, KviY Avgiv e‡ovivB ARMi mvc †`wL wb, wKš‘ Avengvb Kvj a‡i HwZwn¨Kfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q), ÔAvÕ-†Z Avj­vnZvjv, CÕ-†Z Ck¦i, wKsev ÔhÕ-†Z whï Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|

L. evsjv gvZ…fvlv bq Ggb wkï‡`i (†hgb ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi wkï‡`i, †Rbvfv K¨v‡¤ú Aei“× D`©y/wn›`xfvlx wkï‡`i) Rb¨ Zv‡`i gvZ…fvlv : mg¨K A¶i cwiwPwZ, cVb I wjLb| Gi cvkvcvwk ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi wkï‡`i e„nËi mgvR I RvwZi Ges wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve n‡jv GB wkïiv GB ¯—i †_‡KB evsjvfvlvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ †nvK Ab¨vb¨ mncvVx‡`i mv‡_| Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvgvb¨ GKUz †evSv n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ e„nËi ¯^v‡_© GwU †g‡b wb‡ZB n‡e|

5. cÖv_wgK A¼ (elementary arithmatic), msL¨vi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ, k~‡b¨i aviYv, A¼cvZb, mvaviY †hvM I we‡qvM, ¸Y I fv‡Mi aviYv ;

6. cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ K. cÖK…wZ : (evwoi Pvicvk, MvQcvjv, `vjvb‡KvVv, b`x, Lvjwej, †¶Z...), L. gvbyl I Zvi cwi‡ek : mncvVx, wk¶K-wkw¶Kv, cwiev‡ii evB‡ii AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, iv¯—vNv‡Ui gvbyl Ges iv¯—vNvU, wewPÎ hvbevnb, †VjvMvwo, Mi“Mvwo, †bŠKv, f¨vb, wi·v, evm, †gvUiMvwo BZ¨vw` welqK aviYv| wk¶K M‡íi gva¨‡g wP‡Îi mnvqZvq cwi‡ek I cÖwZ‡e‡ki mv‡_ µgk cwiwPwZi ejq e„w× Ki‡eb, M. RxeRš‘ : KzKzi, †eovj, nuvmgyiwM, wUKwUwK, Avi‡kvjv, KxUcZ½( (MªvgxY cwi‡e‡k wSuwSu †cvKv, †RvbvwK) dwos, M½vdwos, cÖRvcwZ, †Ku‡Pv, mvc BZ¨vw` welqK aviYv ;

7. ¯^v¯’¨wewa : wb‡Ri kixi cwiPh©v, cwi®‹vi †cvkvK cwi”Q` cwiavb, `uvZ gvRv, mœvb, Uq‡jU I ev_i“‡gi KvR m¤ú‡K© †kLv‡bv Ges mvevb ev QvB w`‡q nvZ-cv cwi®‹vi Kiv, weï× cvwb cvb I cvwbevwnZ mvaviY D`ivgq I K‡jiv †ivM m¤ú‡K© Ávb I cÖwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó BZ¨vw`|

3q I 4_© †kªwY (wØZxq `yÕeQi)

1. evsjv : cVb-wjLb, †QvU I mij evK¨ iPbv (K‡¤úvwRkb), hy³v¶‡ii mv‡_ cwiwPwZ|

2. A¼ : D”PZi (a little higher arithmetic)( ¸Y, fvM I fMœvs‡ki †hvM-we‡qvM, mij R¨vwgwZ( mij †iLv, eµ‡iLv, e„Ë BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ cwiPq, Lvwjnv‡Z (free hand) Gme AuvKv Ges †¯‹j I K¤úv‡mi mv‡_ cwiPq I e¨envi| Gme †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i bvbv ai‡bi W&ªBs Ki‡Z †kLv( N‡ii †g‡S, †c­U, Nwo, mij c_, eµ c_, b`xi AuvKveuvKv †mªvZ, BZ¨vw`|

3. †`k cwiwPwZ (f~‡Mvj) : wewfbœ A‡ji bvg (wefvM, †Rjv, _vbv, MÖvg, BZ¨vw`), †`‡ki cÖK…wZ, b`-b`x, †ijc_, Rjc_, AvenvIqv, loFZz, e„wócvZ, BZ¨vw`|

4. mgvR I mf¨Zv : K. †`‡ki AZxZ I eZ©gvb BwZnvm, L. Rb I RvwZ m¤ú‡K© cwiwPwZg~jK †jLv( GLv‡b _vK‡e †`‡ki mKj ag©xq I wewfbœ RvwZmËvi gvbyl‡`i cwiPq( fvlv, AvPvi-AvPiY ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, BZ¨vw`, M. †RÛvi m‡PZbZv( bvix-cyi“l m¤úK© I mgZv|

5. cÖv_wgK weÁvb cwiwPwZ : cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek, g„wËKv, Rj, evqy, kã I Av‡jv, c`v_© m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, AvKvk, AvengÊj, MvQcvjvi ˆewPΨgq RMr (wk¶K Q&vÎQvÎx‡`i wb‡q MÖv‡g Ny‡i Ny‡i MvQcvjv I km¨cÖ`vqx Ily~wa RvZxq Z…‡Yi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`‡eb), Dw™¢` RM‡Zi Ici Avgv‡`i wbf©iZv, avb, Mg, Wvj, mwilv, iwekm¨vw`, BZ¨vw`|

6. ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb (kix‡ii we‡kl ewntA½cÖZ¨½ I Aw¯’ m¤ú‡K© cwiPq I Gm‡ei Kvh©cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv Ges Gme A½cÖZ¨‡½i hZœ †bqv, †cwk I †cwki Kvh©vewji mv‡_ cwiPq, BZ¨vw`) I ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v (†hgb Kx Kx Ki‡j nvZ-cv mPj _v‡K, Kx ai‡bi e¨vqvg Ki‡j †cwk kw³kvjx nq, Kx Kx †L‡j Aw¯’e„w× I †cwki mRxeZv eRvq _v‡K), mvaviY †ivM (mw`©Kvwk, wewfbœ R¡i, †hgb g¨v‡jwiqv, UvBd‡qW, †W½y cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv I cÖwZ‡iva m¤^‡Ü aviYv m„wó, Lv`¨ I cywó, BZ¨vw`)|

7. GB †kªwY‡Z Avgiv Avgv‡`i wk¶vµ‡g GKwU wØZxq fvlvi ¯’vb w`‡Z PvB| †h‡nZz (Bs‡iR kvm‡bi d‡j) Bs‡iwR fvlv-mvwnZ¨ PP©v Avgv‡`i wkw¶Z ga¨we‡Ëi ms¯‹…wZi A½ n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q Ges Bs‡iwR fvlv `ª“Z Avš—R©vwZK fvlvq cwiYZ n‡”Q( †mB `„wófw½ †_‡K Avgv‡`i mycvwik Bs‡iwR fvlvi c‡¶| cÖ_g w`‡K Qwe †`wL‡q ev Av‡kcv‡ki wRwbmcÎ †`wL‡q Bs‡iwR k‡ãi mv‡_ µgk cwiPq Kwi‡q wkïi kãfvÊvi evwo‡q †Zvjv| gyL¯’ Kiv‡bvi Ici †Rvi bv w`‡q µ‡g µ‡g †kLv‡bv| Z‡e †h‡nZz Bs‡iwR GKwU BD‡ivcxq fvlv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ Lvc Lvq bv, ZvB Avgv‡`i cwi‡e‡k GB fvlv †kLv‡bv Aek¨B `yiƒn| Dchy³ cÖwk¶‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶K ˆZwi K‡i cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii Qv·`i Dchy³ c×wZ‡Z GB fvlvi mv‡_ cwiPq NUv‡Z n‡e| cÖm½Z iex›`ªbv_ Kx c×wZ‡Z wkï‡`i Bs‡iwR fvlv †kLv‡Zb Zv ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Gi cvkvcvwk kixiPP©v I wewfbœ ai‡bi †Ljvayjv, myKzgvi e„wËi PP©v (msMxZ( KÉ I hš¿, wPÎv¼b, Ave„wË...), nv‡Zi m„wókxj KvR Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e (wk¶K G e¨vcv‡i w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`‡eb), ¶z`ª ¶`ª hš¿cvwZ I ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿vw`i mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡bv, †hgb PvKvIqvjv †Ljbv Mvwo, Mi“Mvwo ev †VjvMvwo, wiKkv, w¯cÖs, wcPKvix, gB, UP©, euvwk, GKZviv ev †`vZviv, †Xvj I XvK cÖf„wZ ai‡bi msMxZ hš¿vw`, BZ¨vw`|

5g †kªwY : cieZ©x GKeQi Av‡iv e¨vcK nv‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e(

1. evsjv : D”PZi cVb-wjLb I RwUj evK¨ iPbv (K‡¤úvwRkb) Ges mij cÖeÜ †jLv| †Kv‡bv welq cvV K‡i Zvi welq eY©b I wjLb| msw¶ßmvi wjLb|

2. A¼ : D”PZi (a little higher arithmetic)( ¸Y, fvM I fMœvs‡ki †hvM-we‡qvM, mij, Mo, `kwgK c×wZ‡Z A¼cvZb cÖwµqv, HwKK wbqg, kZKiv, GKK c×wZ ; †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK GKK (nvZ, MR, QUvK, †mi, gY, †mw›UwgUvi, wgUvi, MÖvg, wK‡jvMÖvg) ; cwigvcb (AvqZ‡¶Î, eM©‡¶Î, Amg PZzf©yR, e„Ë BZ¨vw`) ; R¨vwgwZ (wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv‡Yi mv‡_ cwiPq I Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ A¼b, wÎfyR, PZzf©y‡Ri mv‡_ cwiPq Ges A¼b) ; mgq m¤ú‡K© aviYv( Nwoi e¨envi, K¨v‡jÛvi BZ¨vw`|

3. †`k cwiwPwZ (f~‡Mvj) : wewfbœ A‡ji cÖK…wZ, b`-b`x, †ijc_, Rjc_, AvenvIqv I loFZz, bKkv I Rwic, gvbwPÎ A¼b c×wZ|

4. mgvR I mf¨Zv (BwZnvm) : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, Rb I RvwZ)

5. cÖv_wgK weÁvb cwiwPwZ (RxeRM‡Zi ˆewPΨ) : cÖvPxbKv‡ji Rxe, cÖv‡Yi D‡b¥l m¤ú‡K© ˆeÁvwbK aviYv| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Ici †ewk ¸i““Z¡ `vb, kn‡ii QvÎQvÎx‡`i wPwoqvLvbv I †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡bv, MÖv‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwL, cï, KxUcZ½ I MvQcvjvi mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡bv|

6. bxwZwk¶v : bxwZwk¶vi mviK_v n‡jv fv‡jv-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq m¤ú‡K© wkï‡`i m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv| Dc‡`k w`‡q bq, cvV¨cy¯——‡K M‡íi gva¨‡g m¤cÖxwZi K_v, åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai K_v, †`‡ki me RvZ I a‡g©i gvbyl mgvb I Zv‡`i mggh©v`v i‡q‡Q( GK_v e‡j gbyl¨Z¡‡eva, Awnsmv, fv‡jvevmv I †mŠ›`h©wcÖqZvi K_v wkï‡`i g‡b RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e| fw³, kª×v, `qv, fv‡jvevmv, †cÖg, cÖxwZ, mZ¨evw`Zv, c‡ivcKvwiZv BZ¨w` k㸇jvi Zvrch© Mí, K_v I D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡K eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k gvbyl mij I ag©cÖvY wKš‘ cigZmwnòz( GK_vwU g‡b †i‡L, cÖPwjZ wewfbœ gvby‡li a‡g©i mviK_vi mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡bv, wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h H‡K¨i K_v I gvbeag©x Kj¨vYg~jK K_v¸‡jv Av‡Q Zv wkïi Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv| †Kv‡bv ag©B †h Ab¨ Av‡iKwU ag© †_‡K e‡ov ev †QvU bq, G K_vwU †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Z n‡e| ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvbyl‡`i ag©wPš—v I Ava¨vwZ¥KZv m¤ú‡K© †jLv (RvwZ-ag©-eY©-†MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mggh©v`vc~Y© `„wófw½‡Z) cov‡bv| Gi cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki HwZ‡n¨i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L mgš^qev`x gvbweK ag©‡ev‡ai K_vI Rvbv‡Z n‡e| Rvbv‡Z n‡e PÊx`vm, ˆPZb¨, Kexi, jvjb, nvmb ivRv, KvOvj nwibv_, we`¨vmvMi, ivg‡gvnb, we‡eKvb›`, myfvl emy, RM`xk P›`ª emy, i‡gk kxj cÖgy‡Li K_v| GB bxwZwk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvq GKwU D`vigbv evOvwj Rb, RvwZ I mgvR Ges GKwU †mKy¨jvi ivóªe¨e¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z|

7. ¯^v¯’¨weÁvb (kix‡ii Af¨š—ixY A½cÖZ¨½ m¤ú‡K© cwiPq( kvixiwe`¨v, cwicvKZš¿, i³msenbZš¿, k¦vmZš¿ I Gm‡ei Kvh©cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv Ges Gme A½cÖZ¨‡½i hZœ †bqv) I ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v (Lv`¨ I cywó( fvZ, Wvj, kvKkewR, gvQ-gvsm, `ya, wWg cÖf„wZi Lv`¨¸Y I Lv`¨cÖvY m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Ávb `vb)|

6ô-7g †kªwY : GB `yÕeQ‡ii cvV¨m~wP‡Z Av‡iv bZzb wKQz welq Aš—f©y³ Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|

1. evsjv : bvbv welq ¯’vb cv‡e( Avgv‡`i †jvKmvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ cwiPq, AvaywbK evsjvfvlvi weKvk m¤ú‡K© aviYv, cÖwm× mvwnwZ¨K‡`i †jLvi mv‡_ cwiPq( M`¨ I c`¨, mij e¨vKiY|

2. Bs‡iwR fvlv : kãfvÊvi evwo‡q †Zvjvi mv‡_ A¶iÁvb m¤úbœ Kivi c‡ii av‡ci wk¶v|

3. MwYZ : cvwUMwY‡Zi RwUj c×wZ, fMœvs‡ki ¸Y-fvM, fMœvs‡ki mij wmuwo fvOv, fMœvsk‡K `kwgK AvKv‡i †jLv( `kwg‡Ki †hvM-we‡qvM BZ¨vw`, mij exRMwY‡Zi cÖv_wgK aviYv I R¨vwgwZ( mgZj I eµZj, Nbe¯‘i (wKDe) mv‡_ cwiwPwZ, †jLwPÎ, †mU m¤ú‡K© aviYv| e¨envwiK †¶‡Î cvwUMwY‡Zi cÖ‡qvM| K¨vjKz‡jUi I Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi|

4. †`k cwiwPwZ (f~‡Mvj) : †`k I wek¦|

5. mgvR I mf¨Zv (BwZnvm) : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm), weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b mvaviY gvby‡li msMÖvgx BwZnvm, muvIZvj we‡`ªvn, wmcvnx we‡`ªvn, K…lK I ivqZ we‡`ªvn, †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb, bv‡Pvj we‡`ªvn, nvRs I bvbKvi we‡`ªvn, U¼ Av‡›`vjb, fvlv Av‡›`vjbmn wewfbœœch©v‡qi MY-AwaKv‡ii Av‡›`vjb Ges gyw³hy×|

6. cÖv_wgK weÁvb cwiwPwZ : K. cÖK„wZ I Dw™¢` RMr Ges cwi‡ek, L. Rxewe`¨v, M. cÖv_wgK c`v_©we`¨v I N. cÖv_wgK imvqb

7. bxwZ welqK wk¶v : gvbeZv‡eva Avgv‡`i HwZ‡n¨i A½, ZvB gvbevwaKv‡ii Ici ¸i“Z¡ `vb| fv‡jv-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, fw³-kª×v, `qv-fv‡jvevmv, †cÖg-cÖxwZ, mZ¨evw`Zv-c‡ivcKvwiZv( Gme gvbweK ¸Yvewj m¤ú‡K© e‡ov gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wkïi Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv| ÔCk‡ci MíÕ, cÂZš¿, bvwmi“wÏb †nv¾v ev VvKzigvi Sywji g‡Zv M‡íi gva¨‡g wkï‡K bxwZwk¶v w`‡Z n‡e|

8. ¯^v¯’¨ I cywóweÁvb|

9. kvixiwe`¨v I cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨, bvbv `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv Ges cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZ‡laK wewa (K¨vbmvi, GBPAvBwf-GBWm BZ¨vw` †ivM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I m‡PZbZv m„wó)|

10. Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv I Zvi e¨envi|

8g †kªwY : (cÖ¯—vweZ 8g †kªwYe¨vcx cÖvv_wgK c‡e©i †kl eQi)

Dch©y³ welq¸‡jv QvovI GB †kªwY‡Z wbgœewY©Z welq¸‡jv Aš—f©y³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1. Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYvi wek`xKiY I e¨envwiK wk¶v`vb| Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wel‡q wk¶v`vb c×wZi mv‡_ cwiPq NUv‡bv| †hgb †hme ¯‹z‡j weÁv‡bi Dchy³ j¨ve‡iUwi †bB, †mLv‡b weÁv‡bi cix¶v-wbix¶v¸‡jv Kw¤úUv‡ii gva¨‡g QvÎQvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q cÖ`k©b Kiv| Avevi Dchy³ MwYZ wk¶‡Ki Afve _vK‡j Kw¤úDUvi-mnvqK MwY‡Zi †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi K‡i MwYZ †kLv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

2. gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv m‡PZb Kiv| wek¦ gvbevwaKvi ms¯’vmn †`k we‡`‡ki gvbevwaKvi ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©vewji mv‡_ cwiPq, bvix I wkï AwaKvi (wmWI I wcwKs †NvlYv, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq bvix Dbœqb bxwZ, BZ¨vw`), kªwgK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z †NvlYvcθ‡jvi Zvrch© BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Ávb|

3. MwY‡Zi wKQy wKQy AvaywbK welq (w·KvYwgwZ, exRMwYZ QvovI evBbvwi wm‡÷g, i“wW‡g›Uvwi K¨vjKzjvm, cwimsL¨vb I RbwgwZ)|

4. Rxewe`¨v, c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb( GB wZbwU †gŠwjK weÁv‡bi wel‡q Rvbv‡kvbv‡K Av‡iv DbœZZi ch©v‡q wb‡q Avmv|

5. weÁvb I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, †cŠibxwZ I mgvRweÁv‡b AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc|

6. GB †kªwY‡Z (m¤¢e n‡j) GKwU Hw”QK e„wËg~jK †Kvm© Pvjy Kiv (Kw¤úDUvi wjUv‡iwm, Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iqvi ms‡hvRb, B‡jKwUªwkqv‡bi KvR, QyZvi ev Kv‡Vi KvR, ivRwgw¯¿i KvR, K…wlhš¿cvwZ Pvjbv, msi¶Y I †givgZ, A‡Uv‡gvevBj †gKvwbKm, gy`ªYwkí, g„rwkí, Kvgvi wkí, Pvgovi KvR, eqbwkí, iÄb, †W‡Kv‡ikb, Rwic BZ¨vw`)

Gi mv‡_ eq‡mvc‡hvMx ewnt‡Ljvayjv (outdoor sports & games) I kixiPP©v, myKzgvi I m„wókxj Kg© : msMxZ (mg‡eZ I GKK), b„Z¨, wPÎv¼b, Ave„wË (c`¨, M`¨ I ivBg), m~wPKg©, MvQ jvMv‡bv I cwiPh©v cÖf„wZ me©‡kªwYi QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e|

cvkvcvwk wkïi g‡b hv‡Z mKj gvbyl mgvb I Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨Õ( GB g‡bvfve A_©vr gvbeZvev` I gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© †PZbv RvwM‡q †Zvjv hvq| †mRb¨ me©ag©mgš^q Ges gvbe †cÖwgK I gvbevwaKvi †bZv, †`‡ki wfZ‡ii I evB‡ii gnvb e¨w³‡`i Rxebx cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii evsjv cvV¨ eBmg~‡n Aš—f©y³ K‡i cov‡Z n‡e|

†hLv‡bB Ges †h †kªwY‡ZB m¤¢e Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqZv wb‡q cvV`vb, j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z bv-cviv cix¶Y cÖ`k©b, weÁv‡bi bvbv g‡Wj Rxeš—fv‡e wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv, BZ¨vw`|

GKK_vq, Avgiv 8 eQie¨vcx cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg‡K mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B DbœZ I AvaywbKxKiY Ki‡Z PvB, KviY GB c‡e©i wk¶Y welq mK‡ji Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK, me©Rbxb I GKgyLx| Avgiv PvB GB c‡e© wk¶v_©xiv Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Áv‡bi cÖvq mKj kvLvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q DVyK, hv‡K wfwË K‡i †m wbR †Póvq ¯^wkw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i| Gi c‡ii wk¶v ce© †_‡KB e¯‘Z ïi“ n‡e we‡klvwqZ c„_K c„_K cÖk¯— k„•Ljv|

3.3.3 cÖv_wgK c‡e© eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Ab¨vb¨ wk¶vc×wZ I wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨r

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ mvgwMÖK wk¶ve¨e¯’v I cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”PZg ¯—i ch©š— cy‡iv wk¶vµgwU M„nxZ n‡j cÖkœ Avmv ¯^vfvweK, eZ©gv‡b wfbœavivq cwiPvwjZ bvbv wk¶vc×wZ I wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi fwel¨r Kx n‡e ? Gi GKwUB DËi nq †h, Gme wfbœcš’x wk¶vc×wZ I wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi n‡e µg-Aejywß| †hme wk¶vqZb G ai‡bi wk¶v`vb K‡i Avm‡Q, †mme wk¶vqZb‡K µgk mvaviY auv‡Pi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e, cÖwZôv‡bi bvg hvB _vKzK|

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B D‡j­L K‡iwQ †h cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i (1g-5g †kªwY) mvaviY wk¶vc×wZ QvovI Av‡iv `ywU cÖv_wgK wk¶v`vb c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q| Gi GKwU n‡jv g~jZ Bs‡iwR fvlvi gva¨‡g wKÛviMv‡U©b c×wZ‡Z wkï‡`i wk¶v`vb| G mKj cÖwZôv‡b wk¶v Kvh©µg ïi“ nq cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K I mgvwß N‡U cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i G‡m|

wØZxq avivwU n‡jv g³e-gv`ªvmvwfwËK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg, hv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K ÔGe‡Z`vwqÕ ¯—i| Gi AvIZvq wk¶v P‡j cuvP eQi †gqvw`| fwZ©i eqmmxgv Awba©vwiZ, Z‡e Qq †_‡K mvZ eQ‡ii evjK-evwjKvivB Gme wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© nq|

K. wKÛviMv‡U©b wk¶vc×wZ I cÖv_wgK wk¶v

Rvg©vb kã ÔKindergartenÕ-Gi A_© n‡jv wkï‡`i D`¨vb ev Kvbb| mgv‡Ri D”PweË I ga¨weË gvby‡li Kv‡Q Gme ¯‹z‡ji RbwcÖqZv i‡q‡Q| Av`‡k©i w`K †_‡K wKÛviMv‡U©b ¯‹zj AZ¨š— PgrKvi Kb‡mÞ, wKš‘ Avgv‡`i GLv‡b Gi Av`k© eRvq ivL‡Z ¯‹zj KZ…©c¶ e¨_© n‡q‡Q Ges G‡`i j¶¨ n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q e¨emvwqK|

wkïKv‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Db¥y³ cwi‡e‡k we‡kl K‡i cÖK…wZi †Kv‡j †Kv‡bv dzj-dj‡kvwfZ D`¨v‡b wk¶v`v‡bi Av‡qvRb Kivi †h aviYv Zv‡KB wKÛviMv‡U©b c×wZ wk¶v`vb ev¯—evqb Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q| wKÛviMv‡U©b aviYvi cÖe³v wQ‡jb Rvg©vb `vk©wbK wk¶vwe` I wkï gb¯—Z¡we` †d«WvwiK †d«v‡ej (Frederich Frobel)| wZwb 1873 mv‡j cix¶vg~jKfv‡e Db¥y³ cwi‡e‡k GKwU D`¨v‡b wkïwk¶vi Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹zj ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| †d«v‡ej †P‡qwQ‡jb †Lvjv-evZvmwcÖq `yiš— wkï‡`i †kªwYK‡¶i Pvi †`qv‡ji AvbyôvwbKZvi †Niv‡Uvc †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q †Kv‡bv dzjevMv‡b wkï‡`i wk¶v`v‡bi GKwU ¯^vfvweK cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z, †hLv‡b wkïiv Avb›`Nb cwi‡e‡k wk¶v jvf Ki‡e| GB wk¶vc×wZi `vk©wbK wfwËUv n‡jv Db¥y³ evav-eÜbnxb Avengʇj Ôwkïi gb I †`‡ni mvwe©K, me©v½xY I mvejxj weKvk mvab| GB wkïKvb‡b wkïiv wbRnvZ KvR Ki‡e, Avb‡›` Mvb MvB‡e, evZv‡mi †`vjvh Mv‡Qi cvZvi Q‡›`i mv‡_ wkïiv Ave„wË Ki‡e KweZv I ivBg| wkïgbPvwjZ wkïi GB ¯^vfvweK wÎqvKjvc‡K †d«v‡ej bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb wkïKg©e¨¯—Zv| †d«v‡ejPvwjZ GB wkï wk¶v`vb c×wZ BD‡iv‡c RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V Ges bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q eZ©gvb RbwcÖq iƒcwU M‡o I‡V, hvi bvg ÔwkïKvbb wk¶v`vb c×wZÕ (Kindergarten System of Education)|

cÖvq GKB Av`‡k© PvwjZ n‡q †d«v‡ej c×wZiB mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b G‡b divwm wk¶vwe` gv`vg †gix g‡š—mwi GKwU wkï wk¶v`vb c×wZ d«v‡Ý cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb, hv ZviB bvgvbymv‡i g‡š—mwi c×wZ bv‡g we‡k¦ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| GB wk¶vwe` i“‡kvi ¯úk©-Bw›`ª‡qi Abyf~wZ‡K e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb wkïg‡b wk¶vi ¯ú„nv RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z| g‡š—mwi Zvi wkï wb‡KZ‡bi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔK¨vmv `¨ evw¤^wbÕ (Casa die Bambini)

wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wKÛviMv‡U©b I g‡š—mwi c×wZi ¯‹zj cÖwZôv Ki‡Z wM‡q c×wZi g~j Av`k© I aviYv‡K Aejxqvq fy‡j wM‡q Gi cÖwZôvZviv Pvi †`qv‡ji g‡a¨ ÔwkïevMvbÕ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z _vK‡jb e¨emvq‡K mvg‡b †i‡L| evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqvq G `yÕwU gnvb Av`‡k©i NUj Acg„Zy¨| Avgiv PvB Gme wkïwb‡KZb mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wKÛviMv‡U©b c×wZi g~j Av`‡k© M‡o DVyK Ges GB c×wZ‡Z evsjvfvlvq wkï‡`i wk¶v`vb Ki“K Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP AbymiY K‡i| Gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨q n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K j•Nb Kiv n‡e, K_vwU †hb ¯‹zj KZ©„c¶ g‡b iv‡L|

myZivs Avgiv g‡b Kwi 8g †kªwY ch©š— GKgyLx cÖv_wgK wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e miKvi KZ©„K AvB‡bi Øviv Pvjy n‡j Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy ivLv n‡e A‡hŠw³K, AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges AvB‡bi j•Nb|

L. eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ gv`ªvmv wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi Aax‡b ÔGe‡Z`vwqÕ cÖv_wgK wk¶v

8g †kªwY ch©š— GKgyLx cÖv_wgK wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e GKgyLx wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy n‡j eZ©gv‡b Pvjy ÔGe‡Z`vwqÕ wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjy ivLvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM _vK‡e bv| Ab¨ mvaviY cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji g‡Zv GLv‡bI gvZ…fvlvq wk¶v w`‡Z n‡e mvaviY cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP‡K AbymiY K‡i| wk¶v cÖwZôvbwUi bvg Aviwe‡Z ev evsjvq †h fvlv‡ZB ivLv †nvK, wk¶v Kvh©µg n‡Z n‡e Awfbœ( Gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨q nIqv Pj‡e bv| myZivs GKgyLx me©Rbxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖewZ©Z n‡j ÔGe‡Z`vwqÕ bv‡g wk¶vc×wZi Aw¯—Z¡B Avi Aewkó _vK‡e bv|

M. Dbœqb ms¯’v cwiPvwjZ wk¶v Kvh©µg

Avgv‡`i †`‡k wewfbœ †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ GKwU weKí wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q, hv g~jZ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi| Gi g‡a¨ eq¯‹ wk¶vI Av‡Q| mvaviYZ hviv wbqwgZ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z covi my‡hvM ev mgq cvq bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨B GB wk¶v| hw`I GB wk¶v GL‡bv Kg©m~wPi ch©v‡qB mxgve×| G wk¶vi cÖv_wgK djvdj BwZevPK| †emiKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvB (mvaviYfv‡e GbwRI bv‡g cwiwPZ) DcvbyôvwbK (eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨) wk¶v Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| G‡`i iwPZ cvV¨cy¯—K¸‡jv †ek wPËvKl©K Ges Gme cy¯—‡K mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q †jLv Aš—f©y³ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v M„nxZ n‡j Gme ¯‹zj‡KI cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e, wk¶v`vb c×wZ wfbœZi n‡jI|

GLv‡b D‡j­L¨ †h, eq¯‹‡`i wk¶vi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ miKvwi Kg©m~wPI Av‡Q| GB wk¶vi miKvwi bvg DcvbyôvwbK (Dc-AvbyôvwbK) wk¶v| eq¯‹ wk¶v Kg©m~wPi bv‡g 1947 mvj †_‡K G‡`‡ki wk¶v KZ…©c¶ cÖwZ eQi †KvwU †KvwU UvKv e¨q K‡i‡Q wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Yi bv‡g| GB Z_vKw_Z mv¶iZv mgv‡R KZUv Kj¨vY e‡q G‡b‡Q I A_©bxwZ‡Z KZUv Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q, Zvi GKwU ˆbe©¨w³K g~j¨vqb nIqv DwPZ| Ges GB Kvh©µg wb‡q bZzb K‡i fveevi AeKvk G‡m‡Q|

3.4 gva¨wgK : wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨

eZ©gv‡b gva¨wgK wk¶v wZbwU c‡e© wef³(

1. 3 eQi †gqvw` wbgœ-gva¨wgK : lô-Aóg †kªwY ch©š—

2. 2 eQi †gqvw` gva¨wgK : beg I `kg †kªwY ch©š— Ges

3. 2 eQi †gqvw` D”P-gva¨wgK : GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwY

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡bi wbgœ-gva¨wgK‡K cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kivi K_v e‡jwQ, Ges GB myhy³ bZzb cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg I cvVµg wb‡q Gi Av‡Mi c‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gva¨wgK wk¶v n‡jv cÖv_wgK wk¶v cieZ©x Ges D”PZi wk¶v c~e©eZ©x mg‡q Abym„Z wk¶v Kvh©Kg| wk¶v_©xi Rxe‡b GwU GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| GK A‡_©, gva¨wgK wk¶v ce©‡K cÖvwš—K e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB Kvjc‡e© wk¶vMÖnY Ki‡Z AvMÖnx wk¶v_©x‡`i eqmmxgv ˆK‡kvi †_‡K ˆK‡kv‡ivËxY© Kvj ch©š— we¯—…Z Ges KvjwU eqtmwÜi Kvj e‡j LyeB ¯úk©KvZi| eqtmwÜi RwUjZv I m¤¢vebv we‡ePbvq wb‡qB Avgv‡`i GB c‡e©i wk¶v I cvVµg `uvo Kiv‡Z n‡e|

g~jZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—i‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶vi Aš—M©Z a‡i wb‡q `yÕwU c‡e© wef³ gva¨wgK wk¶vi (gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK) mvaviY D‡Ïk¨vewj‡K wbgœwjwLZfv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi(

1. cÖv_wgK I wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii AwR©Z wk¶v‡K Av‡iv mymsnZ K‡i GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv, Av‡M Dwj­wLZ wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K ev¯—evq‡bi j‡¶¨ wk¶vµg MÖnY Kiv|

2. GB ¯—‡ii wk¶vi Av‡iKwU j¶¨ n‡jv mgvR-BwZnvm-HwZn¨ m‡PZb I Dbœq‡b Kzkjx `¶ Rbkw³ ˆZwi Kiv, hviv n‡e †gavm¤úbœ fwel¨r mybvMwiK Ges hviv †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡q `¶Zvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z cvi‡e|

3. wk¶vMÖnY †hb wk¶v_©x‡`i Rxe‡b cÖwZwôZ nIqvi I wewfbœ P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq m¶g K‡i †Zvjvi nvwZqvi n‡q I‡V| †Kbbv Rbkw³i weKvk Ggb n‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e nq|

4. wk¶v †hb wk¶v_©x‡K KZ©e¨‡ev‡a, ˆbwZKZvq, gvbeZv‡ev‡a D¾xweZ mybvMwiK K‡i Zvi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvk NUvq|

5. GQvov †hme wk¶v_©x wewfbœ we`¨vkvLvq wWwMÖ ¯—‡i wk¶vµg MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv‡`i Rb¨ gva¨wgK wk¶v‡K cÖ¯‘wZce© e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv hvq, hv‡Z GB ¯—‡i wk¶vjvf K‡i Zv‡`i †gavi ù~iY N‡U Ges cÖeYZv Abyhvqx wb‡R‡`i D”Pwk¶vi Dchy³ K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j|

6. gva¨wgK ch©vq (9g †kªwY) †_‡K †fv‡Kkbvj wk¶v hy³ n‡e| mevB‡K 500-700 b¤^‡ii Awfbœ cvV¨m~wP AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

7. Avgiv G cÖm‡½ 1996 mv‡j Four Pillars of Education wk‡ivbv‡g BD‡b‡¯‹v KZ©„K mycvwikK…Z gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vi PviwU ¯—‡¤¢i K_v ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi(

K. Rvbvi Rb¨ †kLv (learning to know)

L. wKQy Ki‡Z cvivi Rb¨ †kLv (learning to do)

M. wb‡R‡K weKwkZ Kivi wk¶v (learning to be)

N. m¤cÖxwZi gv‡S mK‡ji mv‡_ GK‡Î emevm Ki‡Z cvivi wk¶v (learning to live together)

e¯‘Z GB K_v¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶vi j¶¨‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

8. gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii †kl `yÕeQ‡ii (11-12k †kªwYi) wk¶v¯—i‡K ejv nq D”P-gva¨wgK| Gi j¶¨ n‡jv cÖK…Zc‡¶ D”PZi wk¶vMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †gavex wk¶v_©x M‡o †Zvjv, Ges GB ¯—‡i G‡m †KD hw` wk¶v mgvcb K‡i Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z Pvq, †mRb¨ Zvi wfwËwU gReyZ K‡i M‡o †ZvjvI GB ¯—‡ii wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨|

3.5 wk¶vµg : gva¨wgK ev †m‡KÛvwi ce©

gva¨wgK wk¶vi ¯—i `yÕwU(

K. gva¨wgK ev †m‡KÛvwi (Secondary) Ges

L. D”P-gva¨wgK ev (Highier Secondary) : 2 eQi †gqvw`

Avgiv GLv‡b gva¨wgK c‡e© AbymiYxq wk¶vµg I cvVµg m¤ú‡K© wKQy cÖ¯—ve ivL‡Z PvB|

3.5.1 gva¨wgK ev †m‡KÛvwi c‡e©i wk¶v I cvVµg

`yB eQ‡ii (9g I 10g †kªwY) GB ¯—‡i wZb ev ZZwaK we`¨vkvLvq wk¶v`vb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b wZbwU we`¨vkvLv ejer i‡q‡Q, †hgb Kjv ev gvbweK kvLv, evwYR¨ kvLv I weÁvb kvLv| Avgiv Av‡iv GKwU kvLvi Aš—f©yw³i cÖ¯—ve KiwQ, Zv n‡jv cwigvwR©Z e„wËg~jK gva¨wgK : KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK (†fv‡Kkbvj) wk¶v|

wewfbœ e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wel‡q wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡jI cÖwZwU wk¶v_©x‡K GKwU †Kvi †Kvm© Aek¨B co‡Z n‡e|

K. beg I `kg †kªwY (`yÕeQi †gqvw`)

mviwY 3.2 : gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vi cVbxq welqe¯‘

†Kvi †Kvm© (mKj kvLvi QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨)

weÁvb kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |gvbweK I Kjv kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |evwYR¨ kvLv |†gvU b¤^i | |1. evsjv |200 | |200 | |200 | |2. Bs‡iwR( |100 | |100 | |100 | |3. MwYZ |100 | |100 | |100 | |4. wek¦gvbeZv, gvbevwaKvi, †mKz¨jvwiRg, BZ¨vw` |50 | |50 | |50 | |†Kvi †Kvm© (mK‡ji Rb¨) |450 | |450 | |450 | |5. mgvR ivóª I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm (Humanities) |50 |weÁvb I mf¨Zvi weeZ©b |50 |weÁvb I mf¨Zvi weeZ©b/ mgvR ivóª I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm |50 | |wbe©vwPZ welq (4wU) |400 | |400 |400 | | |c`v_© we`¨v |100 |BwZnvm |100 |e¨emvq cwiwPwZ |100 | |imvqb |100 |f~‡Mvj |100 |wnmve weÁvb |100 | |RxeweÁvb |100 |A_©bxwZ I †cŠibxwZ |100 |e¨emvqx D‡`¨vM/

evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj |100 | |D”PZi MwYZ |100 |ivóªweÁvb |100 |A_©bxwZ I e¨vswKs |100 | |e„wËg~jK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)* |100 | |100 | |100 | |†gvU |1000 | |1000 | |1000 | |Hw”QK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)(

|100 |Hw”QK (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)( |100 |Hw”QK (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)(

|100 | |me©‡gvU |1100 | |1100 | |1100 | |( A‡b‡KB Bs‡iwR‡Z 200 b¤^i ivLvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

* gva¨wgK ¯—‡i m¤¢ve¨ e„wËg~jK welqmg~n

Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v, K…wlwk¶v, †ewmK †UªW, Mv‡g©›Um †Uªwbs, eqb I ZuvZwkí, iÄb, euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, ivRwgw¯¿i KvR, g„rwkí ev Kzgv‡ii KvR, Kvgv‡ii KvR, avZe wkí, ˆe`y¨wZK KvR, †gKvwbKm, I‡qwìs, A‡Uv‡gvevBjm, Kv‡c©w›Uª, wmivwg·, BÛvw÷ªqvj B‡jKUªwb· I B‡jKwUªwmqvb, gy`ªY, Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvwRkb I MÖvwd· BZ¨vw` (¯’vbxqfv‡e KzwUi wk‡íi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM-myweav _vK‡j †m my‡hvM ¯‹zj KZ©„c¶ wb‡Z cv‡ib)|

( wewfbœ k„•Ljvq m¤¢ve¨ Hw”QK welqvw`

weÁvb kvLvi Rb¨

Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi wjUv‡iwm, K…wlwe`¨v, A_©bxwZ I †cŠibxwZ, ivóª I cÖkvmb we`¨v, kvixiwe`¨v, ¯^v¯’¨-Lv`¨ I cywóweÁvb, wPwKrmvwe`¨v, Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb, f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm, D”PZi evsjv, D”PZi Bs‡iwR, wnmveweÁvb, e¨emvq cwiwPwZ, evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj, AvaywbK Aviwe fvlv, Bmjvg ag© I gvbeZv, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, †Kvivb I nvw`m, ms¯‹…Z, wn›`y ag© I gvbeZv, cvwj, †eŠ×ag© I gvbeZv, wLª‡ói evYx I gvbeZv, Dcgnv‡`kxq fvlv (†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU( wnw›`, D`©y, ¸RivwU, gvivwV, Zvwgj, †Z‡j¸, Dwoqv, Amwgqv..., evsjv (AevOvwj‡`i Rb¨), ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi RbMY‡`i fvlv (†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU( muvIZvwj, gwbcywi, Mv‡iv, PvKgv, ivLvBb, BZ¨vw`), msMxZ I bvU¨Kjv, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov|

gvbweK I evwYwR¨K kvLvi Rb¨

mvaviY weÁvb, D”PZi MwYZ, K…wlwe`¨v, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi wjUv‡iwm, kvixiwe`¨v, ¯^v¯’¨-Lv`¨ I cywóweÁvb, D”PZi evsjv, D”PZi Bs‡iwR, wnmve weÁvb, e¨emvq cwiwPwZ (basic trade), evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj, AvaywbK Aviex fvlv, Bmjvg ag© I gvbeZv, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, †Kvivb I nvw`m, ms¯‹…Z, wn›`y ag© I gvbeZv, cvwj, †eŠ× ag© I gvbeZv, wLª‡ói evYx I gvbeZv, Dcgnv‡`kxq fvlv (†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU: wn›`x, D`©y, ¸RivwU, gvivVv, Zvwgj, †Z‡j¸, Dwoqv, Amgxqv..., evsjv (AevOvwj‡`i Rb¨), ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi RbM‡Yi fvlv (†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU : mvuIZvwj, gwbcywi, Mv‡iv, PvKgv, ivLvBb...BZ¨vw`.), msMxZ I bvU¨Kjv, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov...

(we‡kl `ªóe¨ : †hme QvÎQvÎx fwel¨‡Z Bmjvwg welq ev ag© I bxwZwk¶v wel‡q D”PZi we`¨v AR©b Ki‡Z Pvb, Zviv mswk­ó welq †_‡K GKwU welq cQ›` Ki‡Z cv‡i)

L. KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK gva¨wgK : beg I `kg †kªwY

eZ©gv‡b hw`I mvaviY gva¨wg‡Ki mgZzj¨ GKwU c„_K e„wËg~jK kvLv i‡q‡Q, wKš‘ h‡_vchy³ myweavi AeZ©gv‡b GB kvLvwU †Zgb RbwcÖqZv cvq wb| Avgiv cÖ¯—ve Kwi †h, mvaviY 9g-10g †kªwYi †Kvi †Kvm©wU‡K, A_©vr evsjv : 200, Bs‡iwR : 100, MwYZ : 100, wek¦gvbeZv I gvbevwaKvi: 50 wVK †i‡L GB ¯—‡ii wk¶vµg‡K †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z mvaviY gv‡bi QvÎiv e¨vcKfv‡e AvK…ó nq| Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve, GB gva¨wgK wk¶vµgwUI PvieQi †gqvw` n‡e (9g-10g Ges 11-12k †kªwY)| Avgiv mgZzj¨ mvaviY gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii e„wËg~jK kvLvi cvVµg I cvV¨m~wPi GKwU iƒc‡iLv Zz‡j aijvg(

mviwY 3.2K : KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wk¶vi cVbxq welhe¯‘

e„wËg~jK kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |gš—e¨ | |1. evsjv |200 | | |2. Bs‡iwR |100 |A‡b‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z 200 b¤^i Kivi c‡¶ gZ w`‡q‡Qb | |3. MwYZ |100 | | |4. wek¦gvbeZv, gvbevwaKvi, †mKy¨jvwiRg, BZ¨vw` |50 | | |†Kvi †Kvm© (mK‡ji Rb¨) |450 | | |5. mgvR ivóª I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm/ weÁvb I mf¨Zvi weeZ©b |50 | | |weÁvb welq (3wU) |300 | | |c`v_©we`¨v

(K) ZËxq : 75

(L) e¨envwiK : 25 |100 | | |imvqb

(K) ZË¡xq : 75

(L) e¨envwiK : 25 |100 | | |D”PZi MwYZ |100 | | |KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK welq (3wU) |300 | | |dwjZ we`y¨r I B‡jKUªwbKm |100 | | |dwjZ imvqb I †U·UvBj imvqb |100 | | |hš¿we`¨v (Mechanics)/ Kw¤úDUvi cÖwk¶Y |100 | | |Hw”QK welq (1wU)( |100 | | |†gvU |1200 | | |( m¤¢^ve¨ Hw”QK welqmg~n

wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K GKwU †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e(

cyiwe`¨v I ivRwgw¯¿i KvR (civil and masonry), avZewkí I avZewe`¨v (metal industry and metallurgy), cvwb I cvwb-m¤ú`we`¨ (hydrology and water resource), ¯’vcZ¨ I bKkvqb, K…wl I K…wlhš¿we`¨v, †U·UvBj K…r‡KŠkj (textile technology), Pvgov K„r‡KŠkj (leather technology), Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v, Mv‡g©›Um †Uªwbs, eqb I ZuvZwkí, iÄb, euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, g„rwkí ev Kzgv‡ii KvR, Kvgv‡ii KvR, †gKvwb·, I‡qwìs, A‡Uv‡gvevBjm, Kv‡c©w›Uª, wmivwg·, BÛvw÷ªqvj B‡jKUªwb· I B‡jKwUªwkqvb, gy`ªY, Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvwRkb I MÖvwd· BZ¨vw` (¯’vbxqfv‡e KzwUiwk‡íi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMmyweav _vK‡j †m my‡hvM ¯‹zj KZ©„c¶ wb‡Z cv‡ib)|

kvixiwe`¨v, ¯^v¯’¨-Lv`¨ I cywóweÁvb, D”PZi evsjv, D”PZi Bs‡iwR, A_©bxwZ I †cŠibxwZ, ivóª I cÖkvmb we`¨v, A_©bxwZ I †cŠibxwZ, wnmveweÁvb, e¨emvq cwiwPwZ, evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj, †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU fvlv (evsjv I Bs‡iwR ev‡`), msMxZ I bvU¨Kjv, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov|

gš—e¨ : mswk­ó we‡klÁ‡`i civg‡k© KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK gva¨wgK c‡e©i cvVµg I cvV¨welq Av‡iv DbœZ I cieZ©xKv‡j P~ovš— Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3.5.2 ÔI-GÕ †j‡fjwfwËK Bs‡iwR fvlvi gva¨‡g Ôgva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgKÕ ¯—‡i wk¶v Kvh©µg

mgv‡Ri D”Pweˇ`i I Z_vKw_Z AwfRvZ Kzjxb‡`i Pvwn`vi †cÖw¶‡Z AcwiKwíZfv‡e XvKv kn‡i Ges GLb XvKvi evB‡ii gd¯^j kni¸‡jv‡ZI PUK`vi bvg wb‡q †ek wKQy wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g e¨emvwqK AM©vbvB‡R‡k‡bi DrcwË N‡U‡Q| beŸB‡qi `kK †_‡KB GB igigv e¨emvq †`‡k †ek RuvwK‡q e‡m‡Q| †KgweªªR I A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aby‡gv‡`‡b †`‡k †`‡k weªwUk KvDwÝj wRwmB gv‡bi cvV¨m~wPi wfwˇZ cix¶v MÖnY K‡i g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZ wewfbœ wel‡q †MÖW w`‡q _v‡K| GB cix¶v `yÕwU ¯—‡i n‡q _v‡K( GKwU‡K ejv nq I †j‡fj (Ordinary (O)-level), hv Avgv‡`i GmGmwmi Zzj¨, Avi cÖvMÖmi ¯—iwU‡K ejv nq G †j‡fj (Advanced (A)-Level), Avgv‡`i GBPGmwmi mgK¶| GB `yÕ¯—i wewkó cix¶vq hv‡Z cix¶v_©xiv fv‡jv †MÖW †c‡Z cv‡i, †mB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Gi cÖeZ©Kiv cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª M‡o †Zv‡j BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi bvbv bvgKiv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Rwo‡q wewfbœ ¯‹z‡ji bv‡g| Gm‡ei g~j D‡Ïk¨ D‡Ïk¨ RbMY‡K †auvKv †`qv| eZ©gv‡b Gme cÖwZôvb wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb bv‡g miKvwi †iwRw÷ªK…Z, †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e bq| Gme cÖwZôv‡b D”P QvÎ †eZ‡b G‡Kev‡i †MÖW-1 †_‡K Øv`k †kªwY ch©š— wk¶v`vb K‡i _v‡K| e¯‘Z G mKj cÖwZôvb‡K †KvwPs †m›Uvi bv‡g AwfwnZ KivB h_vh_ n‡e|

Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK †Kv‡bv Pvwn`v GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †gUv‡”Q bv ev †mB cÖeYZv wb‡q G¸‡jvi cÖwZôvI nq wb| GLvb †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv QvÎQvÎx‡`i j¶¨B n‡jv D”Pwk¶v‡_© ev PvKzwii mÜv‡b hy³ivóª ev we‡`‡k cvwo †`qv| Z‡e A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB GLvbKvi wk¶v`vb c×wZ RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q Ges cvVµg weÁvbwfwËK Ges cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯—K †ek DbœZ gv‡bi I wPËvKl©K|

ejv evûj¨, †`‡ki mg¯—‡ii wk¶vµ‡gi mv‡_ ev cvV¨m~wPi mv‡_ Gme wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM †bB| †`kxq cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP Abymi‡Yi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMI †bB, KviY cix¶v `yÕwU cwiPvwjZ nq we‡kl wm‡jevm AbymiY K‡i, hv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q we‡`‡k|

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vbxwZ I wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖewZ©Z n‡j, ejv evûj¨, wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g G‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM _vK‡e bv, KviY wk¶v cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Pvjy ivL‡Z n‡j Gme Z_vKw_Z ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K GKgyLx me©Rbxb wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP‡K cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K Øv`k †kªwY ch©š— Aek¨ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i

cÖ¯—vweZ †mKy¨jvi I me©Rbxb GKgyLx wk¶ve¨e¯’v AvaywbK, DbœZ Ges Avš—R©vwZK gvbm¤úbœ n‡j ÔIÕ Ges ÔGÕ †j‡f‡ji wk¶v`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q dzwi‡q hv‡e|

3.6 D”P-gva¨wgK ev nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi c‡e©i wk¶v I cvVµg

GB wk¶vc‡e© `yÕwU g~javivi wk¶vµ‡gi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q :

cÖ_gZ : mvaviY D”P-gva¨wgK, hv wZbwU k„•Ljvq wef³ 1. weÁvb, 2. gvbweK I Kjv, Ges 3. evwYR¨

wØZxqZ : KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”PZi gva¨wgK

K. D”P-gva¨wgK (11-12k †kªwY)

Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ GB ¯—‡ii wk¶vi j¶¨ n‡jv GKw`‡K cÖK…Zc‡¶ D”PZi wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †gavex wk¶v_©x‡K M‡o †Zvjv, Ges Ab¨w`‡K GB ¯—‡i †KD hw` wk¶v mgvcb K‡i Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvi wfwËwUI gReyZ K‡i †`qv| Avgiv wb‡P Q‡Ki gv¨a¨‡g GB ¯—‡ii cvVµg I cwVZe¨ welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiwQ|

mviwY 3.3 : D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vi cVbxq welqe¯‘

weÁvb kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |gvbweK I Kjv kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |evwYR¨ kvLv |†gvU b¤^i | |1. evsjv |200 | |200 | |200 | |2. Bs‡iwR( |100 | |100 | |100 | |3. gvbeZv I mg-AwaKvi : Avgv‡`i †jvKHwZn¨( |50 | |50 |50 |50 | |Avewk¨K welq (3wU) |600 | ˆbe©vPwbK welq (3wU) |600 |Avewk¨K welq |600 | |3. MwYZ |200

|3-5 ˆbe©vPwbK welq (3wU)1

cÖwZwU welq :

200 | †gvU 600

|A_©bxwZ I e¨vwKs |200 | |4. c`v_©we`¨v |200

| | |wnmveweÁvb |200

| |5. imvqb |200 | | |e¨emvq c×wZ I cÖ‡qvM/ e¨e¯’vcbv |200 | |Hw”QK welq (1wU)* |200 |Hw”QK welq (1wU)2 |200 |Hw”QK welq (1wU)3

|200 | |5. cÖhyw³ ev e„wËg~jK welq (1wU)**

|100 | |100 | |100 | |†gvU |1250 | |1250 | |1250 | |( D”P-gva¨wg‡KI Bs‡iwR‡Z 200 b¤^i ivLvi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb A‡b‡K|

(GB cvV¨wel‡q Aš—f©y³ n‡e mKj gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi, bvix-cyi“l mg-AwaKvi, evsjv‡`‡ki ¶y`ª RvwZMZ Rb‡Mvôx I ag©©xq msL¨vjNymn bvix-cyi“l mg-AwaKvi, ¶y`ª RvwZMZ Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv-ms¯‹…wZ-ag© wek¦vm BZ¨w` ; RvwZmsN †NvwlZ gvbevwaKvi I bvix AwaKvi mb`, wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b bvixi AwaKvi I ¶gZvqb m¤ú‡K© †NvlYv I A½xKvicÎ BZ¨vw`|

* weÁvb kvLvi m¤¢ve¨ Hw”QK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)

Rxewe`¨v, cwimsL¨vb, g‡bvweÁvb, A_©bxwZ, ivóªweÁvb, ¯^v¯’¨weÁvb I kvixiwe`¨v (Health science & Physiology), wPwKrmvwe`¨v, f~‡Mvj, K…wlweÁvb, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, wnmveweÁvb, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov, bvU¨Kjv, msMxZ, AvBbwe`¨v, fvlv : Aviwe/cvwj/ms¯‹…Z/D”PZi evsjv/D”PZi Bs‡iwR, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, AvBbwe`¨v, BZ¨vw`|

1. gvbweK kvLvi Rb¨ ˆbe©vPwbK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 3 wU)

A_©bxwZ, MwYZ, †cŠibxwZ, hyw³we`¨v, ivvóªweÁvb, BwZnvm, mgvRweÁvb|

2. gvbweK kvLvi Rb¨ Hw”QK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)

K. A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ, hyw³we`¨v, cwimsL¨vb, ivvóªweÁvb, BwZnvm, mgvRweÁvb| (†h welqwU B‡Zvg‡a¨B ˆbe©vPwbK welq wn‡m‡e evQv n‡q‡Q †mwU ev‡`)|

L. D”PZi evsjv, D”PZi Bs‡iwR, Aviwe, ms¯‹…Z, cvwj, MwYZ, cwimsL¨vb, mgvRKj¨vY (ˆbe©vPwbK welq wn‡m‡e mgvRweÁvb cQ›` Ki‡j GwU †bqv hv‡e bv), f~‡Mvj, cwimsL¨vb, K…wlweÁvb, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, wnmveweÁvb, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov, bvU¨Kjv, msMxZ, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, AvBbwe`¨v, BZ¨vw`|

3. evwYR¨ kvLvi Rb¨ Hw”QK welq

MwYZ, cwimsL¨vb, evwYwR¨K f~‡Mvj, wecYb, K…wlweÁvb, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, †cŠibxwZ, ivvóªweÁvb, BwZnvm/Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ/BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, mgvRweÁvb/mgvRKj¨vY, D”PZi evsjv, D”PZi Bs‡iwR, Aviwe, ms¯‹…Z, cvwj, kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov, bvU¨Kjv, msMxZ, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, AvBbwe`¨v, BZ¨vw`|

** cÖhyw³ ev e„wËg~jK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)

Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v, K…wlwk¶v, e¨emvq cwiwPwZ (basic trade), Mv‡g©›Um †Uªwbs, eqb I ZuvZwkí, iÄb, euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, ivRwgw¯¿i KvR, g„rwkí ev Kzgv‡ii KvR, Kvgv‡ii KvR, avZe wkí, ˆe`y¨wZK KvR, †gKvwb·, I‡qwìs, A‡Uv‡gvevBjm, Kv‡c©w›Uª, wmivwg·, BÛvw÷ªqvj B‡jKUªwb· I B‡jKwUªwkqvb, gy`ªY, Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvwRkb I MÖvwd·, avÎxwe`¨, K…wl I K…wlhš¿we`¨v, †U·UvBj K„r‡KŠkj (textile technology), Pvgov K…r‡KŠkj (leather technology), BZ¨vw`

e„wËg~jK wk¶vi mv‡_ Ackbvj wWwmwc­b wn‡m‡e msMxZ, bvU¨Kjv, wPÎKjv BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z cv‡i| AvcvZZ cix¶vg~jKfv‡e cÖwZ wefv‡M Kgc‡¶ GKwU K‡j‡R G¸‡jv †kLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| cix¶Y mdj cÖgvwYZ n‡j GB my‡hvM µgvMZ cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|

L. KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gva¨wgK

mvaviY D”PZi gva¨wg‡Ki mgZzj¨ GKwU c„_K kvLv ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| hw`I wX‡gZv‡j Pjv G ai‡bi GKwU wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q, Ae‡njvq Ah‡Zœ I h‡_vchy³ myweavi AeZ©gv‡b GB kvLvwUi Dbœqb m¤¢e nq wb| GwU‡K g‡b Kiv nq wgw¯¿ Movi KviLvbv| GLvbKvi wk¶vi gvb GLb ch©š— wbgœ-ch©v‡qi I Mwie N‡ii †gavnxb QvÎivB GB wk¶vµ‡g fwZ© nq|

Avgiv cÖ¯—ve Kwi †h mvaviY GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwY wb‡q MwVZ GB ¯—iwU‡K cwigvR©b K‡i DbœZ K‡i D”P-gva¨wg‡Ki Ab¨ kvLv¸‡jvi mv‡_ mggv‡b DbœxZ Kiv| GB cvVµ‡g evsjv, Bs‡iwR, mvaviY weÁvb I MwYZ wel‡qi cvkvcvwk †ek wKQy KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK welq ¯’vb cv‡e|

e„wË I cÖhyw³g~jK welq¸‡jvi cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP we‡klÁ‡`i mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g P~ovš— Kivi cÖ¯—ve Avgiv ivL‡Z PvB| Z‡e m¤ú~Y©Zvi ¯^v‡_© Avgiv GLv‡b GKwU Lmov cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb KiwQ|

mviwY 3.4 : KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wk¶vi m¤¢ve¨ cvV¨m~wP I b¤^i web¨vm

KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |gš—e¨ | |1. evsjv |200 | | |2. Bs‡iwR |100 |A‡b‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z 200 b¤^i Kivi c‡¶ gZ w`‡q‡Qb | |3. gvbeZv I mg-AwaKvi : Avgv‡`i †jvKHwZn¨* |50 | | |†gvU |350 | | |weÁvb welq (3wU) |450 | | |c`v_© we`¨v |150 | | |imvqb |150 | | |MwYZ |150 | | |KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK welq (3wU)( |300 | | |e¨envwiK cÖwk¶Y (†Kv‡bv wkí KviLvbvq wk¶vbwek wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv) |100 | | |†gvU |1200 | | |Hw”QK welq (1wU)( |50 | | |me©‡gvU |1250 | | |* Gi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mvaviY D”P-gva¨wgK cvV¨m~wP cÖm‡½ B‡Zvg‡a¨B gš—e¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

( KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i cv‡Vi welq ZvwjKv

cÖhyw³-Ávb, cÖ‡qvM †¶Î I k„•Ljvi wfwˇZ KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶Y welq¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwU †gvUv `v‡M wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb(

K. K…wl mswk­ó, L. cÖ‡KŠkj I cÖhyw³, M. Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi, N. Pvgovwkí cÖhyw³, O. †U·UvBj cÖhyw³, P. wPwKrmvmsµvš— cÖhyw³, Q. jwjZKjv, R. e¨emv-evwYR¨ msµvš— wewea welq, S. wnmvei¶Y I e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vcbv, T. `vßwiK Kvh©vewj msµvš— welq (Secretariat & office maintenance), U. wewea

GB wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Aš—f©y³ welqmg~‡ni GKwU m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv cwiwkó-1 G †`qv n‡jv|

3.6.1 KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb

KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶v GL‡bv mgv‡Ri †Pv‡L m¤§vbxq bq, GUv eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv| GB wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM Avgv‡`i †`‡k †bB ej‡Z †M‡j| eis mgMÖ wk¶v Kvh©µgwU‡K Ges GB wk¶vq wkw¶Z e¨w³‡`i mgv‡Ri GK †kªwYi gvbyl Aeg~j¨vqb K‡i I †nq †Pv‡L †`‡L _v‡K| ejv evûj¨, GB `„wófw½ K¬¨vwmKvj ey‡R©vqv †kªwYi a¨vb-aviYv †_‡K D™¢yZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki weËevb I kvmK †kªªwY GL‡bv g‡b K‡ib, D”PweË I Z_vKw_Z AwfRvZ †kªwYi I DVwZ †ewbqv-gyrmywÏi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨ ÔmvaviY I D”Pwk¶vÕ, Avi KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶v †b‡e Mwie wbgœweË K…lK-kªwg‡Ki mš—vb-mš—wZ| `„wófw½wU n‡jv, GB wk¶vc×wZ †_‡K Drcvw`Z e¨w³iv iv‡óªi abevb‡`i KjKviLvbv, wkícÖwZôvb cÖf„wZ‡K Pvjy ivL‡e †UKwbK¨vj `¶Zv I `¶ kªwg‡Ki †hvMvb w`‡q Ges gybvdvi cvnvo M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| miKvi †h D”Pwk¶v‡K AbyrmvwnZ K‡i KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi Rb¨ Mjv dvwU‡q wPrKvi K‡i _v‡K, Gi †cQ‡b wKš‘ GB Amr g‡bvfvewUI †ek mwµq| G Kvi‡YB miKvi I ivóª cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ e¨emvqx I ey‡R©vqv †kªwY e„wËg~jK-KvwiMwi wk¶v‡K ÔDrcv`bkxj wk¶vÕ bv‡g cÖPv‡i AwZ Drmvnx| Avgv‡`i AvcwËwU GLv‡bB| mgMÖ wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K Zvn‡j `yÕfv‡M fvM Ki‡Z nq| K. Drcv`bkxj I L. Abyrcv`bkxj| e¯‘Z gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi Abymvix cyuwRev`x miKvi Ges miKvi †h †kvlK †kªwYi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i mgv‡Ri †mB ey‡R©vqv weËkvjx †kªwYwU Pvq †h mvaviY wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q D”Pwk¶v bv-wb‡q AwaKvsk wbgœwe‡Ëi mš—vb-mš—wZ †hb gva¨wgK ¯—‡i ev Zvi Av‡M-c‡i GK ai‡bi msw¶ß KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK wk¶vi bv‡g wk¶v‡Kvm© mgvß K‡i Kv‡R †j‡M hvq| G ai‡bi wk¶v‡K Zviv ÔDrcv`bkxj wk¶vÕ bvg w`‡q cÖK…Z wk¶vi Øvi mvaviY gvby‡li mš—vb‡`i Rb¨ i“× K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq| eyw×e„wËi weKv‡k mnvqK I gbbkxj wk¶v †Kej wb‡R‡`i †kªwYi g‡a¨ Ave× K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq| G Kvi‡YB †kvlK †Mvôx mvaviY wk¶v I D”Pwk¶v †eKvi m„wó K‡i GB ARynvZ Zz‡j GB wk¶v‡K D”Pg~‡j¨i c‡Y¨ iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q Ges µgk Mwi‡ei nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji evB‡i wb‡q †h‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q|

Avgiv g‡b Kwi, cÖK…Z wk¶ve¨e¯’vq Drcv`bkxj I Abyrcv`bkxj( G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv wefvRb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Z D”Pwk¶v MÖnY KL‡bv †eKviZ¡ m„wó K‡i bv, eis cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri †kvlYe¨e¯’v I RvwZi m¤ú`‡K GKwU †kªwYi g‡a¨ AvU‡K ivLvi e¨e¯’vB K…wÎg †eKviZ¡ m„wó K‡i| Zvic‡iI kvmK-†kvlK †Mvôx †eKvi‡Z¡i `vqUv wb‡R‡`i ˆZwi mvaviY wk¶vµ‡gi Ic‡iB Pvwc‡q †`q RbMY‡K †auvKv †`qvi Rb¨| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡jv Avgv‡`i †`‡k GB †kvlK †kªwY Kviv ? PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKRb A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK GB †MvôxwU‡K Gfv‡e kbv³ K‡i‡Qb, Ò...ivóªhš¿ wbqš¿YKvix ivR‰bwZK `j, mvgwiK evwnbx, wmwfj AvgjvZš¿ Ges gyrmywÏ ewYK cyuwRi Ôgrand allianceÕ|Ó[?]

Avgiv Avgv‡`i KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK wk¶vi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© mRvM| Avgv‡`i

cÖ¯—vweZ KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK wk¶v Kvh©µg †Kej †eKviZ¡ `~i Kivi cÖqvm bq, mwZ¨Kvi eyw×e„wËK PP©vi wk¶v Kvh©µg Ges Ab¨ D”P-gva¨wgK kvLv¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zzj¨ gv‡bi| GwU mvaviY wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi Acwinvh© A½ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| Zviv †hb †Kej †kvlK †Mvôxi †kvl‡Yi nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ bv nq( †mw`‡K `„wó †i‡LB Avgiv GB we‡klvwqZ kvLvwUi cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvm †c‡qwQ| Avgv‡`i mgMÖ wk¶ve¨e¯’vwU GKw`‡K e„w×e„wËK PP©vq `¶, gbbkxjZvq cÖÁvgq, gy³g‡bi AwaKvix AbymwÜrmy gvbyl m„wó Ki‡e, Ab¨w`‡K Gi †fZi w`‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡e m„wókxj gvbyl, hvi mv‡_ _vK‡e Drcv`‡bi nvwZqv‡ii wbweo m¤ú„³Zv|

Avgv‡`i KvwiMwi wk¶vq Ges cy‡iv wk¶vc×wZ‡Z Aek¨B ΓwU Av‡Q| ZvB †`Lv hvq, wZb eQi cwj‡UKwb‡K c‡o D”P-gva¨wgK cvm Kivi ciI QvÎiv mvaviY wek¦we`¨vj‡q ev cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ KvwiMwi wk¶vi gvb wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Aek¨B mvaviY wk¶vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L| hv‡Z mK‡jB mvaviY wk¶vi my‡hvM mgvbfv‡e cvq| G mgm¨v evwYwR¨K wk¶vi †ejv‡ZI †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv †h †hLv‡bB _vKyK bv †Kb, Zvi D”Pwk¶v MÖn‡Yi c_ †hb KL‡bvB i“× bv-n‡q hvq|

3.6.2 mn-cvVµg/cvVµg ewnf©~Z Kg©ZrciZv

mKj †kªwY‡Z wewbw`©ó cvV¨m~wPi evB‡i bvbv ai‡bi `jMZ I e¨w³MZ Kg©ZrciZvq AskMÖnY, hv‡K ejv nq Extra/co-curricular activities| eZ©gv‡b ÔExtra curriculamÕ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôco-curriculamÕ K_vwUB wk¶vi RM‡Z †ewk Pvjy|

1. ¯‹z‡j I ¯‹z‡ji evB‡ii cvVvMvi e¨envi| cvV¨m~wPi evB‡i bvbv ai‡bi eB cv‡Vi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv| MÖ&š’B ¯^wb‡qvwRZ wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K ;

2. Ave„wË, bvUK, msMxZ I b„Z¨PP©vi Pµ M‡o †Zvjv ;

3. `jMZ I e¨w³MZfv‡e weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖnY Ges wW‡ewUs †mvmvBwU‡Z †hvM`vb ;

4. msNe× n‡q †`qvj cwÎKv I msKjb †ei Kivi ga¨ w`‡q mvwnZ¨ PP©vi †Póv ;

5. weÁvb K¬ve I wewfbœ ai‡bi AbymwÜrmy Pµ M‡o †Zvjv Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q gbbkxjZv I mvgvwRK ms‡k­l‡Yi PP©v evov‡bv ;

6. kixiPP©v I †Ljvayjvq Ask †bqv I cvovq cvovq A¨v_‡jwUK I †¯úvU©m K¬ve Movi †Póv| K¬ve ev MÖ“c PP©v wk¶vqZb-†K›`ªxK n‡e Ges Zv‡Z wk¶KMY RwoZ _vK‡eb, ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †jvKRb RwoZ _vK‡eb|

wk¶v I Ávb †Kej cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vqZb I wk¶K‡`i wb‡`©kbvi (instructions) gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq bv( cÖK„wZ, mgvR, gvbyl I gnr gvby‡li †jLv Avgv‡`i me‡P‡q e‡ov wk¶K| Avgiv bvbv gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q ¯^wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡q DV‡Z cvwi| †Kbbv mywkw¶Z gv‡bB ¯^wkw¶Z|

3.7 D”Pwk¶v

Avgv‡`i `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbvq D”Pwk¶v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e| eZ©gv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vjq ¯—‡ii wk¶v‡K ev` ivLwQ| D”Pwk¶v wk¶vµ‡gi Aax‡b Aš—f©y³ n‡e †gvUv `v‡M `ywU wefv‡M(

3.7.1. mvaviY D”Pwk¶v

1. K. wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ GB wk¶ve¨e¯’vq Áv‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv k„•Ljvh D”PZg Ávb AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ Abykxjb, Aa¨qb I M‡elYvi my‡hvM _vK‡e Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q D”PZg wWwMÖ AwR©Z n‡e|

L. Ô†gavi wfwˇZ D”Pwk¶v `vbÕ GB bxwZ mvaviYfv‡e MÖnYxq n‡jI D”Pwk¶v MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM MÖnY †_‡K †hb †KD ewÂZ bv-nq G bxwZI mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| M. D”Pwk¶v MÖn‡Yi g~j j¶¨B n‡e B‡Zvg‡a¨ m„ó Ávb msi¶Y, bZzb Ávb m„Rb Avi Gi ga¨ w`‡q RvwZ cv‡e GKwU †gavex m„wókxj cÖ‡Yv`bvgq mywkw¶Z mgvR, hviv †`k‡K bvbvw`‡K fwel¨‡Z †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z m¶g n‡e|

2. eZ©gv‡b RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b mvaviY wWwMÖ †_‡K gv÷vm© wWwMÖ cÖ`v‡bi †h wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjy Av‡Q, Zvi Abycy•L wbix¶Y I wek` we‡k­l‡Yi gva¨‡g GB Kvh©µ‡gi cybg©~j¨vqb K‡i bZzb K‡i fvebvwPš—v Kiv I wm×vš—MÖnY Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q| RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vb I fwel¨r wb‡q fvebvwPš—vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| GK K_vq, eZ©gv‡b RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZË¡veav‡b K‡j‡R D”Pwk¶v `v‡b †KD mš‘ó bq, RbmvaviY-mvaviY wk¶v_©x †_‡K wk¶K-AwffveK †KDB RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©vewj‡Z I e¨e¯’vcbvq mš‘ó bq|

3.7.2 †ckvRxex cÖhyw³MZ D”Pwk¶v

Z_vKw_Z †ckvRxex wk¶v‡K Avgiv eyw×e„wËK wk¶v †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ fvwe bv, GB wk¶vq wkw¶Z e¨w³iv †Kej ¯^ ¯^ †ckvi Dc‡hvMx wn‡m‡e ˆZwi n‡e( GwUI Avgiv fvwe bv| Avgv‡`i Kvw•¶Z wk¶ve¨e¯’vq GB wefvRb †Kej GKwU we‡lkvwqZ k„•Ljv wn‡m‡e| GB wk¶v MÖn‡Yi d‡j wkw¶Z e¨w³iv †Kej GK`j mgvR wb®ú„n-wbivm³ cÖ‡KŠkjx, K…wlweÁvbx, wPwKrmK, AvBbÁ, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx I Z_¨cÖhyw³we` n‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡e A_©vr hvwš¿K ¯^-†ckvq wb‡qvwRZ hvwš¿K gbyl¨`j m„wó n‡e Zv Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Kvg¨ bq| Avgiv g‡b Kwi, Áv‡b-¸‡Y, AbymwÜrmvq, Ávb I gy³eyw× PP©vq Ab¨ k„•Ljvi D”Pwkw¶Z gvbyl †_‡K Avjv`v bq| GwU mvaviYfv‡e j¶ Kiv hvq GB †kªwYi wkw¶ZRb‡`i gy³eyw×i Av‡›`vj‡b, mgvR m‡PZbZv m„wói Av‡›`vj‡b, GKK_vq mykxj mgv‡Ri Kvw•¶Z f~wgKvq GwM‡q Avm‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| G ai‡bi wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv bvbv we‡kl kvLvq Ávb AR©b Ki‡e I AR©b Ki‡e D”PZi wWwMÖ|

Avgiv Avi GKwU K_v †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Z PvB, cÖK…Z D”Pwk¶v KL‡bvB Abyrcv`bkxj e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, ev D”Pwk¶v wbR †_‡K †Kv‡bv †eKviZ¡ m„wó K‡i bv, †eKviZ¡ m„wói †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q cyuwRev`x mgvRe¨e¯’v Avi †kvlY| eZ©gvb wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g †hme k„•Ljvq D”Pwk¶vi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, Zv n‡jv(

1. wewfbœ wel‡q cÖ‡KŠkj ev BwÄwbqvwis ;

2. K…wl weÁvb ;

3. wPwKrmv I ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb ;

4. AvBb, msm` I Rb AwaKvi ;

5. jwjZKjv ;

6. we‡kl ai‡bi k„•Ljvq wk¶v ; BZ¨vw`|

wØZxq c‡e© wewfbœ †kªwYi D”Pwk¶v I we‡kl k„•Ljvi we‡kl wk¶v (cwj‡UKwbK wW‡c­vgv I Ab¨vb¨ we‡kl KvwiMwi wk¶v...) wb‡q we¯—…Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

PZz_© Aa¨vq

weKí fvebv

4. Avgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvB

Avgiv weKí wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †h iƒc‡iLv Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ ZviB Py¤^K K_v¸‡jv GLv‡b ÔAvgiv Kx ai‡bi wk¶v PvBÕ( GB wk‡ivbv‡gi Aax‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ| wk¶v`k©b‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Avgiv w¯’i K‡iwQ Ôwk¶vi j¶¨Õ, Ges GB j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Avgiv ¯^í K_vq wba©viY K‡iwQ(

1. wk¶vbxwZ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges

2. Gi wfwˇZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v I mvgwMÖK AeKvVv‡gv|

D‡j­L Kiv evÃbxq †h, GLv‡b bxwZ kãwU ÔprinciplesÕ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, cwjwm A‡_© bq| Avgv‡`i KwíZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v ev¯—evqb Kivi j‡¶¨ †h cš’v I Kvh©cÖYvwj MÖnYxq ZvB n‡jv cwjwm| A_©vr †Kvb cš’v I Kvh©cÖYvwj MÖnY K‡i wk¶v bvgK aviYvwU‡K Avgiv ev¯—evq‡bi †Póv Kie, Zv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ÔA¨vWy‡Kkb cwjwmÕ (Education policy)|

wk¶vbxwZ ej‡Z Avgiv †evSve wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i wPš—v I aviYvi cÖKvk| GLv‡b ejv fv‡jv †h wk¶v kãwU w`‡q Avgiv wk¶v`vb I wk¶vMÖnY Dfq cÖwµqv‡KB eywS‡q _vwK| GwU Ggb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv, hvi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li g‡a¨ myß cÖwZfv I kw³‡K weKwkZ Kiv I dzwU‡q †Zvjv hvq Ges ÁvbvR©b I Ávb m„wói c_ Db¥y³ nq| (education is a process by which human beings and societies reach their fullest potential)|

G K_v¸‡jv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Avgiv cÖ¯—ve K‡iwQ †h Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’v n‡e( me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, weÁvbwfwËK, †mKy¨jvi ev †jvKvqZ I GKgyLx, hv Avgv‡`i wk¶vbxwZi mvivrmvi|

G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i MVbZ‡š¿ †h me©Rbxb wk¶vi cªwZkÖ“wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv Avgiv ¯§iY Ki‡Z PvB( ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ c‡e©i (2q ce©) 17 Aby‡”Q‡` iv‡óªi wk¶vbxwZ m¤ú‡K© ¯úó ejv n‡q‡Q|

Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶v cwjwmi Acwinvh© kZ© n‡jv Avgv‡`i ivóªwU n‡e †mKz¨jvi, D`vi, eûZ¡ev`x I MYZvwš¿K| Avgiv ivóªe¨e¯’vi †hgb †jvKvqZKiY ev †mKy¨jvivB‡Rkb PvB, †Zgwb PvB Avgv‡`i Kvw•¶Z wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †mKy¨jvivB‡Rkb ev †jvKvqZKiY| Avi †mKy¨jvivB‡Rkb ev †jvKvqZKi‡Yi g~j wfwËB n‡jv gvbeZvev` I gvbevwaKvi, eûZ¡evw`Zv Ges ˆewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨ GKZ¡|

myZivs mvaviYfv‡e †gvUv`v‡M Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶vi welq¸‡jv‡K Gfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q(

➢ cÖwZ‡e`‡b D”PvwiZ aviYv¸‡jvi ev¯—evqb, hvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡e m„wókxjZv I Drcv`bkxjZv, Ges wewfbœ kvLvq mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx we‡klÁ, `¶ gvbeKg©x I Kzkjx Rbm¤ú` m„wó|

➢ wk¶v m¤ú„³ n‡e(

K. mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_

L. Rxeb‡eva I RxebPP©vi mv‡_

M. Drcv`b cÖwµqv I Drcv`‡bi Dcv‡qi mv‡_

N. ÁvbPP©v I Ávbm„wói mv‡_

➢ Ab¨w`‡K wk¶v n‡e ÁvbPP©v I Ávbm„wói nvwZqvi| wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU gy³gbv I gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡a D¾xweZ D`vi wkw¶Z m¤cÖ`vq m„wó Ges Gi cvkvcvwk `¶ cÖ‡KŠkjx, Kzkjx wPwKrmK, m„Rbkxj weÁvbx I K…wlwe`, D™¢vebvqgq bvbv myKzgvie„wËi wkíx, `¶ kªwgK Ges cwi‡ekm‡PZb Ávbx K…lK Drcv`b|

➢ wbgœZg ¯—i †_‡K D”PZi ¯—i ch©š— †`‡k GKwUgvÎ mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy _vK‡e, hv n‡e mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³| Ges wk¶v n‡e me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb, GKgyLx (Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi fvlvq ÔGKB c×wZiÕ I †jvKvqZ (†mKy¨jvi)| Gi wfwËUv n‡e weÁvbgyLx, we‡k­lYag©x I gvbeZvev`x| G‡Z Qv·`i g‡a¨ gy³eyw× PP©vi c_ cÖk¯— n‡e|

➢ cÖv_wgK wk¶v n‡e A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK| eZ©gv‡b 5g †kªwY †_‡K G‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ch©š— (8g †kªwY) cÖmvwiZ Kiv I me‡k‡l gva¨wgK ¯—i‡KI (10g †kªwY ch©š—) Gi AvIZvq Avb‡Z n‡e av‡c av‡c| A_©vr Avgv‡`i j¶¨ n‡jv b~¨bZg wk¶vi ¯—i n‡e D”P-gva¨wgK ch©š— (1g-12k †kªwY), Ges hv n‡e A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK| A_©vr DbœZ †`‡ki g‡Zv 18 eQi eq‡mi mKj †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K wk¶vi AvIZvq Avbv Ges ivóª‡KB Gi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e|

➢ e„wËg~jK wk¶vi Dchy³ Av‡qvRb _vK‡e, hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©x †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q G‡m mvaviY wk¶v Pvwj‡q wb‡Z bv-cvi‡jI †hb Zvi AwR©Z Áv‡bi Dchy³ e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z cv‡i mvn‡mi mv‡_, Ges †m †hb wb‡R‡K mgv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx Kg©¶g K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| GKK_vq, †Kv‡bv ¯—‡ii wk¶vB †hb e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ bv nq( wk¶vMÖnY †hb n‡q I‡V RxebmsMÖv‡gi nvwZqvi|

➢ cÖwZwU ¯—‡ii wk¶vi Av‡iKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯—‡ii wk¶vjv‡fi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©©x †hb cieZ©x ¯—‡ii Rb¨ Dchy³ n‡q M‡o I‡V|

➢ wk¶vi Ab¨ GKwU g~j j¶¨ n‡e bvix-cyi“‡l mgZv, evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZv Ges mKj gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi GB †eva I aviYv‡K D¾xweZ Kiv| wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g, cvVµ‡g, cvV¨m~wP‡Z, cvV¨cy¯—K iPbvq GB †eva I aviYv †hb cÖwZdwjZ nq|

Avi GKwU welq GLv‡b D‡j­‡Li A‡c¶v iv‡L, Zv n‡jv( cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb I cvV¨cy¯—K iPbv †hb Ggbfv‡e Kiv nq, hv‡Z KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK wk¶vi mv‡_ mvaviY wk¶vi GKwU wbweo †hvMv‡hvM iw¶Z nq| †h‡Kv‡bv KjKviLvbvq Kg©iZ kªwgK †hb wk¶vi g~j †mªv‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i ev cwj‡UKwbK †_‡K cvm Kiv †Kv‡bv cÖ‡KŠkjx †hb D”PZi wk¶vi my‡hvM cvq| A_ev KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gv‡a¨wgK DËxY© QvÎ †hb cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z A_ev mvaviY wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z covi my‡hvM †c‡Z cv‡i|

4.1 mycvwikgvjv

4.1.1 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cªv_wgK

K. cÖvK-cÖv_wgK : 3q Aa¨v‡q 3.1 `dvq Avgiv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶v wb‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv I mycvwik K‡iwQ| ZvB GLv‡b Zvi cybi“‡j­L Kiv n‡jv bv|

L. cÖv_wgK : cÖ_‡gB cÖv_wgK wk¶vi nvj-Ae¯’vUv †`‡L †bqv hvK| wb‡Pi Q‡K †`‡k we`¨gvb bvbv cÖK…wZi cÖv_wgK wk¶vj‡qi GKwU cwimsL¨vb Zz‡j aiv n‡jv(

mviwY 4.1.K. †`‡k PwjZ wewfbœ cÖK…wZi cÖv_wgK wk¶vj‡qi Ae¯’vb(

wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi aib |msL¨v |kZKiv nvi |wk¶K msL¨v |kZKiv nvi |QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v |QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ | |miKvwi |37,671 |48.22 |162,029 |50.54 |10,830,742 |67:1 | |†emiKvwi (†iwRt) |19,428 |24.87 |77,233 |24.08 |4,163,873 |54:1 | |†emiKvwi |1,971 |2.5 |7,888 |2.46 |299,345 |38:1 | |wcwUAvB msjMœ cix¶Y we`¨vjq |53 |0.07 |255 |0.08 |11,513 |45:1 | |D”P-gva¨wgK msjMœ cÖv_wgK |1,576 |2.02 |10,515 |3.28 |337,523 |32:1 | |wKÛviMv‡U©b |2,477 |3.17 |15,052 |4.69 |364,196 |24:1 | |GbwRI cwiPvwjZ cÖv_wgK |170 |0.22 |676 |0.21 |28,864 |43:1 | |KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK |3,268 |4.18 |9,162 |2.86 |490,456 |54:1 | |m¨v‡UjvBU (1-2q †kªwY) |4,095 |5.24 |7,224 |2.25 |276,348 |38:1 | |¯^Zš¿ Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv |3,843 |4.92 |15,744 |4.91 |438,967 |28:1 | |D”P-gva¨wgK msjMœ Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv |3,574 |4.57 |14,855 |4.63 |417,383 |28:1 | |†gvU |78,126 |100 |320,694 |100 |17,659,200 |55:1 | |Ab¨w`‡K wk¶v gš¿Yvjq m~Î †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨ weeiYx Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wbgœiƒc(

mviwY 4.1.L : cÖv_wgK wk¶vj‡qi Ae¯’vb(

aib |msL¨v |wk¶K msL¨v |wk¶v_©xi msL¨v | | |cyi“l (kZKiv) |bvix (kZKiv) |†gvU |†Q‡j (kZKiv) |†g‡q (kZKiv) |†gvU | |miKvwi |37,671 |100,159 (61.78) |61,955 (38.22) |162,114 |5,303,292 (49.73) |5,361,783 (50.27) |10,665,075 | |†emiKvwi |42,162 |97,371 (59.28) |66,884 (40.72) |164,255 |3,442,572 (50.64) |3,355,314 (49.34) |6,797,886 | |†gvU |79,833 |197,530 (60.52) |128,839 (39.48) |326,369 |8,745,864 (50.08) |8,717,097 (49.92) |17,462,961 | |myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i M‡o 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 61 Rb Avi bvix wk¶K 39 Rb| QvÎ wk¶K AbycvZ(

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK : 66 : 1

2. †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK : 41 : 1

†gvU : 54 : 1

†`Lv hv‡”Q, M‡o cÖwZ 54 Rb Qv‡Îi Rb¨ i‡q‡Qb 1 Rb wk¶K| miKvwi †¶‡Î GB AbycvZ Av‡iv e‡ov| | |

wPÎ 4.1 : wewfbœ cÖK…wZi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji eÈb web¨vm

[pic]

wPÎ 4.2 : wewfbœ cÖK…wZi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j cvViZ QvÎQvÎx‡`i eÈb web¨vm

[pic]

Ab¨ GKwU m~Î †_‡K †`Lv hvq, 2004 mv‡j miKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j Aby‡gvw`Z wk¶K msL¨v 180,088 Rb, Gi g‡a¨ 17,178wU c` k~b¨ i‡q‡Q| bvix wk¶‡Ki msL¨v 66,725 (37%) Rb, Avi cyi“l wk¶K 162,220 (63%) Rb|*

†`‡ki I we‡k¦i µgea©gvb Pvwn`vi †cÖw¶‡Z G wel‡q Avgv‡`i mywbw`©ó K‡qKwU

cÖ¯—ve i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv(

1. cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †gqv` e„w× : we‡k¦ †h nv‡i I `ª“ZZvq ÁvbweÁvb KvwiMwi K…r‡KŠkj Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³i weKvk I m¤cÖviY NU‡Q, Zv‡Z cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K gvÎ 5 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ AvU‡K ivL‡j †mB wk¶v Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb I hy‡Mi `vwe †gUv‡Z cvi‡e bv| G Kvi‡Y cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †gqv` eZ©gvb 5 eQi †_‡K 8 eQi †gqv‡` DËxY© Kiv `iKvi( A_©vr GB wk¶v ¯—‡ii AvIZvq Avm‡e 1g-8g †kªwY (6-14 eQi eqm) ch©š—| Z‡eB GB ¯—‡ii wk¶vcÖvß e¨w³iv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡e ; Ges GB wk¶vµg n‡e me©Rbxb| AvMvgx 3 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 8g †kªwY ch©š— wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv AZ¨vek¨K| G cÖm‡½ Kz`iZ-G-Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mycvwik‡K Avgiv Kv‡jvc‡hvMx e‡j g‡b Kwi (cwiwkó-3 †`Lyb)|

2. AvU eQie¨vcx cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg n‡e Avgv‡`i msweavb Abyhvqx GKB c×wZi MYgyLx, me©Rbxb, A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK|

Avgv‡`i me‡P‡q Avï KZ©e¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K A_©en Kiv I `ª“Z RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q wb‡q Avmv| cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi Dc‡hvMx mKj evjK-evwjKv‡K ¯‹z‡j †cuŠQv‡bv mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q e‡ov `vwqZ¡| GLv‡bB Avgv‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk cÖqvm w`‡Z n‡e| ïay wb‡q AvmvB bq, Zviv hv‡Z wU‡K _v‡K Ges ¸YMZ wk¶v cvq †mw`‡KI bRi w`‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î eZ©gv‡b K‡qKwU e‡ov mgm¨v n‡jv(

1. cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gvb †gv‡UB Avkvbyiƒc bq| Ggb D`vniY Av‡Q, †hLv‡b cuvP eQi c‡oI A¶inxb i‡q‡Q, msL¨v m¤ú‡K© cÖvq AÁ Ggb QvÎQvÎxiI nw`k †g‡j| AvKl©Yxq cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki AfveI i‡q‡Q| fv‡jv wk¶K wb‡qvM I wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g GwU µgvš^‡q KvwU‡q DV‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ m`v mZK© gwbUwis-Gi e¨e¯’v ivLvI Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb|

2. S‡i cov GKwU e‡ov mgm¨v| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y GwU NU‡Q( Avgv‡`i Zv AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e| 1998 mv‡ji GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq, cÖv_wgK wk¶vq Aš—f©y³ n‡”Q Ggb wkïi msL¨v 77%| Gi A_© n‡jv IB mv‡j 6-10 eQ‡ii wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 23 kZvsk ¯‹z‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i wb| 1999 mv‡j S‡i covi msL¨v 30 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv K‡g Avm‡jI GB msL¨v wec¾bK GL‡bv| cªvq 38-40 kZvsk wkï GKB †kªwY‡Z †_‡K hvq| S‡i covi msL¨v wKš‘ QvÎx‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk| GB cÖeYZv †iva Ki‡Z n‡j `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mgvRm‡PZbZv e„w×i D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| miKvi B‡Zvg‡a¨B cvwj‡q hvIqv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wk¶vi c‡_ cÖZ¨veZ©b wKQy cÖKí nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq|

3. mvgvwRK eva¨evaKZvi Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ GL‡bv i‡q‡Q ¯‹z‡j Avmv-hvIqvi mgm¨v| (Bf wUwRs, c_ †_‡K niY MÖvgv‡j GKwU cwiwPZ mgm¨v...)| miKvwi D‡`¨vM, MYgva¨‡gi e¨envi, GbwRI ms¯’v I mvgvwRK DØy×Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g GB mgm¨vi A‡bKUvB `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wkïi m„wókxj g‡bi weKvk I kvixwiK e„w×i Rb¨ cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i AbymiYxq cvVµ‡gi mv‡_ mncvVµg‡K Avgiv A½xf~Z Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡iwQ| mv‡_ m¤ú„³ KwZcq Kvh©vewji K_v Avgiv D‡j­L Ki‡Z cvwi| Gi mv‡_ Av‡iv `yÕGKwU Kvh©µ‡gi K_v fvev †h‡Z cv‡i|

1. gvbwmK axkw³ I wPš—b¶gZv e„w×i (growth of mental faculty and emotional growth) j‡¶¨ Kg©m~wP MÖnY, mycwiKwíZ AwfÁZv I Kg©ZrciZvi gva¨‡g|

2. mvgvwRK bxwZ‡eva m¤ú‡K© wk¶Y, wb‡Ri I A‡b¨i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡eva m¤ú‡K© wkï‡K m‡PZb Kiv Ges fv‡jvg›` m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i Rvbv‡bv|

3. ¯^v¯’¨-m‡PZbZv I ¯^v¯’¨i¶v welqK Ávb : cÖwZwU wkï‡K mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨wewa m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv, wb‡Ri ¯^v¯’¨i¶v m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvivi wk¶v`vb (†hgb cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv, n¯—gyL cÖ¶vjbmn cÖvZ¨wnK Kg©vw` m¤úv`b, †cvkvK cwi”Q` †aŠZKiY, weï× cvwb cvb, †auvqvkvgq cwi‡ek †_‡K `~‡i _vKv BZ¨vw`)| wkï‡K `vwqZ¡‡evam¤úbœ I ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z †kLv‡bv|

4. ÔwZb Avi (3R)Õ-Gi Ávb Aek¨B wkï‡K w`‡Z n‡e, hv †Kej eqtcÖv߇`i Rb¨ Avek¨K bq, wkïi Rxe‡bI cÖ‡qvRb| wkï G eq‡m PvB‡e wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z K‡_vcK_b I cov Avi †jLvi ga¨ w`‡q| Zvi Kx Av‡Q Ges A‡b¨i Kx Av‡Q †m wn‡me Ki‡Z PvB‡e|

4.1.2 gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK

cÖ_‡gB †`‡L †bqv hvK gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi msL¨vMZ Ae¯’vb †Kgb| wb‡Pi Q‡K msw¶ß AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

mviwY : 4.2.K gva¨wgK I wbgœ gva¨wgK wk¶v ¯—‡i wk¶K QvÎ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨(

wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi aib |wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v | wk¶K msL¨v |QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v | |gva¨wgK ¯‹zj

(`kg †kªwY) |cyi“l

(kZKiv) |bvix

(kZKiv) |†gvU |cyi“l

(kZKiv) |bvix

(kZKiv) |†gvU

(kZKiv) | |miKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |317 |4,825

(65.89) |2,498

(34.11) |7,323

(100) |118,619

(53.25) |104,121

(46.75) |222,740

(100) | |†emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |13,087 |139,336

(81.54) |31,551

(18.46) |170,887

(100) |3311236

(47.57) |3649517

(52.43) |6,960,753

(100) | |†gvU |13,404 |144,161

(80.89) |34,049

(19.11) |178,210

(100) |3429875

(47.75) |3753538

(52.25) |7183493

(100)

| |†`Lv hv‡”Q, gva¨wgK ¯—‡i M‡o cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 81 Rb, Avi bvix wk¶K 19 Rb| QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ : 40.3| | |†emiKvwi ¯‹zj I K‡jR |219 |2,583

(74.01) |907

(25.99) |3,490

(100) |19,765

( 45.07) |24,091

(54.93 ) |43,856

(100) | |†`Lv hv‡”Q, †emiKvwi ¯‹zj I K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z M‡o cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 74 Rb, Avi bvix wk¶K 26 Rb| Gme wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 22 : 19| †gvUvgywU cÖwZ 22 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| | |K¨v‡WU K‡jR |10 |263

(84.84) |47

(15.16) |310 (100) |2,435 (89.19) |295

(10.81) |2,730

(100) | |†`Lv hv‡”Q, K¨v‡WU K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z M‡o cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 85 Rb, Avi bvix wk¶K 15 Rb| Gme wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 8 : 81| †gvUvgywU cÖwZ 9 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| | |e„wËg~jK GmGmwm ¯‹zj (†emiKvwi) |1,186 |3,030 (88.60) |920 (11.40) |3,420

(100) |53,565 (68.00) |25,207 (32) |78,772 (100) | |†`Lv hv‡”Q, e„wËg~jK (GmGmwm) wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z M‡o cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 89 Rb, Avi bvix wk¶K 11 Rb| Avi Gme wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 23 : 03, †gvUvgywU cÖwZ 23 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| | |GBPGmwm(e¨emvq e¨e¯’vcbv) Bbw÷wUDU |828 |2854 (83.45) |566

(16.55) |3,420

(100) |34,255 (72.13) |132,33

(27.87) |47,488

(100) | |cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡K bvix wk¶K gvÎ 17 Rb| QvÎ-wk¶‡Ki AbycvZ 14| | |gva¨wgK ¯—‡i QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ | |wk¶v cÖwZôvb |†gvU wk¶K msL¨v |†gvU QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v |QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ | |miKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |7,323 |222,740 |30.42 | |†emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |170,887 |6,960,753 |40.73 | |†gvU |178,210 |7,183,493 |40.31 | |†`Lv hv‡”Q, gva¨wgK ¯—‡i cÖwZ 40 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡j cÖwZ 30 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| | |wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯‹zj (6ô-8g †kªwY) | |†emiKvwi wbæ-gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v |wk¶K msL¨v |QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v | | | |cyi“l |bvix |†gvU |cyi“l |bvix |†gvU | | |3982 |22816

(80.49) |5,531

(19.51) |28,347 |373,942

(39.66 ) |568,927

(60.34) |942,869

(100) | |†gvU |3982 |22816

(80.49) |5,531

(19.51) |28,347 |373,942

(39.66 ) |568,927

(60.34) |942,869

(100) | |myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i M‡o cÖwZ 100 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cyi“l wk¶K 80 Rb, Avi bvix wk¶K 20 Rb| | |wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯—‡i QvÎ:wk¶K AbycvZ | |wbgœ gva¨wgK | †gvU wk¶K |†gvU QvÎQvÎx |QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ | |†emiKvwi wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯‹zj |28,347 |942,869 |33 : 26 | |†`Lv hv‡”Q, gva¨wKK ¯—‡i cÖwZ 33 Rb QvÎQvÎxi Rb¨ 1 Rb wk¶K| | |D”P-gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Ae¯’vbwU wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

mviwY 4.2L : D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶v ¯—‡i wk¶K I QvÎQvÎx m¤úwK©Z Z_¨

wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi aib |msL¨v |wk¶K msL¨v |QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v | |D”P-gva¨wgK K‡jR (GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY) |cyi“l (kZKiv) |bvix (kZKiv) |†gvU |†Q‡j (kZKiv) |†g‡q (kZKiv) |†gvU | |miKvwi |10 |88 (65.89) |65 (34.11) |153 |3579 (53.25) |3142 (46.75) |6721 | |†emiKvwi |1350 |20,771 (81.22) |4803 (18.78) |25,574 |148,137 (53.54) |128,524 (46.64) |276,661 | |†gvU |1360 |20,859 (81.08) |4,868 (18.92) |25,727 |151,716 (53.54) |131,666 (46.46) |283,382 | |gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †h cÖKU mgm¨v¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv †gvUvgywU Gfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq(

1. gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶vi e‡ov mgm¨v n‡jv G‡Z AbyËx‡Y©i wec¾bK msL¨v| G ch©v‡q 60-70% cix¶v_©x AK…ZKvh© nq, hv RvwZi Rb¨ j¾vRbK| A_P Avgiv Avkv Kie 100% K…ZKvh©Zvi| D`vniY¯^iƒc 2001 mv‡j GmGmwm cix¶vq cv‡mi nvi AvksKvRbKfv‡e †b‡g G‡mwQj (`yB-Z…Zxqvs‡kiI †ewk cix¶v_©x cvm Ki‡Z cv‡i wb)| wb‡Pi †`qv QK †_‡K MZ K‡qK eQ‡ii djvdj †_‡K welqwU ¯úó n‡e| Aek¨ MZ eQi †_‡K wKQy wKQy DbœwZ j¶Yxq|*

mviwY 4.2.M : gva¨wgK cix¶vi djvdj (1999-2003)

cix¶v ermi |cix¶v_©xi msL¨v |†gvU cv‡mi msL¨ |cv‡mi kZKiv nvi (%) | | | †gvU |†g‡q |†gvU |†g‡q |†gvU |†g‡q | |1999 |837220 |362875 |457252 |194485 |54.62 |53.60 | |2001 |786220 |334255 |276903 |112868 |35.22 |33.77 | |2002 |1005937 |441024 |408969 |166339 |40.66 |37.72 | |2003 |921024 |409623 |330776 |137640 |35.91 |33.60 | |wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q, wk¶vi gvbB ïay wbgœMvgx bq, wk¶vi cÖkvmwbK RM‡Z Kx ai‡bi AivRKZv Pj‡Q GB djvdj ZviB ¯úó †NvlYv|

2. cvm Kiv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i cieZx ¯—‡i fwZ© n‡Z bv-cviv ev e„wËg~jK wk¶vMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM bv-cvIqv Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi GKwU e‡ov ΓwU, hvi mgvavb Avgiv GL‡bv Luy‡R cvB wb| cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g GKwU mgvavb †LuvRvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK cix¶vq cv‡mi nvi hZ evo‡e, djvdj fv‡jv n‡e, fwZ© mgm¨v ZZB cÖKUZi n‡e| G eQ‡ii AwfÁZvq †`Lv †M‡Q, fv‡jv dj K‡iI fwZ©-cix¶vi my‡hvM bv-_vKvq A‡bK QvÎ Kvw•¶Z wk¶vj‡q fwZ© n‡Z cv‡i wb|

3. D”P-gva¨wg‡K hviv cvm Ki‡Q Zv‡`i Mo gvb †gv‡UB Avkve¨ÄK bq, hw`I wRwcI-5 cvIqvi msL¨v cÖwZ eQiB e„w× cv‡”Q| D”Pwk¶v jv‡fi Rb¨ Zviv Dchy³ n‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡Q bv| wk¶vMZ gvb DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡j PvB fv‡jv wk¶K, fv‡jv cwi‡ek, my‡hvM-myweav Ges fv‡jv cvV¨cy¯—K, j¨ve‡iUwi, jvB‡eªwi BZ¨vw`| MÖv‡g GB mgm¨v¸‡jv Av‡iv cÖKU|

Ab¨w`‡K cv‡mi nvi evo‡j wek¦we`¨vjq, K‡jR I Ab¨vb¨ D”Pwk¶v cÖwZôv‡b fwZ©i Pvc evo‡Z _vK‡e| GKwU wn‡m‡e †`Lv †M‡Q †h, eZ©gv‡b D”P-gvawgK DËxY© Qv·`i gvÎ 4% QvÎQvÎx cvewjK wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z fwZ© n‡Z cv‡i( GB nvi eZ©gvb _vK‡j AvMvgx wek eQ‡i mvaviY wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z fwZ© n‡Z cviv Qv‡Îi msL¨v `uvov‡e †gvUvgywU 184,547 Rb| Avi cvm Kiv Qv‡Îi 12% D”Pwk¶vq Avm‡Z cvi‡j msL¨vwU n‡e 221,456 Ges 15% D”Pwk¶vq G‡j msL¨vwU n‡e 276,820 Rb| GRb¨ AvMvgx wek eQ‡i Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e 28wU AwZwi³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi| Avgv‡`i †`‡k D”Pwk¶vq †h‡Z cv‡i D”P-gvawgK cvm Qv‡Îi gvÎ 4%, c¶vš—‡i fvi‡Z GB msL¨v 12%, gvj‡qwkqvq 29%, Avi _vBj¨v‡Û 37%| GKwU cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, MZ wk¶ve‡l©i (2004-2005) `k j¶vwaK QvÎQvÎx eZ©gv‡b D”Pwk¶v wb‡”Q|[?]

mviwY 4.3 : D”Pwk¶vq cvViZ QvÎQvÎx (2004-2005)

wk¶v cÖwZôvb |wk¶v_©xi msL¨v |kZKiv wn‡me | |cvewjK wek¦we`¨vjq |112,430 |10.9 | |RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aaxb¯— K‡jRmg~n |773,492 |74.9 | |Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq |84,271 |8.1 | |cÖvB‡fU wek¦we`¨vjq |62,856 |6.1 | |me©‡gvU |1,033,049 |100 | |Gi g‡a¨ QvÎxi msL¨v †gvUvgywU 33% | |

4. mgv‡Ri µgea©gvb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK e¨eav‡bi Kvi‡Y wk¶v n‡q c‡o‡Q cY¨ Ges weËevb‡`i nv‡Z ew›`| hvi A_© Av‡Q, †m-B GwU wKb‡Z cv‡i| Mªvg I kn‡ii ¯‹z‡ji g‡a¨ Amxg e¨eav‡bi d‡j `yB †kªwYi gvbm¤úbœ wkw¶Z gvbyl ˆZwi n‡”Q|

5. S‡i cov Avi GKwU e‡ov mgm¨v| 1999 mv‡j wbgœ-gva¨wgK c‡e© I gva¨wgK c‡e© S‡i covi msL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 21%, 52%| e¨vb‡eB‡mi GKwU wn‡me Abyhvqx 2002 mv‡j QvÎ fwZ©i nvi wQj 46.5% Avi †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î GB nvi 53.5%| 1998 mv‡j QvÎx fwZ©i nvi wQj 51.2%| M‡o e„w× N‡U‡Q †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î 25.9%, Avi †Q‡j‡`i †¶‡Î †b‡g G‡m‡Q 15%| †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ GwU wbtm‡›`‡n ïf j¶Y, wKš‘ Avevi AvksKvi K_v †Q‡j‡`i Rb¨| Z‡e wK evev-gv‡qiv Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i Aí eq‡mB Ab¨Î e¨envi Ki‡Q ¯‹z‡j bv-cvwV‡q cwiev‡ii Avq e„w×i ¯^v‡_©| Dce„wË cÖ_v Pvjy nIqv‡Z †g‡qfwZ©i cÖeYZv †e‡o‡Q| Z‡e cÖkœ n‡jv gv-eveviv KZUv †g‡q‡K wk¶v †`qvi AvMÖ‡n Avi KZUv †g‡qi e„wËi UvKvi AvKl©‡Y, Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hv‡”Q bv| wKš‘ cÖK…Z I RwUj mgm¨v n‡jv Ôa‡i ivLvÕ| hZB Ic‡i DVv hvq ga¨c‡_ †Q‡o †`qvi msL¨v ZZB evo‡Z _v‡K, †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î GwU e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvq| G mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mgvR m‡PZbZv e„w×i D‡`¨vMI wb‡Z n‡e|

6. gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wecyjmsL¨K AK…ZKvh©Zv Avgv‡`i GB ¯—‡ii wk¶v‡K cÖkœwe× K‡i‡Q| GKwU wecyj cÖ‡Póv I ev¯—egyLx Kg©m~wPB †Kej Zvrch©gq cwRwUf cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i| Avevi GKB mv‡_ Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h ivRˆbwZK D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z MYnv‡i cv‡mi nvi e„w× mgm¨v‡K Av‡iv RwUj Ki‡e Ges wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb‡K bvwg‡q Avb‡e|

7. me©¯—‡i (cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”Pwk¶v) wk¶vi evnb n‡e gvZ…fvlv evsjv, Z‡e wfbœ fvlv-ms¯‹…wZi ¶y`ª RvwZmËvi wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ_g w`‡K (Aš—Z Z…Zxq †kªwY

ch©š—) Zv‡`i gvZ…fvlvq (hw` †m fvlv wk¶v`v‡bi Dchy³ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq) wk¶v`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e|

8. kªg I kªgRxex gvby‡li cÖwZ kª×v‡eva, bvix-cyi“l mgvb I mggh©v`vm¤úbœ GB †eva RvwM‡q †Zvjv| GQvov RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvbyl mgvb( GB †eva mKj ¯—‡ii wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡b RvwM‡q †Zvjv|

9. AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×v Ges gvbevwaKvimn mKj Avš—R©vwZK mgvbvwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Zrmswk­ó AvBb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv I Gi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva RvwM‡q †Zvjv|

10. D”P-gva¨wgK ch©v‡q Av‡iv wKQy we‡kl k„•Ljv cÖeZ©‡bi K_v fvev †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb jwjZKjv, bvU¨ I msMxZ, bxwZwk¶v, ag©, BZ¨vw`|

4.1.3 bxwZwk¶v

A‡bK wewkó e¨w³B g‡b K‡ib †h wkï‡`i PwiÎ MV‡bi Rb¨ I fv‡jv-g›` wePv‡ii ¶gZv AR©‡bi Rb¨, we‡kl K‡i, Avgv‡`i Dcgnv‡`kxq HwZn¨ Abyhvqx gvZv-wcZvi cÖwZ fw³ wk¶K-wkw¶Kvmn ¸i“Rb‡`i cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b, webqx nIqv, mZ¨wbô nIqv( Gme ¸Yvewj AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j wkïcv‡Vi eqmKv‡j †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv ¯—‡i wkï‡`i bxwZwk¶v `vb Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib G KvRwU ag©wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q AR©b m¤¢e| GRb¨B G gZvej¤^xiv cÖv_wgK ce© †_‡KB mKj †kªwYi QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ ag©‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi mycvwik K‡i _v‡Kb| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wk¶ve¨e¯’vq G gZwU M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Ges gva¨wgK ¯—i ch©š— ag© Avewk¨K cvV wn‡m‡e KvwiKzjv‡g ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|

Avgiv Aek¨ g‡b Kwi bv †h, bxwZwk¶v I ag©wk¶v mn-m¤úwK©Z ev ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve n‡jv †h, we‡kl †Kv‡bv a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bv-K‡i bxwZwk¶v †`qv m¤¢e Ges DwPZ|

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B bxwZwk¶v m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve †i‡LwQ| bxwZwk¶vi mviK_v n‡jv fv‡jv I g›`, b¨vq I Ab¨vq m¤ú‡K© wkï‡`i m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv| fw³, kª×v, `qv, fv‡jvevmv, †cÖg, cÖxwZ, mZ¨evw`Zv, c‡ivcKvwiZv BZ¨w` k㸇jvi Zvrch© Mí, K_v I D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡K eywS‡q †`qv| A‡bKUv ÔCk‡ci MíÕ, cÂZš¿, bvwmi“wÏb †nv¾v ev VvKzigvi Sywji g‡Zv K‡i M‡íi gva¨‡g wkï‡K bxwZwk¶v w`‡Z n‡e|

bxwZwk¶v `vb cÖm‡½ wewfbœ gZvgZ D‡V G‡m‡Q bvbv gZwewbgq Abyôv‡b| †ewki fvMB gZcÖKvk K‡i‡Qb bxwZwk¶v cÖv_wgK c‡e© ag©‡K ev` w`‡q ivLvi Rb¨| Avgiv G wb‡q ÔgZvgZ cÖm½Õ Av‡jvPbvq G cÖm‡½ AveviI wd‡i Avme| (cwiwkó-8)

ag© I bxwZ wk¶v bv‡g Áv‡bi GKwU m^Zš¿ kvLv D”P-gva¨wgK ch©v‡q †Lvjvi wPš—v-fvebv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi Aax‡b ag©ZË¡ I wk¶v_©xi cQ›` Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv we‡kl ag© I ag© welqK bvbv kvLvq cov‡kvbv Kivi my‡hvM _vK‡e| G wel‡q Avgv‡`i cÖv_wgK wPš—v-fvebv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q cwiwkó-11-G|

4.1.4 gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© mycvwik

eZ©gv‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶vc×wZ Avgv‡`i mgvR Rxe‡b †ek cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i‡Q Ges GK †kªwYi gvby‡li Kv‡Q G wk¶vc×wZ LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q, hw`I mK‡jB ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h GB wk¶vc×wZ e„nËi A‡_© †`k I RvwZi me©v½xY Dbœq‡b j¶Yxq Ae`vb ivL‡Q bv| †ek K‡qK eQi a‡i AvaywbKxi‡Yi bv‡g wecyj A_©e¨q (†emiKvwi gv`ªvmv Lv‡Z e¨‡qi cwigvY wk¶v ev‡R‡Ui †gvU eiv‡Ïi 22%) K‡iI e‡ov †ewk mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv hvq wb|

GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h gv`ªvmv wk¶vi Av`k© I j¶¨ wfbœ Ges Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ †jvKvqZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v †_‡K m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿|

eZ©gv‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi Kx nvj Zv PU K‡i †`‡L †bqv hvK| Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ gv`ªvmv wk¶vi wk¶vµg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡iwQ| 1974 mv‡j cÖYxZ Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h ZrKv‡j 45wU Kvwgj, 300wU dvwRj, 302wU Avwjg Ges 765wU `vwLj gv`ªvmvmn †gvU gv`ªvmv wk¶vZb wQj 1,412wU| gv`ªvmvi QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v wQj cÖvq Pvi j¶|[?]

2003 mv‡j weGbwc miKvi cÖYxZ cªwZ‡e`‡b Ae¯’v `uvwo‡q‡Q wbgœiƒc[?] :

mviwY 4.4K : gv`ªvmv wk¶v cÖwZôvb (2003)

gv`ªvmvi aib |msL¨v (2003) |1999-G msL¨v |1974-G msL¨v |e„w×i nvi

cÖwZeQ‡i % | |Ge‡Z`vwq |18,268 |10,000* |- |20.67 (4 eQ‡i) | |`vwLj |9,206 |4,865 |765 |38.05 (29 eQ‡i) | |Avwjg |1,180 |1,090 |302 |10.03 (29 eQ‡i) | |dvwRj |1,180 |1,000 (3) |300 |10.12

(29 eQ‡i) | |Kvwgj |180 |141 (3) |45 |10.35 (29 eQ‡i) | | †gvU |30,014 |17,069 |1,412 | | |1974-2003 mvj ch©š— 29 eQ‡i `vwLj-Kvwgj gv`ªvmvi msL¨v †e‡o `uvwo‡q‡Q 11,746| A_©vr cÖwZ eQ‡i kZKiv e„w×i nvi 28.7%|

1. Avi 1999-2003 GB Pvi eQ‡i ¯^Zš¿ Ge‡Z`vwqmn †gvU gv`ªvmvi msL¨v 30,014| A_©vr cÖwZ eQ‡i kZKiv e„w×i nvi 19%|

2. eÜbxi msL¨vwU miKvi cwiPvwjZ gv`ªvmv wb‡`©k K‡i| G †_‡K A‡b‡K g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h miKvi gv`ªvmv wk¶vq Abyrmvnx, wKš‘ ev¯—‡e wPÎwU wecixZ| | |wPÎ 4.3 : Ge‡Z`vwq QvÎQvÎx‡`i msL¨v e„w× (1949-2003)

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Gi cvkvcvwk QvÎ e„w×i cÖK…wZ Kx ai‡bi Zv †`Lv hvK| 1974 mv‡j Ly`v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b Abymv‡i gv`ªvmvq cov QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v wQj 4 jv‡Li g‡Zv, Avi 1999 mv‡j GB msL¨v wQj 1,571,776| 1974-1999 mg‡q 25 eQ‡i cÖwZ eQi kZKiv wn‡m‡e QvÎQvÎx msL¨ †e‡o‡Q 11.72% nv‡i|

†eb‡eB‡mi GKwU Rwic †_‡K 1993-1999 GB Qq eQ‡i gv`ªmvi †Kvb ¯—‡i QvÎ msL¨v Kx nv‡i evo‡Q, Zvi GKwU wPÎ cvIqv hvq :

mviwY 4.4L : gv`ªvmv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b wk¶v_©x e„w×i cÖK…wZ (1993-1999)

gv`ªvmvi iKg |gv`ªvmvi msL¨v |wk¶v_©xi msL¨v |6 eQ‡i QvÎ e„w×i nvi (%) |M‡o cÖwZ eQ‡i e„w×i nvi (%) | | mvj |1993 |1999 |1993 |1999 | | | |`vwLj |3,825 |4,865 |458,093 |855,488 |86.75 |14.46 | |Avwjg |807 |1,090 |124,533 |286,491 |130 |21.68 | |dvwRj |831 |1000 |172,995 |347,483 |100.86 |16.81 | |Kvwgj |100 |141 |37,920 |82,314 |117.07 |19.51 | |†gvU |5,563 |7,096 |793,541 |1,571,776 |98.07 |16.34 | |GB cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, gv`ªvmv wk¶v mgv‡R µgk Avmb cvKv‡cv³ K‡i †dj‡Q| †`‡k †Kv‡bv miKvwi Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv †bB| GB cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi gv`ªmv¸‡jv‡Z wk¶‡Ki msL¨v †`o j¶vwaK, AwaKvs‡kiB †Kv‡bv wk¶KZvi cÖwk¶Y †bB| wk¶K‡`i ¸YMZ gvbI Kvw•¶Z gv‡bi A‡bK wb‡P, d‡j wk¶vi gvbI Avkvbyiƒc n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e wk¶v`vb Awk¶v‡KB cÖkªq †`q|

cvwK¯—vb m„wóKv‡j A_©vr 1948-Õ49 mv‡j cÖvq 57 eQi Av‡M wewfbœ ai‡bi gv`ªvmvi msL¨v I cvViZ QvÎQvÎx‡`i msL¨v Kx wQj wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv(

mviwY 4.4M : 1948-Õ49 mv‡j gv`ªvmv wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ae¯’vb

gv`ªvmvi cÖK…wZ |gv`ªvmvi msL¨v |QvÎ msL¨v | |1. nvB gv`ªvmv (bZzb) | |miKvwi |3 |796 | |†emiKvwi-Aby`vbcÖvß |59 |11,068 | |†emiKvwi |2 |331 | |†gvU |64 |12,195 | |2. Rywbqi gv`ªvmv (bZzb) | |miKvwi |1 |260 | |†emiKvwi-Aby`vbcÖvß |837 |79,031 | |†emiKvwi |58 |4,013 | |†gvU |896 |83,304 | |3. wmwbqi gv`ªvmv (cyivZb) | |miKvwi |2 |359 | |†emiKvwi-Aby`vbcÖvß |190 |22,921 | |†emiKvwi |41 |5,706 | |†gvU |233 |28,986 | |4. Rywbqi gv`ªvmv (cyivZb) | |miKvwi |k~b¨ |k~b¨ | |†emiKvwi-Aby`vbcÖvß |119 |6,501 | |†emiKvwi |49 |3,886 | |†gvU |168 |10,387 | |me©‡gvU |1,361 |134,872 | |wPÎ 4.4K : `vwLj-Kvwgj gv`ªvmvi e„w× (1949-2001)

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4.4L : QvÎQvÎx e„w× (1949-2001)

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cvkvcvwk mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’vq wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wPÎ †`Lv hvK| 2001 mv‡ji GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K †`Lv hvq Avgv‡`i †`‡k miKvwi-†emiKvwi wgwj‡q 68,053wU wewfbœ cÖK…wZi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq i‡q‡Q, G msL¨v †_‡K Aek¨ wKÛviMv‡U©b, GbwRIPvwjZ wk¶vqZb¸‡jv‡K ev` ivLv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ miKvwi cÖwZôvb 37,631, Ges †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨j‡qi msL¨v 19,428| cÖv_wgK QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v GB m~Îvbyhvqx 16,848,757 (GK †KvwU AvUlwÆ j¶ AvUPwj­k nvRvi mvZkZ mvZvbœ)|* Gi cvkvcvwk 2003 mv‡j Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmvq cvViZ 856,340 Rb Qv‡Îi Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi †`qv Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, mKj ¯—‡ii gv`ªvmv wk¶vi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ wk¶‡Ki msL¨v 128,380, Gi g‡a¨ wkw¶Kv gvÎ 7%, Avi QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 27| GKB m~Î Abyhvqx †gvU wk¶‡Ki msL¨v 326,369 Rb, Gi g‡a¨ wkw¶Kv i‡q‡Qb kZKiv 39 Rb (39%)| Avi QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 54| Gw`K †_‡K gv`ªvmv wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb A‡c¶vK…Z fv‡jv|

Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi HwZn¨ Abyhvqx GB wk¶vi cvV¨m~wP‡Z wKQy wKQy Bmjvg ewnf©~Z welq Aš—f©y³ n‡jI ¸i“Z¡ LyeB Kg| †hgb D`vniY¯^iƒc cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z cVbxq welq n‡jv 1. †Kvivb : †Kvivb gwR` I ZvRex`, 2. Aviwe : Av`-`yi“myj Avivweq¨vn 1g, 3. AvKvB` I wdKn wk¶v| Avi mvaviY wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evsjv mnR cvV 1g A_ev ÔG‡mv, Bmjvgx Kvq`vq evsjv wkwLÕ, MwYZ : Ge‡Z`vwq MwYZ Ges Bs‡iwR : Bmjvwg Kvq`vq gv`ªvmv A. B. C|

`vwLj cix¶vi mvaviY wefv‡M wewfbœ wel‡qi Ici b¤^i eÈb †_‡K welqwU Av‡iv ¯^”Q n‡q I‡V| †Kvivb I Bmjvg m¤úwK©Z 5wU welq Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm wb‡q b¤^i 600, Avi evsjv MwYZ Bs‡iwRmn mvaviY 4wU wel‡q b¤^i 400|

†SuvKUv cwi®‹vi Ges †evaMg¨I e‡U| evsjv, MwYZ I Bs‡iwR eB¸‡jv †jLv I Qvcv‡bvi gvb AwZ wbgœgv‡bi| ΓwUc~Y© cvVµg, wbgœgv‡bi wk¶v`vb I wbgœgv‡bi cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki d‡j gv`ªvmv wk¶vi †h wK †envj Ae¯’v I wk¶vi gvb †h Kx Zv eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv|

Avgiv †h gv`ªvmv wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi K_v GZ¶Y a‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zv Avwjqv gv`ªvmv wfwËK, hv‡K GKmgq ejv n‡Zv wbD w¯‹g gv`ªvmv wm‡÷g (New scheme Madrasa Education)| gv`ªvmv wk¶v ïay GK‡`k`k©©x bq, Gi e¨e¯’vcbv ΓwUc~Y©, AvaywbKZvi `„wó‡Z j¶¨nxb, Ges wk¶vi gvb hZ`~i m¤¢e AatcwZZ|

wKš‘ Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi evB‡iI evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi (GLb ch©š—) Aby‡gv`b ewnf©~Z bvbv avivi mbvZbx wk¶v Kvh©µg Pvjy Av‡Q| G‡`i msL¨v KZ, QvÎmsL¨v KZ, cvVµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯—K BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv wek` Z_¨ miKv‡ii ev RbM‡Yi Rvbv †bB| D‡j­L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU aviv n‡jv(

1. LvwiwR ev KIwg gv`ªvmv : KjKvZvq Bs‡iR‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq Avwjqv gv`ªvmv cÖwZwôZ nIqvi cÖvq GK kZ eQi c‡i fvi‡Zi †`Ie‡›` LvwiwR gv`ªvmvi m~Pbv nq| Ô†`Ie›` `k©bÕ-Gi cÖe³v kvn AwjDj­vn gynvwÏm †`‡njwfi wPš—vaviv wfwˇZ (`vi“j Djyg †`Ie›`)| GB wPš—vavivi cÖe³viv wQ‡jb weªwUk we‡ivax Iqvnvex cš’x, mybœvZ I Rvgv‡Zi Abymvix|[?] GB HwZn¨ enb K‡i GB Av`‡k©i †ek wKQy gv`ªvmv †emiKvwifv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Gme gv`ªvmvq †Kvivb, nvw`m I Bmjvwg welq Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQy cvV`vb K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl×| AviweB n‡jv wk¶v`v‡bi evnb| A‡b‡Ki Abygvb G ai‡bi gv`ªvmvi msL¨v Kg‡ewk 5 nvRvi| G †kªwYi gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡K RbmvaviY Iqvnvwe gv`ªvmvI e‡j _v‡K|

2. g³e/†dviKvwbqv gv`ªvmv : cÖv_wgK cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ Mªvgv‡j gmwR`wfwËK †ek wKQy Bmjvwg wk¶vi wk¶vqZb Pvjy i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i‡K ejv nq g³e| mvaviYZ gmwR‡`i BgvgB Gm‡e wk¶v`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| Gme g³‡e Aviwe eY©gvjv, †Kviv‡bi †kl cviv I †Kvivb cov †kLv‡bv nq| GQvovI i‡q‡Q nv‡dwR gv`ªvmv|

3. BD‡ivcxq wKÛviMv‡U©‡bi AbyKi‡Y kn‡i wKQy wKQy wKÛviMv‡U©b gv`ªvmv bv‡gi cÖwZôvbI MwR‡q D‡V‡Q| GQvov K¨v‡WU gv`ªvmv bv‡gI gv`ªvmvi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q wKQyw`b hver| ag©‡K cuywR K‡i e¨emvqB †h cÖwZôvZv‡`i D‡Ïk¨, G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| BmjvgcQ›` weËevb‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qivB n‡jv Gme e¨emvqx‡`i wkKvi|

4.1.5 gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨

gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ m¤ú‡K© GLv‡b `yÕPvi K_v ejv AcÖvmw½K n‡e bv| Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v Kwgkb GB wk¶vc×wZ m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Q, Ô...G‡`i cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii m‡½ †`‡ki mvaviY wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †Zgb †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM †bB| d‡j, gv`ªvmv wk¶v GKUv c„_K wk¶ve¨e¯’v iƒ‡c M‡o D‡V‡Q| ...Bmjvwg wk¶viB Ici †ewk †Rvi †`Iqv nq, Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi wk¶v †MŠY ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| G Kvi‡Y gv`ªvmv wk¶vc×wZ A‡bKUv GK‡`k`k©x, †Kbbv mKj wk¶v_©x‡K Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© we‡kl wk¶v cÖ`vbB gv`ªvmvi j¶¨|[?]

Aa¨vcK kvgmyj n‡Ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb 1997 mv‡j cÖYxZ RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ KwgwU Av‡iv GKKvwV Dc‡i D‡V‡Qb| KwgwU Zvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b e‡j‡Q, ÔeZ©gv‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶v RvZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Askiƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ|Õ nK KwgwU gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv e‡j‡Q, Ô...gv`ªvmv wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©xi ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK,... Aa¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK I gvbweK wel‡q me©v½xb weKvk I Dbœqb mvab Kiv|

wk¶v_©xi g‡b me©kw³gvb Avj­vnZvqvjv I Zuvi ivmyj (mvt)-Gi cÖwZ AUj wek¦vm M‡o †Zvjv, †hb GB wek¦vm Zvi mgMª wPš—v I K‡g© Aby‡cÖiYvi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Bmjv‡gi h_v_© †meK I i¶Kiƒ‡c wk¶v_©x‡`i ˆZwi Kiv, BZ¨vw`|Õ[?] e¨vL¨v wb®úª‡qvRb|

weGbwc miKvi cÖYxZ wk¶v Kwgkb (2003) Av‡iv GK avc D‡”P D‡V e‡j‡Q, ïay gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© bq mvaviY wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ cÖm‡½I (†hgb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi) wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e Ôwk¶v_©xi g‡b me©kw³gvb Avj­vn& ZvÕAvjvi cÖwZ AUj Av¯’v I wek¦vm M‡o †Zvjv, †hb GB wek¦vm Zvi wPš—v I K‡g© Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq Ges Aa¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK, mvgvwRK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| (GB evK¨¸‡jv cÖvq AweKj Ae¯’vq kvgmyj nK KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K Zz‡j G‡b 2003 wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡b ewm‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q|)

GB cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡×k¨ m¤ú‡K© GKB ai‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Ô...GB wk¶vi j¶¨ n‡”Q... wk¶v_©x‡`i ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, Ava¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK I gvbweK wel‡q me©v½xY weKvk I Dbœqb mvab| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Bn‡jvK-cvi‡jŠwKK Áv‡b `¶ I Øxbx Rxebhvc‡b Af¨¯— †i‡L ivóª I mgv‡Ri Av`k© bvMwiK Ges mxiv‡Z-mi‡Z gywgbiƒ‡c M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|Õ[?]

4.1.6K : gv`ªvmv wk¶vi HwZwn¨K DËivwaKviZ¡

ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, cqM¤^i beyqZ jv‡fi AbwZKvj c‡iB mvdv cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k †Lvjv cÖv½‡Y Ô`vi“j AviKvgÕ bv‡g †h wk¶vjq cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb †mwUB wQj Bmjvwg RM‡Zi cÖ_g gv`ªvmv| nRiZ AveyeKi, Igi cÖf„wZ cÖ_gw`‡Ki mvnvweiv GB gv`ªvmvq gyn¤§‡`i Kv‡Q wk¶vMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|[?] gyn¤§` gw`bvq P‡j G‡j ÔgmwR‡` beyexÕ ¯’v‡b GKB ai‡bi wk¶vi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gv`ªvmv-B-†mvd&dv bv‡g GKwU wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb, hv cieZ©xKv‡j n‡q I‡V gw`bvi cÖavb wk¶vjq| GB wk¶vjq †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv cwʇZiv Bmjvg cÖPv‡i D‡j­L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| nRiZ cieZ©xKv‡j GB Av`‡k©i gv`ªvmv µ‡gB Bmjvwg RM‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Av‡jgiv g‡b K‡ib †h, GB f~L‡Ê cÖPwjZ gv`ªvmv wk¶v gyn¤§` cÖwZwôZ wk¶vc×wZiB DËivwaKvi I HwZn¨ enb Ki‡Q|[?]

4.1.6L : gv`ªvmv m¤^‡Ü Awf‡hvM

wbgœgvb, ΓwUc~Y© cwiPvjbv, K~cgÊ~KZv, GK‡`k`wk©Zv Ges m‡e©vcwi AvaywbKZvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i Pj‡Z bv-cviv gv`ªvmvwfwËK wk¶ve¨e¯’v eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q Acvs‡³q n‡q Av‡Q| GQvov Gme cÖwZôv‡bi wei“‡× GKwU ¸i“Zi Awf‡hvM Rbg‡b `vbv †eu‡a D‡V‡Q, Zv n‡jv wk¶v`v‡bi PvB‡Z ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji j‡¶¨ Gme gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi PvB‡ZI KIwg gv`ªvmvi cÖwZB GB Awf‡hvM †ewk Kiv nq| Awf‡hvM Av‡Q †h, GLvbKvi Qv·`i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K Bmjvwg ivóª Kv‡q‡gi ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e ˆZwii wk¶v`vb Kiv nq, GgbwK mvgwiK cÖwk¶YI †`qv n‡q _v‡K| wVK †hgb Zvwjevbiv AvdMvwb¯—v‡bi ivóª¶gZv †hfv‡e `Lj K‡iwQj †mB g‡W‡j| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Rw½ msMV‡bi AwaKvsk m`m¨B gv`ªvmvi Qv·`i ga¨ †_‡K wiµzU Kiv n‡q _v‡K e‡j Awf‡hvM Av‡m| K‡qK gvm Av‡M, mviv‡`‡k AvbyµwgK †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi ci cywjk I wbivcËvevwnbx †h wecyj msL¨K mš¿vmx †MÖßvi K‡iwQj, G‡`i AwaKvskB wewfbœ †kªwYi gv`ªvmvi Zv‡j‡e G‡jg| cywjwk Kvh©µg RbM‡Yi m‡›`n‡K `„pZi K‡i| bvbv mg‡q cÖKvwkZ cwÎKvi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K Rvbv hvq, Gme Rw½ msMVb GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU cÖKvk¨ ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvB‡Q, hvi AwaKvsk Kg©xevwnbxi Drm n‡jv gv`ªvmv-mgvR| GKw`‡K cÖKvk¨ Rb-ZrciZv, Ab¨w`‡K cvkvcvwk Rw½Kg©Kv‡Êi ga¨ w`‡q ivóª ¶gZv `LjB Gme Rw½ msMVb¸‡jvi g~j D‡Ïk¨| G Kvi‡Y Gme msMV‡bi †bZ…e„›` cÖKvk¨ Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi †hvMmvR‡k cÖavbgš¿x‡K Pvc w`‡q KIwg gv`ªvmvi miKvwi ¯^xK…wZ Av`v‡q m¶g n‡q‡Q e‡j A‡b‡Ki wek¦vm|[?]

Ae¯’v Ggb ch©v‡q †cŠu‡Q‡Q †h, 1974 mv‡j cÖYxZ wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K 2003 mv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`b ch©š— me cÖwZ‡e`bB gv`ªvmv wk¶vi AmviZv, mxgve×Zv I AvaywbKZvi mv‡_ Am½wZnxb ¯^xKvi K‡iI Gi Aejywßi K_v ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z cv‡i wb( me cÖwZ‡e`bB ms¯‹vi Avbvi mycvwik K‡i‡Q|[?] cwiwkó 2-G †`Lyb| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgv‡`i mycvwik(

1. ¯^Zš¿fv‡e gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K Avi DrmvwnZ bv-Kiv, µgk ag© I bxwZwk¶vi Aax‡b G wk¶v‡K g~javivi mv‡_ GKÎxKiY Kiv (integration)| GRb¨ Avgv‡`i mycvwik n‡jv D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i Ôag© I bxwZwk¶vÕ bv‡g GKwU kvLv †Lvjv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b g~j †Kv‡m©i mv‡_ ag© I bxwZ welqK wKQy cÎ ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡e|

2. iv‡óªi UvKvq eZ©gvb ai‡bi †Kv‡bv gv`ªvmv cÖwZôvb (Avwjqv ev KIwg hvB †nvK bv †Kb) cÖwZôv Kiv hv‡e bv, ev miKvwi Aby`vb †`qv hv‡e bv| Avgv‡`i bxwZ n‡jv miKvwi UvKvq †Kej †Kv‡bv ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ msiw¶Z ivLv Ges †mB we‡kl a‡g©i welq wb‡q wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôvb GKwU †mKy¨jvi iv‡óª _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ag©-RvwZ I wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Øvi Db¥y³ _vK‡e|

3. D”PZi ch©v‡q GB wk¶v‡K ch©vqµ‡g ¸wU‡q Avbv Ges mvaviY wk¶vq A½xf~Z Kiv `iKvi| gv`ªvmv wk¶vq †h Bmjvg ag© m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jv cov‡bv nq, Zv mvaviY wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi Aš—f©y³ Kiv Ges GKv‡WwgK `„wófw½ †_‡K †`Lv| Gi d‡j hviv G welq wb‡q fwel¨‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡q wk¶v wb‡Z Pvb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖvK-D”Pwk¶v AeKvVv‡gv‡Z †m my‡hvM _vK‡e| G e¨vcv‡i Drmvnx wk¶v_©xiv A‡b¨i ag© wel‡qI cv‡Vi AwaKvi ivL‡e|

4. †`‡k jÛb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Awafy³ ÔLondon School of Oriental and African StudiesÕ-Gi Abyiƒc GKwU d¨vKvwë ev Bbw÷wUDU †Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b cÖvP¨ I cÖZx‡P¨i mKj K¬vwmK¨vj k„•Ljvq Ávb AR©b I wk¶v MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _vK‡e|

5. Ab¨ †`‡ki AwfÁZv‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q fviZ I cvwK¯—vbmn cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jv‡Z gv`ªvmv wk¶v mswk­ó mgm¨vw` Kxfv‡e mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m AwfÁZv Avgv‡`i LwZ‡q †`L‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e| cwiwk‡ó 3-G wb‡q wKQy Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|[?]

4.2 D”Pwk¶v I D”PZi †ckvRxex wk¶v

Avgiv mvaviY I we‡klvwqZ k„•Ljvq D”PZi wk¶v m¤ú‡K© wKwÂZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Avgv‡`i wØZxq c‡e©i Abykxj‡b Av‡iv we¯—…Z Av‡jvPbv n‡e Ges †mLv‡b Avgv‡`i mycvwik _vK‡e|

4.3 wk¶v I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb

†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wK †`‡ki wk¶v we¯—…wZ mn-m¤úwK©Z ? †mvRv K_vq, †`‡k GmGmwm cv‡mi msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ wK †`‡ki A_©‡bwZK DbœqbI ev‡o ? Av‡ivI ¯úó K‡i wR‡Ám Kiv hvK, miKvi hw` wk¶vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wecyj A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i, Zvi Ask jvf n‡q wd‡i Avm‡e ? Avgiv G wb‡q GB c‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq hv‡ev bv, KviY welqwU †ek RwUj Ges wek` Aa¨q‡bi AeKvk Av‡Q| G wb‡q Avgv‡`i wØZxq c‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kivi Avkv ivwL| GLv‡b ïay `yÕGKwU wel‡qi D‡j­L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mwZ¨Kvi wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bi mv‡_ †h †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i m¤úK© i‡q‡Q GK_v A‡b‡KB e‡j _v‡Kb, †hgb K‡qK eQi Av‡M A_©bxwZwe` AgZ©¨ †mb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔElementary education is a central component of any kind of economic development... Economic powers such as Japan had high levels of education before they advanced towards industrial development.Õ[?]

wk¶vi mv‡_ Dbœqb ev Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ wk¶v m¤úwK©Z welqwU‡K A‡b‡K wk¶vi A_©bxwZ (Economics of Education) bv‡g AwfwnZ Ki‡Z Pvb| `vk©wbKmyjf `„wófw½ †Q‡o GKRb A_©bxwZwe‡`i `„wó‡Z welqwUi wePvi Kiv hvK| wk¶v‡K GKw`‡K Avgiv †fv‡Mi mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi, Avevi Ab¨w`K †_‡K GwU‡K GKwU wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶Î wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Ki‡Z cwi| mgvR hLb Zvi eZ©gvb cÖ‡qvRb †gU‡Z wk¶v‡K e¨envi K‡i, ZLb GwU Aek¨B †fvM¨cY¨| wk¶vi Rb¨ ivóª I e¨w³ (†hgb gv-evev mš—v‡bi wk¶vi Rb¨) †h cwigvY e¨q K‡i GKwU D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †h GB e¨‡qi wKQy Ask jvf wn‡m‡e wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v †¶‡Î GB e¨q‡K Avgiv wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e fve‡Z cvwi| wk¶v‡K hw` gvbe g~jab wewb‡qvM (investment in human capital) iƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kwi, Zvn‡j Avi `kUv †¶‡Î cyuwR wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv G‡¶‡ÎI Avgv‡`i jvf-¶wZi (cost benefit) we‡k­lY Ki‡Z n‡e| M‡elKiv †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wewb‡qvM me‡P‡q †ewk wiUvb© †`q| Avevi mœvZ‡KvËi ch©v‡q wewb‡qv‡Mi PvB‡Z mœvZK ev gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wewb‡qvM †ewk jvfRbK| A_©bxwZwe`iv we‡k­lY K‡i †`Lvevi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h, gvbe m¤ú‡`i ¸YMZ DrKl©Zv I msL¨v e„w× †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇZ Zvrch©gq Ae`vb iv‡L| myZivs GKwU `¶ mywkw¶Z Rbkw³i †hvMvb †`qv n‡jv IB †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’vi GKwU e‡ov KvR| A_©vr †`‡ki wkí Drcv`b e„w×i ¯^v‡_©, wk¶ve¨e¯’v †hvMvb †`‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶ kªwgK, ga¨¯—‡ii cÖwkw¶Z †UKwbwkqvb I †gavex cÖ‡KŠkjx, K…wli Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K ¸Yevb K…wl weÁvbx| GKK_vq, GKwU wkw¶Z Rbkw³| wk¶ve¨e¯’vwU‡K hw` wkí-KviLvbvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i‡K Aek¨ G¶‡ÎI DcKiY-Drcv`b we‡k­lY K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| Avgiv A_©‰bwZK GB we‡k­lYmg~‡n hve bv, cieZ©x cÖK‡íi Rb¨ AvcvZZ ¯’wMZ iBj|

GKwU welq †Zv mv`v †Pv‡LB †`Lv hvq DbœZ Rxe‡bi m~PK¸‡jvi †¶‡Î †hgb, ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v, `vwi`ª¨mxgv meLv‡bB evsjv‡`k Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx I `w¶Yc~e© Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi Zzjbvq h‡_ó wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| DbœZ cwðgx †`k¸‡jvi K_v ev` w`‡jI, Avgv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx `w¶Yc~e© Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi b~¨bZg mv¶iZvi nvi GKkZ fv‡Mi KvQvKvwQ| A_©bxwZwe`iv e‡j _v‡Kb, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖejZg Aš—ivq n‡”Q Gi Amxg `vwi`ª¨| †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkjcÎ cÖYqb I Gi Ici wfwË K‡i bvbv Kg©KvÊ PvwjZ n‡jI AMÖMwZ mvgvb¨B n‡q‡Q| A_P `w¶Y-c~e© Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi †h cÖe„w× N‡U‡Q I `vwi‡`ª¨i we‡gvPb `ª“Zj‡q NwU‡q‡Q, Gi cðv‡Z Av‡Q †mB †`k¸‡jv‡Z wk¶vi †¶‡Î Avbv e¨vcK I Zvrch©gq cwieZ©b I AMÖMwZ| Gi ga¨ w`‡qB Zviv `vwi`ª¨‡K nwU‡q Avw_©K I mvgvwRK Dbœqb mvab K‡i‡Q| `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvb †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e Gi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q ga¨¯—‡ii wk¶vq mywkw¶Z, we‡kl K‡i KvwiMwi wk¶vq wkw¶Z GKwU Rbkw³| GB Rbkw³wUB †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖavb nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cvkvcvwk mg_©b w`‡q‡Q GKwU mymsMwVZ `¶ kªgkw³, hvi weKvk N‡U‡Q GKwU wk¶vc×wZi mv_©K cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q| Ab¨w`‡K Uvwk©qvwi †j‡f‡ji †gavex I m„wókxj mywkw¶Z †MvôxwU hywM‡q‡Q †gav, gbb, m„wókxjZv I †bZ…Z¡| A_P Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖv_wgK I ga¨ wk¶vi ¯—iwU me‡P‡q `ye©j, msL¨vi w`K †_‡K wKQy j¶Yxq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q wVKB, wKš‘ ¸YMZ gv‡b A‡bK wcwQ‡q| ZvQvov wk¶ve¨e¯’vq i‡q‡Q Mj`|

wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb evov‡Z n‡j G‡¶‡Î Aek¨B wewb‡qvM evov‡Z n‡e, Gi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| wbgœgv‡bi cvV¨cy¯—K c‡o, wbgœgv‡bi wk¶K w`‡q I cÖvq wk¶v-DcKiY e¨wZ‡i‡K wk¶v †c‡q, we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q wk¶vµg cÖYqb I †ewVK RvqMvq A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i, hv †_‡K Drcvw`Z nq gy³v‡š^lvnxb Ave× g‡bi gvbyl, KL‡bvB Kvw•¶Z gv‡bi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ e¨w³ †ewi‡q Avm‡Z c‡i bv| `w¶Y Gkxq †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖv_wgK c‡e© wd eQi RbcÖwZ 300-400 Wjvi e¨q Kiv nq, †mLv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k RbcÖwZ cÖwZeQ‡i e¨q nq b~¨bvwaK gvÎ 12 Wjvi|

A‡c¶vK…Z Kg mg‡q `w¶Y-c~e© Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi †h Afvebxq Dbœqb mvab, cwʇZiv g‡b K‡ib, Gi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q me©Rbxb I DbœZgv‡bi cÖv_wgK wk¶v, D”Pnv‡ii-D”Pgv‡bi KvwiMwiwfwËK ga¨¯—‡ii wk¶v Ges mywbe©vwPZ-†gavwfwËK D”Pwk¶v| Gme †`‡ki AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, mwVK ¸YMZ gv‡bi wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡qB m„wó Kiv m¤¢e ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ `¶Rb, hv‡K Avgiv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi m¤ú` wn‡m‡e| me©Rbxb wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q ˆZwi nq GKwU Drcv`bgyLx mgvR, mgvR Dbœq‡b †hwU Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| Avg‡`i fve‡Z n‡e †h, wk¶vq wewb‡qvM wed‡j hvq bv Ges Avgv‡`i fwel¨r wbwnZ i‡q‡Q kni, MÖvg I M‡Äi †kªwYK¶¸‡jv‡Z, wVK †hgbwU fviZxq wk¶vwe` W. Gm. †KvVvix 1966 mv‡j fviZxq wk¶vKwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔThe destiny of India is now being shaped in her class roomsÕ|[?] †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e GKwU m„wókxj, AbymwÜrmy, D”Pwkw¶Z Kg©xevwnbx M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i wk¶v_©x‡`i AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e GB e‡j †h, ÔwPš—v Ki‡Z cvwi GRb¨ ÁvbPP©v KiwQ, Avi wPš—v KiwQ Áv‡bi Rb¨Õ|

Avi Gi cÖv_wgK avc n‡jv cÖwZwU Rbc‡`, †hLv‡b ¯‹zj †bB, MÖvgMÄ wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZ 1500 R‡bi Rb¨ ev 100 Rb QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹zj, gv`ªvmv bq, ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ A¼ K‡l wn‡me K‡i, cwiKíbv wb‡q AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| D‡Ïk¨ GKwUB( wk¶v‡K †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z n‡e cÖwZwU cwiev‡ii Kv‡Q| Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v Kwgkb G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb( †m c_ a‡i Avgiv hvÎv ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi|

ÔDbœqb I wk¶vÕ( GwU GKwU wØgyLx ivmvqwbK wewµqvi g‡Zv| hyrmB wk¶ve¨e¯’v I wk¶vµg cÖYq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q A_©‡bwZK cÖe„wׇZ Ae`vb Avm‡e, Avevi GB Dbœq‡bi aviv DbœZ mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx kw³ †hvMv‡e bZzb wk¶vc×wZ cÖYq‡b| GKwU Pjgvb mgv‡Ri Rb¨ GB Pµer mxgvnxb c_cwiµgv Pj‡ZB _vK‡e| Avgiv G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`iB g‡Zv GKwU †`k wf‡qZbvg, wk¶vi †¶‡Î Kxfv‡e k‰b k‰b GwM‡q h‡”Q †mwU wePv‡i Avb‡Z cvwi| cwiwkó-4 †`Lyb|[?]

4.4 Avgv‡`i mycvwi‡k hv †bB

1. D”Pwk¶v (we‡klvwqZ †ckvRxex I mvaviY) wb‡q †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó cÖ¯—ve I mycvwik|

2. ga¨¯—‡ii KvwiMwi wk¶v A_©vr cwj‡UKwbK I wW‡c­vgv cÖ‡KŠkj wb‡q

we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv †bB|

3. cix¶Y c×wZ, cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb I g~j¨vqb c×wZ|

4. cvV¨cy¯—K iPbv I cÖKvkbv bxwZ|

5. wewfbœ ¯—‡ii wk¶vq A_©vr cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”P-gva¨wgK †kªwY‡Z wk¶Y c×wZ I wk¶K cÖwk¶Y wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I cÖ¯—ve|

6. wk¶v cÖkvmb( wk¶v cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ges wk¶vqZ‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb| cÖkvmb, KvwiKzjvg, cvV¨m~wP cÖYqY I cvV¨cy¯—K iPbvq wk¶‡`i f~wgKv| G welq¸‡jv wb‡q 2q c‡e© Av‡jvPbvi B‡”Q i‡q‡Q, Z‡e GLv‡b †gvUv`v‡M K‡qKwU welq D‡j­L Kiv AcÖvmw½K n‡e bv| wk¶vi welqe¯‘ I cvV¨cy¯—K hvB †nvK bv †Kb, welqe¯‘‡K wk¶Kiv QvÎQvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q gvbm¤§Zfv‡e †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡Q bv, d‡j wk¶v_©xiv wk¶Yxq e¯‘ I mvivsk AvZ¥xKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| mgm¨vwU GLv‡bB|

eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z wk¶v cÖkvmb, wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Ges wk¶v`vb c×wZ (methodology of education) m¤ú‡K© wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq wb| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_ hv cÖavb Aš—ivq wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, Zv n‡jv Ôwk¶K KË…©K cvV`vb I QvÎ KË©„K AvZ¥xKiYÕ cÖwµqv, hv‡K Avgiv GKK_vq ej‡Z cvwi mieivn e¨e¯’vcbv (delivery mechanism) mswk­ó RwUjZv I mgm¨v Avi wk¶vmsµvš— cÖkvmb| Kx covw”Q, Zvi PvB‡ZI cÖKU mgm¨v n‡jv Kxfv‡e covw”Q Ges †Kvb e¨e¯’vcbv I c×wZi ga¨ w`‡q covw”Q| Avgiv †gvUv`v‡M AvcvZZ GB welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ RwoZ K‡qKwU mgm¨v‡K GLv‡b wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm †c‡qwQ(

1. wk¶K I wk¶v`v‡bi wbgœgvb Ges Zvi µgvebwZ| ïay †emiKvwi ¯‹zj¸‡jvB bq, miKvwi ¯‹zj¸‡jvI GB e¨vwa‡Z Kg‡ewk Avµvš—| Gi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv n‡”Q(

K. wk¶K wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †`ke¨vcx GKwU mylg I cÖK…Z †gav hvPvB¶g e¨e¯’vi Abycw¯’wZ ;

L. cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgKmn mKj ¯—‡i †gavex I wbôvevb wk¶‡Ki ¯^íZv, gd¯^‡j Zv Av‡iv cÖKU ;

M. wk¶v`vb QvovI miKvwi/†emiKvwi bvbv Kv‡R wk¶K‡`i e¨¯— ivLv ;

N. mgv‡Ri wb®ú„nZv I wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Ae¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y wk¶K‡`i, we‡kl K‡i, †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK wk¶K‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v gvb‡eZi I Am¤§vbRbK| d‡j wk¶‡Kiv nxb¤§b¨Zv I AvZ¥m¤§v‡bi Afv‡e †fv‡M|

2. wk¶K cÖwk¶Y : cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ¯—i ch©š— mKj ch©v‡q wk¶K cÖwk¶Y e¨e¯’vwU `ye©j I AcÖZzj, d‡j ¯^fveZB AKvh©Ki|

3. wk¶v cÖkvmb : eZ©gv‡b wcivwg‡Wi AvKv‡i †h gv_vfvix cÖkvmb KvVv‡gv we`¨gvb Zv mgm¨vi ¸YMZ mgvavb w`‡Z cvi‡Q bv| GB e¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q bvbv ¯—‡i `yb©xwZ i‡Ü« i‡Üª cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|* myZivs GKwU weKí mij A_P Kvh©Ki cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi K_v Aek¨ D™¢veb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Dwj­wLZ Ae¨e¯’vcbvi Kvi‡Y Avgiv wk¶vi mv‡_ †h mieivn e¨e¯’vwUi K_v e‡jwQ Zv wk¶v I mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡b Kvh©Kifv‡e ïf dj e‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

mswk­ó G me mgm¨vi mgvavb¸‡jv wbf©i K‡i K‡qKwU Dcv`v‡bi Ici(

K. wk¶v gš¿Yvjqmn wk¶v mswk­ó mKj `ßi I wefvM‡K `yb©xwZ gy³KiY|

L. miKvwi-†emiKvwi mKj ¯‹zj‡K ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi Avq‡Ë Avbv I G‡Z ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv| ¯‹zj cwiPvjbv KwgwU¸‡jv‡K c~Y©gvÎvq ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb Kiv|

M. ¯‹zj cwiPvjbv KwgwU ¯^ ¯^ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b `¶ I wbôvevb wk¶K wb‡qvMmn wk¶vi gvb i¶Y I e„w×Ki‡Y hZœevb n‡e| †gavex-wbôvevb wk¶K wb‡qv‡Mi j‡¶¨ GKwU cÖvq wbLuyZ c×wZ Aek¨B D×veb Ki‡Z n‡e|

O. wefvMxq I †Rjv kn‡i wk¶Kiv hv‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

wk¶K cÖkvmb, wk¶v`vb cÖwµqv(cÖYvwjmswk­ó welqvw` wb‡q Avgiv cieZ©x c‡e© Av‡iv wek` Av‡jvPbv Kie|

4. eq¯‹ wk¶v|

5. wk¶vi mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ev Dbœqb-wk¶v m¤úK©|

6. wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b †h me QvÎ †h‡Z cvi‡Q bv ev wk¶v MÖnY Kv‡j ÔS‡i covÕ Qv·`i m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv|

7. RvwZi g~j †mªvZ †_‡K wcwQ‡qcov RvwZmËvi (hv‡`i‡K Avw`evmx iƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q) †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wk¶v MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î we‡kl mgm¨v Ges cÖwZeÜx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wk¶v m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v wb‡h we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv|

cÂg Aa¨vq

cwiwkóvw`

cwiwkó 1

KvwiMwi-e„wËg~jK D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶vq Aš—f©y³ welqmg~‡ni GKwU m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv

K. K…wlmswk­ó welqvw`

1. K…wl Drcv`b I msi¶Y

2. G‡Kvqv KvjPvi (grm¨ Drcv`b I msi¶Y)

3. Lv`¨ msi¶Y I cywó

4. cïcvjb

5. K…wl hš¿cvwZ wbg©vY I i¶Yv‡e¶Y

6. nuvm-gyiwM cvjb

7. `y» I `y»RvZ cY¨ Drcv`b

8. nwU©KvjPvi

9. BZ¨vw`

welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Pzovš— wm×vš— MÖnY Ges cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP ˆZwi‡Z K…wlweÁvbx‡`i civgk© MÖnY Kiv n‡e|

L. cÖ‡KŠkj I cÖhyw³

1. Qy‡Zvi wkí ev Kv‡Vi KvR (Carpentry)

2. wkímswk­ó I mvaviY we`y¨‡Zi KvR Ges B‡jKUªwb· (Industrial and general electric works & electronics)

3. M¨vm I B‡jKwUªK I‡qwìs, Av‡g©Pvi IqvBbwWs I I‡qwìs

4. bKkvKiY we`¨v (Draftsmanship) : g¨vc wPÎY, hš¿ wPÎY I ¯’vcZ¨ wPÎY

5. cyiwe`¨v I ivRwgw¯¿i KvR (Civil and Masonry) : (M„n I AÆvwjKv wbg©vY, Lvj I w`wN Lbb BZ¨vw`)

6. Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR I gy`ªY

7. A‡Uv †gvevBj, kxZvZc wbqš¿Y hš¿ I wi‡d«RvivB‡Rkb

8. ivmvqwbK cÖhyw³

9. dwjZ c`v_©we`¨v (AcwUK¨vj hš¿cvwZ, †gKvwbK¨vj hš¿cvwZ wbg©vY I msi¶Y, Av‡jvKm¤úvZ, Av‡jvKm¾v, cvewjK A¨v‡Wªm wm‡÷g, BZ¨vw` )

L. Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi

1. Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I cÖwk¶Y

2. Z_¨cÖhyw³, WvUv cÖ‡mwms I †cÖvMÖvwgs

3. Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvwRkb I MÖvwdKm

M. Pvgov wkí cÖhyw³ (Leather technology)

Gi g‡a¨ welqe¯‘ _vK‡Z cv‡i : Pvgov cÖwµqvKiY (tanning), RyZvmn PvgovRvZ wewfbœ †kŠwLb I cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨|

N. †U·UvBj cÖhyw³ (Textile technology)

1. †U·UvBj c`v_©we`¨v (Textile Physics)

2. †U·UvBj imvqbwe`¨v (Textile Chemistry)

3. iÄb `ªe¨ I iÄb wkí

4. †cvkvK ˆZwi wkí (Design and Manufacture Design and Manufacture)

5. hš¿vqY I msi¶Y

6. eybb, NyY©b I eqb (Kniting, Spining and Weaving)

O. wPwKrmv msµvš— cÖhyw³

1. cÖm~wZ‡mev I avÎxwe`¨ (Mother care. maternity and Nursing)

2. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv we`¨v

3. wPwKrmv hš¿vqY I wPwKrmv cÖhyw³ (Medical Instrumentation and Appliances Medical)

P. jwjZKjv

1. wPÎv¼Y

2. KÉ I hš¿msMxZ

3. b„Z¨Kjv

4. Ave„wË I Awfbq wkí

Q. e¨emv-evwYR¨ msµvš— wewea welqvw`

Gi g‡a¨ Aš—f©y³ n‡Z cv‡i Awdm I wkí e¨e¯’vcbv, evwYwR¨K A_©bxwZ I †jb‡`b, evwYwR¨K MwYZ I f~‡Mvj, e¨emvwqK cwiwPwZ : bxwZ, msMVb I c×wZ

R. wnmvei¶Y I e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vcbv

1. wnmvei¶Y bxwZ, wewa I c×wZ

2. Drcv`b Avq-e¨q wnmve

3. e¨vsK cwiPvjbv bxwZ I e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj

4. e¨vs‡Ki wnmvei¶Y

S. `vßwiK Kvh©vewj msµvš— welq (Secretariat & office maintenance)

Gi Aš—f©y³ welqvw` n‡Z cv‡i : Awdm e¨e¯’vcbv I i¶Yv‡e¶Y, dvBwjs wm‡÷g, †÷‡bvMÖvwd BZ¨vw`|

T. wewea

1. †mwiKvjPvi

2. nwU©KvjPvi

3. wk¶K cÖwk¶Y

4. cÖv_wgK MÖš’vMvi msi¶Y

5. wmivwgKm I c­vw÷K wkì

6. euvk I †e‡Zi KvR

7. g„rwkí I †Ljbv ˆZwi wkí

8. B‡jK‡Uªv‡c­wUs I avZzi KvR

cwiwkó 2

wewfbœ wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© mycvwik

1. 1974 mv‡ji Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU©

ZrKv‡j Pvjy gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K A‡bKUv GK‡`k`k©x D‡j­L K‡i GB Kwgkb mycvwik K‡iwQj :

Ò11.3 eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z gv`ªvmv wk¶vi Avg~j ms¯‹vi I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx cybM©V‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i mycvwik n‡”Q †`‡ki mg¯— wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b wi‡cv‡U©i mßg Aa¨v‡q ewY©Z GKB cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg cÖewZ©Z n‡e Ges me©¯—‡i evsjv‡KB wk¶vi gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

11.4 ...AvU eQi †gqv`x cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ci gv`ªvmvi QvÎiv wZbeQie¨vcx e„wËg~jK ag©wk¶v †Kvm© co‡Z cvi‡e| beg I `kg †kªwY‡Z Zv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ Avewk¨K PviwU welq (evsjv, MwYZ, mvaviY weÁvb I Bs‡iRx) Aek¨B Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e...Ó[?]

gv`ªvmvq D”PZi wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Kwgkb ¯úó †Kv‡bv e³e¨ iv‡L wb, ïay e‡j‡Q †h Gme wk¶vi †gqv` †gvU cuvP eQi (wWwMÖ 3 + †cv÷ MÖvRy‡qU 2 eQi), †Kvm©¸‡jvi bvg, cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP, GKwU KvwiKzjvg I wm‡jevm KwgwUi nv‡Z b¨¯— Kivi mycvwik K‡i‡Q| Ly`v Kwgkb †m mgq MwVZ evsjv‡`k Bmjvwg wk¶v ms¯‹vi ms¯’vi ¯§viKwjwci wfwˇZ Gme mycvwik MÖnY K‡iwQj|* GB mycvwi‡k †ek cwRwUf `„wófw½i cwiPq cvIqv hvq, †hgb mycvwi‡k ¯úó K‡iB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gv`ªvmvq cÖPwjZ cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K mvaviY wk¶vi cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii mv‡_ GKxf~Z Kiv|

2. RvZxq wk¶v KwgwU, 1997

GB KwgwUi wi‡cvU© gv`ªvmv wk¶vc×wZ‡K RvZxq wk¶vi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ wn‡m‡e gš—e¨ K‡i gv`ªvmv wk¶vi gvb DbœZ I AvaywbKxi‡Yi bv‡g 10 `dv mycvwik K‡i‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU n‡jv :

Ô1. eZ©gv‡b gv`ªvmv wk¶v RvZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Askiƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ| GB wk¶vi ¯^KxqZv eRvq †i‡L G‡K AviI hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c †bIqv `iKvi, hv‡Z G wk¶ve¨e¯’v bZzb cÖvYi‡m mÄxweZ n‡q I‡V|

10. gv`ªvmv wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb I wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ G wk¶vi me©¯—‡i GKv‡WwgK cwi`k©‡bi Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| gv`ªvmv wk¶v myPvi“iƒ‡c cwiPvjbvi j‡¶¨ gva¨wgK I D”Pwk¶vi Rb¨ c„_K cwiPvjK (gv`ªvmv)-Gi c` _vK‡e| gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D”Pch©vq ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡q GKwU kvLv ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| Z‡e gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D”Pch©v‡qi g‡a¨ gv‡bi mgZv wbY©‡qi `vwqZ¡ _vK‡e wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgk‡bi|Õ[?]

3. RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb, 2003

GB Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡bB gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K RvZxq wk¶vi GKwU kw³kvjx A‡½ cwiYZ Kivi me‡P‡q †ewk †Rviv‡jv cÖ‡Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hw`I 1997-Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mv‡_ bxwZMZ I †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †bB| Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, wk¶vµ‡gi wewfbœ ¯—‡i bvbv ai‡bi wk¶v cÖYvwj, we‡kl K‡i, gv`ªvmv wk¶v Pvjy _vKvq wk¶vi RM‡Z mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e Kwgkb g‡b K‡i †h, ÔeZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mviv †`‡ki Rb¨ Awfbœ wk¶vc×wZ Pvjy Kiv Lye mnR e¨vcvi n‡e bv|Õ cÂ`k Aa¨v‡q, cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i Awfbœ wk¶vc×wZ PvjyKiY wk‡ivbv‡gi AvIZvq Kwgkb GB mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i‡Q wb‡æv³fv‡e :

ÒAwfbœ wk¶vc×wZ Abym„Z bv nIqvq †h me mgm¨v m„wó n‡”Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb †m¸‡jv wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj :

• wewfbœ wk¶vc×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x wkïiv wPš—v‡PZbvq wfbœZi n‡”Q|

• wKQy wkïi g‡b nxb¤§b¨Zv I AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

• †Kvb †Kvb wkïi g‡b `vw¤¢KZv I Ans‡eva m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

• wewfbœ wk¶vc×wZi gv‡a¨‡g wk¶v AR©‡bi d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ I åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai Afve m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

• wewfbœ wk¶vc×wZ HK¨e× RvwZ MV‡bi Aš—ivq| (c„ôv 59)

GZ my›`ifv‡e mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi ciI wKš‘ Kwgkb gv`ªvmv wk¶vi, GgbwK cÖv_wgK

¯—‡iI, Aejywßi mycvwik K‡ib wb, hw`I Kwgkb Zvi mycvwi‡k ¯úó fvlvq ej‡Q :

• cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii mKj we`¨vj‡q Avewk¨K KvwiKKzjvg eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|

(Kwgk‡bi mycvwik g‡Z Avewk¨K KvwiKKzjvg ˆZwi n‡e( Ôevsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ I evsjv‡`k cwiwPwZÕ welqvw` wb‡q)

GKw`‡K Kwgkb mycvwik Ki‡Q Awfbœ wk¶vc×wZi Avek¨KZv wb‡q, Ab¨w`‡K ej‡Q †ek Amyweav Av‡Q GwU cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z| KviY(

• †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl a‡g©i wel‡q AZ¨waK ¯úk©KvZi|

• ivóªag© Bmjvg weavq Bmjvg ag©wfwËK gv`ªvmv wk¶vi ms¯‹vi cÖwµqv AZ¨š— ¯úk©KvZi I mgqmv‡c¶ e¨vcvi|

• gv`ªvmvq cwVZ KwZcq welq †hgb ev` †`Iqv m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb G¸‡jv mvaviY wk¶v ev wKÛviMv‡U©b c×wZ‡ZI Aš—f©y³ Kiv m¤¢e bq|

• GKv‡ji AwffveK I co–qviv Bs‡iwR wk¶vi cÖwZ LyeB AvMÖnx n‡q IVvq Bs‡iwR we`¨vj‡qi ¸i“Z¡ †e‡o †M‡Q|

Kwgkb Kx ai‡bi ¯^we‡ivwaZvq fyM‡Q( GB Dw³¸‡jvB Zvi cÖgvY| Kwgkb ZvB †Kv‡bv wfbœavivi wk¶vc×wZ Pvjyi mycvwik bv-K‡i KwZcq RMvwLPzwi ÔmycvwikÕ K‡i‡Q, hvi mviK_v n‡jv †hgbwU Av‡Q ZvB _vK, ïay GKwU †Kvi KvwijKz¨jvg eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i wkïi Ici Av‡iv wKQy †evSv evwo‡q `vI| (wek` weei‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb c„ôv 59)

gv`ªvmvi `vwLj I Avwjg wk¶vµ‡gI GKB Av`k© AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| D”Pwk¶v m¤ú‡K© GB Kwgk‡bi mycvwik AwZ fqven| Kwgkb 2002 mv‡j miKvi KZ…©K MwVZ gv`ªvmv wk¶v ms¯‹vi KwgwUi mycvwik¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z e‡j‡Q| GB mycvwik¸‡jvi KwZcq n‡”Q :

1. Ôdvwhj‡K e¨v‡Pji I Kvwgj‡K gv÷vm© wWMÖx cÖ`vb|Õ

2. ÔG mycvwik e¨¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Gwdwj‡qwUs ¶gZvm¤úbœ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|Õ (c„ôv 270)

gv`ªvmv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Kwgk‡bi gZ n‡jv : Ôwk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Bn‡jvK-cvi‡jŠwKK Áv‡b `¶ I Øxbx Rxebhvc‡b Af¨¯— †i‡L ivóª I mgv‡Ri Av`k© bvMwiK Ges mxiv‡Z-mi‡Z cÖK…Z gywgbiƒ‡c M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|Õ

gv`ªvmv wk¶vi AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, Rbej KvVv‡gv, cÖkvmb I wk¶K cÖwk¶Y wb‡qI GB Kwgkb A‡bK mycvwik K‡i‡Q| (c„ôv 271-277)| gv`ªvmvq wkw¶Z e¨w³‡`i AvaywbK ivóª cÖkvm‡b hy³ Kivi `ywðš—vq Kwgkb gvivZ¥K `ywU mycvwik K‡i hv cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ :

Ô14. we.wm.Gm (mvaviY wk¶v) K¨vWvi, we.wm.Gm (†UKwbK¨vj wk¶v) K¨vWv‡ii Abyiƒc we.wm.Gm (gv`ªvmv wk¶v) K¨vWvi m„wó Kiv|

15. ...†`‡ki eZ©gvb ev¯—eZvi Av‡jv‡K cÖwZwU †Rjvq GKwU miKvix gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv Kiv Avek¨K|Õ (c„ôv 276)

GB wk¶v Kwgk‡bi m`m¨iv †h wKfv‡e †gŠjev`x wPš—vq cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb Gme mycvwikB Zvi mv¶¨| Zv‡`i Gme mycvwik ev¯—evwqZ n‡j, hvi wKQy wKQy B‡Zvg‡a¨B ev¯—evq‡bi c‡_, †jvKvqZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvb¨ †ik eZ©gvb wk¶ve¨e¯’vq i‡q‡Q Zv wZ‡ivwnZ n‡e, Ges ivóªwU µ‡gB cwiYZ n‡e GKwU †gŠjev`x iv‡óª|

4. †gŠjvbv Avµvg Lvb wk¶v KwgwU wi‡cvU©, 1949

1949 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k cvwK¯—vb m„wói Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L mgMÖ cvwK¯—v‡b †hb †gvUvgywU GKB ai‡bi wk¶vc×wZ cÖewZ©Z nq, GB D‡Ï‡k¨ ZrKvjxb c~e©evsjv miKvi GKwU wk¶v KwgwU MVb K‡i hvi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †gŠjvbv Avµvg Lvb| GB KwgwUi miKvwi bvg wQj( ÔEast Bengal Educational system Reconstruction Committee.Õ| GB KwgwU MV‡bi j¶¨ wQj, Ô...to advise Government on the reconstruction of the present illbalanced system of educaton of the province, so as to make it more fitted to meet the new demands of this new state.Õ[?]

Iì w¯‹g gv`ªvmv wk¶v Kvh©µg †h AvaywbK iv‡óªi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z A¶g GB Ae¯’vb †_‡K gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K AvaywbKvqb Kivi mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj| GRb¨ weªwUk hy‡MB 1946-Õ47 mv‡j Ôms¯‹vwiZ gv`ªvmvÕ cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj, we‡kl K‡i gva¨wg‡Ki mgZzj¨ †kªwY¸‡jv‡Z, hv D`vi gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq‡K AvK…ó K‡iwQj| Ôms¯‹vwiZ gv`ªvmvÕ¸‡jvi PwiÎ †evSvi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU DׄwZ w`w”Q Avµvg Lvb KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K : ÔFrom every class or stage of High Madrasa a student may pass on to the corresponding class or stage of the general line, but not vice versa. A boy who joins a Reformed Madrassa can at any subsequent stage, if he desires to transfer himself to the institutions of the general type, will not find himself handicapped for his lack of knowledge of the general (secular) subjects. But this is not possible in the case of boys reading in old-typed Madrasahs.Õ

cÖm½Z 1946-Õ47 mv‡j nvB gv`ªvmv cix¶vi welqe¯‘i web¨vm wQj wbgœiƒc :

K. evaZvg~jK :

1. fvb©vKzjvi (evsjv ev D`©y) : 100

2. Bs‡iwR : 200

3. AsK : 100

4. BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj : 100

5. Aviwe (2q cÎ) : 200

6. wd°n, dvivBh I AKvB` : 100

L. wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwU : 100

(†hgb : AwZwi³ Bs‡iwR, AwZwi³ AsK, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm, RbcÖkvmb, ¯^v¯’¨, cÖv_wgK c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb...)

me©‡gvU : 900

GB web¨vm †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q Bmjvwg welh I †mKy¨jvi wel‡qi g‡a¨ AvbycvwZK ¸i“Z¡ n‡jv 300 : 500 (3:5) (eZ©gv‡b mvaviY `vwL‡j GB ¸i“Z¡-AbycvZ `uvwo‡q‡Q wVK Dj‡Uv, A_©vr 5:3)| Avgiv †h Kv‡ji Dj‡Uv w`‡K nuvUwQ GwU ZviB cÖgvY|

Ôms¯‹vwiZ gv`ªvmvÕ I mvaviY ev †mKy¨jvi ga¨wgK wk¶vi GKÎxKi‡Yi (integration) cÖ‡kœ Avµvg Lvb KwgwU A‡bK `~i`wk©Zv I AvaywbKgb¯‹Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i eZ©gvbKv‡ji, we‡klZ †kl `ywU wk¶v Kwgkb †`Lv‡Z e¨_©| G cªm‡½ KwgwUi e³‡e¨i LvwbKUv DׄwZ w`‡j cwi®‹vi n‡e. Ô...now the main question is wether the Reformed Madrasah system should retain its seperate existence when the general education so long vitiated by being `godless’ in its nature, will lose its `godless’ character under the new scheme of reorganisation of the general education recommended by us. Public opinion also has it that it should merge into the general system, or conversely, the general system should merge into it. ...The High Madrasahs are modified form of secondary schools along which they are under the same board and the university and its students take the same examinations and are entitled to the same degrees and previleges. The term ‘Madrasah’ used for these institutions was obviously with the object of attracting the orthodox section of Muslims who disliked the exclusively secular type of education imparted in the school. It is therefore, only a question of recognising formally what actually exists in fact.Õ| (c„ôv : 116 )

cÖPwjZ Rywbqi `vwLj (4 eQ‡ii) wk¶vi welqe¯‘‡K †m mgq Pvjy Rywbqi ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨ wel‡hi mv‡_ GK K‡i w`‡q gv`ªvmv †_‡K Rywbqi `vwLj wk¶vµ‡gi Aejywßi mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Gi wk¶v eQi‡K bvwg‡q 3 eQi Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡qwQj|

cÖv_wgK wk¶v wel‡q KwgwUi gZ wQj : ÔIn our opinion, primary education in this province should be universal, free and compulsory, and should have the highest priority in the province’s national-building programme.Õ| (c„ôv 20)

†h‡nZz cÖv_wgK wk¶v me©Rbxb n‡e( GKB wk¶vµg mKj we`¨vj‡q Abym„Z n‡e, ZvB c~‡e©Kvi gv`ªvmvwfwËK cÖv_wgK wk¶v gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z ivLvi Avi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv _vK‡e bv| Ges †h‡nZz c~‡e©Kvi Rywbqi (4 eQie¨vcx) ev `vwLj cvVµg, welqe¯‘ n‡e mvaviY Rywbqi ¯‹zj

¯—‡ii AweKj, ZvB nvB-gv`ªvmv wk¶vq `vwL‡jiI NU‡e Aejywß| myZivs Avµvg Lvb KwgwUi cÖ¯—ve Abyhvqx nvB-gv`ªvmvi wk¶vµg ïi“ n‡e mvaviY Rywbqi ¯‹zj ¯—i AwZµg K‡i Avmvi ci| †m mgh Rywbqi ¯‹zj KvwiKyjvg wQj 3 eQie¨vcx (cÂg-mßg †kªwY) Avi cÖv_wgK ¯—i wQj 4 eQi †gqvw` (cÖ_g-PZz_© †kªwY)|

cyivZb gv`ªvmv w¯‹‡gi mv‡_ mvaviY wk¶vc×wZi c~Y©v½ GKÎxKiY mvaviY wk¶vc×wZi mv‡_ Am¤¢^e e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb GB KwgwU| KviY cyivZb gv`ªvmv w¯‹‡gi wk¶vi j¶¨ Ges `„wófw½ m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| Z‡e KwgwUi mycvwik n‡jv cÖv_wgK I Rywbqi ¯‹zj ¯—i ch©š— (cÖ_g-mßg †kªwY) gv`ªvmvmn mKj ¯‹z‡j GKB cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP Abym„Z n‡e| GB wk¶v ¯—i AwZµg K‡i †KD hw` cyivZb w¯‹‡gi gv`ªvmvq †h‡Z Pvq †m c_ Db¥y³ _vK‡e| †m mvaviY wk¶vi ¯‹zj Ges nvB-gv`ªvmv‡ZI wk¶vµg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e|

Avµvg Lvb KwgwU cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i ag©wk¶v‡K mKj wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi mycvwik Ki‡jI gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †Kej gymwjg Qv·`i Rb¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| G cÖm‡½ KwgwUi ch©‡e¶Y wQj wbgœiƒc :

ÔReligion has been made a compulsory subject for Muslim pupils. Though there are difficulties in the way of it, we have got to face them for there is unanimous demand for it from the Muslim community. There will be provision for the teaching of other religions also. But if a non-Muslim guardian wishes that his ward should not be taught his religion at school, he will have an alternative paper in ethics and Morals.Õ| (c„ôv 80-81)

GB KwgwUi mycvwi‡ki Av‡iv K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ wQj :

1. ZLb cÖPwjZ 4 eQie¨vcx cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K 5 eQi (cÂg †kªwY ch©š—) e„w×, A‰eZwbK Ges eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv ;

2. gva¨wgK wk¶vi ¯—i‡K Øv`k †kªwY Kiv ; Ges

3. D”P-gva¨wgK (Intermediate) ¯—‡ii wejywß mvab| GB AwZwi³ eQiwU‡K mvaviY wWwMÖ ¯—‡ii mv‡_ Ry‡o †`qv ; d‡j

4. mvaviY wWwMÖ n‡e 3 eQi †gqvw`|

Bmjvg wel‡q mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© D”PZi ¯—‡i Aa¨qb I M‡elYvi my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ GB KwgwU GKwU ÔUniversity of Islamic LearningÕ cÖwZôvi mycvwik K‡i| Gi AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ n‡e cyivZb w¯‹‡gi gv`ªvmv¸‡jvi ¸YMZ gvb, cix¶v wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡e| (c„ôv 122)

cwiwkó 3

gv`ªvmv wk¶v : cwðge‡½i AwfÁZv

hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avmv mbvZbx gv`ªvmv wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K Kxfv‡e RvZxq g~j wk¶v‡mªv‡Zi mv‡_ †gjv‡bv hvq, G wb‡q cvwK¯—vb I fvi‡Z bvbv †Póv Pj‡Q| cvwK¯—v‡b mgm¨vwU †hiKg, fvi‡Z I evsjv‡`‡k †miKg bq| cvwK¯—vb GKwU †NvwlZ Bmjvwg ivóª, hvi Abykvm‡bi wfwË n‡jv †Kvivb I mybœvn| †mLvbKvi wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g Bmjvg ag© GKwU cÖej I cÖavb f~wgKv iv‡L| GKB mv‡_ cvwK¯—vb n‡Z Pvq GKwU AvaywbK ivóª, Áv‡b I weÁv‡b| GZ`m‡Ë¡I gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K RvZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi mv‡_ gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K mshy³ Kiv hv‡”Q bv, Zvi KviY, 1. KÆi Bmjvgcš’xiv Zv Pvq bv, Pvq bv gv`ªvmv wk¶vq †Kv‡bv ai‡bi e‡ov cwieZ©b| Zviv Pvq mv‡ewK Xs‡qB GB wk¶v Pj‡Z _vKzK gv`ªvmv g³‡e, Avi 2. gv`ªvmvi cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP‡Z GKwU AvaywbK iv‡óªi `vwe †gUv‡Z cv‡i cvivi g‡Zv h‡_ó cwigv‡Y AvaywbKvqb Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| d‡j gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e g~javivi mv‡_ A½xf~Z Kiv hv‡”Q bv|

Avi fvi‡Zi mgm¨v Ab¨ ai‡bi| GwU GKwU †mKy¨jvi MYZvwš¿K †`k, GLv‡b Aš—Z mvsweavwbKfv‡e, mKj gvby‡li AwaKvi mgvb| gymwjg RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K fviZ‡K Aek¨B ejv †h‡Z cv‡i 2q A_ev 3q e„nËg gymwjg †`k| Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv GLvbKvi gymjgvbivI cvjb Ki‡Z Pvq Bmjvg Abym„Z RxebvPvi| Avi mvaviY gymjgvbiv g‡b K‡i, gv`ªvmv-g³ewfwËK wk¶v Zv‡`i GB RxebvPv‡iiB A½| GB wk¶v‡K g‡b Kiv nq Bmjvwg ev gymwjg wk¶v| fvi‡Zi Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv KwZcq g~jbxwZ‡K wVK †i‡L A½ivR¨¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i ms¯‹…wZ, fvlv, Rxebc×wZ, ag© cÖf„wZ ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx wbR wbR wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| fvi‡Z ZvB GKwU GK‡K›`ªxK †mKz¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v †bB| gv`ªvmv wk¶vi mgm¨v‡KI ZvB G‡KKwU ivR¨ G‡KKfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| GLv‡b Avevi gymwjg wk¶vi Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z wKQy HwZn¨evnx cÖwZôvbI Av‡Q, hvi cÖfve mvaviYfv‡e gymwjg mgv‡R Ges gv`ªvmv wk¶vq GL‡bv cÖej| KjKvZvq i‡q‡Q Avwjqv gv`ªvmv wk¶v`k©b I HwZ‡n¨i aviK ÔKjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmvÕ, Avi i¶Ykxj gv`ªvmv wk¶vi HwZn¨evnx cÖwZôvb w`wj­¯’ Ô†`Ie›` gv`ªvmvÕ|

gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K wk¶vi g~j‡mªv‡Zi mv‡_ A½xf~Z Kivi mvd‡j¨i gvcKvwV‡Z fvi‡Zi mKj iv‡R¨i g‡a¨ cwðge½ ivR¨ mK‡ji AMÖfv‡M, GgbwK †Kivjv‡KI G ivR¨wU †cQ‡b †d‡j w`‡q‡Q| cwkPge‡½ eZ©gv‡b i‡q‡Q 508wU gv`ªvmv( cÖv_wgK †_‡K Avwjg ch©š— G¸‡jvi wk¶v, cÖmvkb, cix¶v welqK mKj Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq Ôcwðge½ gv`ªvmv wk¶v †evW©Õ-Gi (West Bengal Board of Madrassa Education) mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b| cwðge‡½ gv`ªvmv wk¶vi mvgwMÖK KvwiKyjvg wÎ-avc wewkó (three tiered)

mviwY 6.1 : fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ gv`ªvmv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’vb

bvg I avc |cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v |†Kvb †kªwY ch©š— cov‡bv nq |mgZzj¨Zv | |1g avc : Rywbqi nvB-gv`ªvmv |167 |5g-8g †kªwY |mvaviY wk¶vi mgZzj¨ | |2q avc : nvB-gv`ªvmv |239* |5g-10g †kªwY |Ó | |3q avc : wmwbqi gv`ªvmv# |102 |1g - 10g †kªwY |GB cix¶v‡K ejv nq Avwjg Ges GwU gva¨wg‡Ki mgZzj¨ | |* GB 239wUi g‡a¨ 50wU‡Z Øv`k †kªwY (D”P-gva¨wgK) ch©š— cov‡bv nq, Z‡e Gi cvV¨m~wP mvaviY D”P-gva¨wg‡Ki Abyiƒc Ges Gi hveZxq Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq cwðge½ gva¨wgK wk¶v †ev‡W©i cÖZ¨¶ ZË¡veav‡b| | |# GB wmwbqi gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡ZB Aviwe fvlv I Bmjvg ag© wel‡q AwaK ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ cvV`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b c‡oB QvÎiv Avwjg cix¶vq AeZxY© n‡Z cv‡i| | |gv`ªvmv †evW© Aviwe I Bmjvwg wel‡qi Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q 10g †kªwYi Avwjg cix¶v I maviY nvB-gv`ªvmvi 1g †kªwYi nvB-gv`ªvmv cix¶v `ywUB cwiPvjbv K‡i gv`ªvmv †evW©| `ywU cix¶vB cwðge½ gva¨wgK †ev‡W©i gva¨wgK cix¶vi mgZzj¨| GLv‡b D‡j­L¨ †h, wmwbqi gv`ªvmv †_‡K Avwjg DËxY© Qv·`i g‡a¨ 85 kZvsk QvÎB mvaviY wk¶vi †mªv‡Z P‡j hvq, Avi G‡Z Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv, Gfv‡eB cvVµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYxZ n‡q _v‡K| evwK gvÎ kZKiv 15 Ask QvÎ D”PZi Bmjvwg ag©xq wel‡q co‡Z hvq, GRb¨ Zv‡`i‡K wbgœwjwLZ KvwiKyjv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z nq :

• dvwRj : 2 eQi

• Kvwgj : 2 eQi (MÖvRy‡qkb)

• gygZvRyj gynvÏvwmb (gv÷vm© wWwMÖ) : 2 eQi

Gme mvwU©wd‡KU ev wWwMÖ weky× Bmjvwg ag©ZË¡xq welqm~wPi (theological courses) wfwˇZB †`qv nq, Gme wWwMÖi mv‡_ mvaviY wk¶vi wWwMÖi †Kv‡bv mgZzj¨Zv Uvbv nq bv| Gme cix¶v cwiPvjbv I wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K cwðge½ gv`ªvmv †evW©|

gv`ªvmv wk¶vi `kg †kªwYi gv`ªvmv I Avwjg cix¶vi mvdj¨ cwðge‡½i mvaviY gva¨wgK cix¶vi mdjZvi mv‡_ Zzjbxq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, MZ 2005 mv‡ji cix¶vq 19,319 Rb cix¶v_©xi g‡a¨ 65 kZvsk cvm K‡iwQj, Avi Gi g‡a¨ 15 kZvsk †c‡qwQj cÖ_g †kªwY| ïay cix¶vi mvdj¨ bq, GLvb †_‡K cvm Kiv QvÎiv Kg©Rxe‡bI mdj n‡”Q| G cÖm‡½ gv`ªvmv †e‡W©i mfvcwZ W. Ave`ym mvËv‡ii Dw³ :

ÔMany of our students gain prominence in life. There are many high court judges, IAS and IPS officers and countless doctors, engineers, who were schooled in our madrassas.Õ[?]

cwðge‡½i gv`ªvmv wk¶vq G ai‡bi bZzb gvÎv †hvM Kivq fvi‡Z Ges fvi‡Zi evB‡iI GB wk¶v cÖYvwj‡Z AvMÖ‡ni m„wó n‡q‡Q| m¤cÖwZ cvwK¯—vb †_‡K gv`ªvmv wk¶vi mv‡_ RwoZ GKRb gš¿x cwðge‡½i gv`ªvmv †ev‡W©i mfvcwZ‡K wPwV wj‡L G e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ cwðge½ cwi`k©‡bi B‡”Q cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| W. mvËvi GB B‡”Q‡K mvayev` Rvwb‡q‡Qb| gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K AvaywbKvqb I †mKy¨jvivBR Kiv I g~j wk¶ve¨e¯’vi m‡_ A½xf~Z Kivi mdjZvq cwðge‡½i gv`ªvmv †evW©‡KB fvi‡Zi Ôey¨‡iv Ae ¯‹zj GWy‡KkbÕ-Gi GKgvÎ m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Aš—f©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GbwmAviwUi ¯^xK…wZ AR©b K‡i‡Q|

gv`ªvmv wk¶vq GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡j nvB-gv`ªvmv¸‡jvi mv‡_ mvaviY ¯‹z‡ji †Kv‡bv ZdvZ `„k¨Z _v‡K wb, hw`I BwZnvm I HwZwn¨K Kvi‡Y gv`ªvmv bvgwU envj i‡q‡Q| GKgvÎ Aviwe ev Bmjvwg welq m¤úwK©Z GKwU cÎ eva¨Zvg~jK e¨wZ‡i‡K gv`ªvmvi cvV¨m~wPi mv‡_ mvaviY ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨m~wPi †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| cwðge‡½i GB ms¯‹viK…Z gv`ªvmv wk¶vi wbtkã ˆec­weK weeZ©‡bi d‡j GB wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv KZK¸‡jv we‡kl ˆewkó¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q :

• cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi †mKy¨jvi Pwi‡Îi Rb¨ G¸‡jv RvwZ-ag©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Db¥y³| Gi d‡j 508wU gv`ªvmvq eZ©gv‡b (2006) 40,000 nvRv‡iiI †ewk wn›`y QvÎQvÎx cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q|

• gv`ªvmv wk¶vjq¸‡jv‡Z mnwk¶v cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, A_©vr †Q‡j‡g‡qiv GKB K¬v‡m cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q GKmv‡_, hv Av‡M KíbvI Kiv †hZ bv|

• GLvbKvi gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z †Kv‡bv †gvj­v-†gŠjwe w`‡q cov‡bv nq bv, GgbwK Aviwe I Bmjvwg welq¸‡jvI| cÖwZwU welq cwðge‡½i ¯‹zj mvwf©‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡qvwRZ Dchy³ wk¶K‡K w`‡q cvV`vb Kiv nq| d‡j mvaviY wk¶vjq¸‡jv‡Z †hgb gymwjg wk¶K i‡q‡Q, GB Z_vKw_Z gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡ZI i‡q‡Q D‡j­L‡hvM¨ msL¨K wn›`y wk¶K| wn›`y-gymjgvb QvÎQvÎxi cvkvcvwk wn›`y-gymjgvb wk¶‡Ki Ae¯’v‡bi d‡j gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z m„wó n‡q‡Q GKwU PgrKvi D`vi, mnbkxjZv I m¤cÖxwZi cwi‡ek, hv †mKy¨jvi fviZe‡l©i Rb¨ Aek¨¤¢vex|

G ai‡bi PgrKvi D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j AwR©Z n‡q‡Q cvi¯úwiK †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© †evSveywS, hv GZw`bKvi mvgvwRK wew”QbœZv‡K †f‡O †`‡e AwP‡iB| Aviwe I Bmjvwg welq¸‡jv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e co‡Z wn›`y Qv·`i †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡”Q bv, wk¶v`v‡bi PgrKvi †KŠk‡ji Kvi‡Y| cÖvq 3 j¶ 30 nvRvi QvÎQvÎx Gme gv`ªvmvq cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ M‡o 12 kZvsk QvÎQvÎx n‡jv wn›`y ag©vej¤^x| †Kv‡bv A‡ji gv`ªvmvq wn›`y QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v GK Z…Zxqvsk| Ab¨w`‡K QvÎxi msL¨v 50 kZvs‡kiI †ewk| GB wk¶vjq¸‡jv‡Z QvÎ gvB‡b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Ges QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ 42:1, hv †gvUvgywU m‡š—vlRbK|

gv`ªvmv †evW© †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui g‡Z, ÔThe presence of non-Muslim teachers, Students and non teaching staff enriches our institutionsÕ| GKwU gv`ªvmvi R‰bK gymwjg wk¶K Zvi wn›`y mnKg©x‡`i cÖm‡½ GKwU cÖwÎKvq †`qv mv¶vrKv‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÔWe are proud to have 5 Hindu teachers among the 15 teachers.Õ| cwðge‡½i gv`ªvmv¸‡jv KZ AvaywbK I A‰ØZ, GK_v Rvbv‡Z Gi KZ©„c¶, QvÎ I wk¶‡Kiv m`v DrmyK|

cÖm½Z D‡j­L Kwi †h, 1881 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ HwZnvwmK KjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmv‡K Gi KZ„©c‡¶i Av‡e`‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z, fviZxq wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb cÖwZôvbwU‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gh©v`v w`‡Z ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e kZ© GB †h, cÖwZôvbwUi Øvi mK‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e, wk¶v_©xi Ges wk¶K wb‡qvM Dfq †¶‡Î| Avi cÖwZôvbwUi Avw` ˆewkó¨ eRvq †i‡L, A_©vr Aviwe, dviwm, D`©y I Bmjvwg welqvw`i Aa¨qb Abykxj‡bi cvkvcvwk bvbv k„•Ljvi †mKy¨jvi welqvw` Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e wk¶v KvwiK~jv‡g, Mv‡elYvq I ÁvbPP©vq| Avwjqv gv`ªvmv KZ©„c¶ Avb‡›`i mv‡_ Gme kZ©vewj †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb|

Avgv‡`i mycvwik n‡jv cwðge‡½i GB AwfÁZv Avgv‡`i gv`ªvmv wk¶vi †mKy¨jvivB‡Rkb I AvaywbKvq‡bi Kv‡R jvMv‡bv DwPZ n‡e|

cwiwkó 4

wf‡qZbv‡gi AwfÁZv

`vwi‡`ª¨i gvcKvwV‡Z KwgDwb÷ kvwmZ GB †`kwU Avgv‡`i KvQvKwQ| Avgv‡`i g‡ZvB, GgbwK Avgv‡`i PvB‡ZI A‡bK †ewk hy×weׯ— †`kwU A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †hme c`‡¶c wb‡q‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ wk¶vi †¶ÎwU‡Z ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ bRi w`‡q‡Q| g‡b Kiv n‡”Q, wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb I wkw¶Z RbmsL¨vi e„w× NU‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Gi cÖfve co‡e| wec­‡ei ci †_‡KB h_vh_ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q, hvi dj GLb dj‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| wf‡qZbvg KwgDwb÷ cwU© I miKvi wk¶v‡K me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|

1997 mv‡ji GKwU cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †gvU 22 wgwjqb QvÎQvÎxi g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j co‡Q 13.2 wgwjqb (58%), 4.3 wgwjqb gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡j, Avi 26,00 Rb co‡Q K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z| D”Pgvb m¤úbœ mv¶iZvi nvi A‡bK, 92%| 1997 mv‡j Zviv ev‡R‡Ui 10% LiP KiZ wk¶vLv‡Z, GB AsK 2000 mv‡ji g‡a¨B Zviv 15%-G DbœxZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Gi g‡a¨ 50%-GiI †ewk e¨q Kiv nq cÖv_wgK Lv‡Z, we‡klvwqZ gva¨wgK wk¶vi Rb¨ 19%, Avi e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wk¶vq Rb¨ 12%| GB wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb bMy¨‡qb fb †nB, Îvb `vB bwNn, Ub `¨vUZzs-Gi g‡Zv bvgKiv weÁvbxiv| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K wek¦we`¨jq ch©š— GKwU mvwe©K PgrKvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v wf‡qZbvwgiv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q, Avi ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q KvwiMwi, e„wËg~jK, †ckRxex I D”PZi weÁvb wk¶vi Ici| †`kwUi wk¶v AeKvVv‡gvi wewfbœ ¯—i n‡”Q :

1. wKÛviMv‡U©b (wKÛviMv‡U©b I wmwbqi wKÛviMv‡U©b)

6 ermi

2. mvaviY

cÖv_wgK : 5 ermi

gva¨wgK : 4 ermi

we‡klvwqZ gva¨wgK : 3 ermi

3. e„wËg~jK

cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ci e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y

gva¨wgK wk¶vi ci e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y

†ckvRxex cÖwk¶Y

e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y

4. MÖvRy‡qU ev mœvZK

K‡jR

wek¦we`¨vjq

5. †cv÷-MÖvRy‡qU ev mœvZ‡KvËi

6. W±‡iU

Gwkqvb †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK 2003 mv‡j cÖYxZ GKwU wi‡cv‡U© wk¶v‡¶‡Î wf‡qZbv‡gi AMÖMwZi wecyj cÖksmv K‡i Avkv cÖKvk K‡i †h, 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GgwWwRi †h j¶¨gvÎv w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv AR©‡b wf‡qZbvg m¶g n‡e|[?]

cwiwkó 5

RvwZmsN I Zvi A½ msMV‡bi wk¶v welqK mycvwikgvjv

Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e GUv AvR ¯^xK…Z mZ¨ †h cÖv_wgK wk¶vB n‡jv Rxebe¨vcx wk¶vi eywbqvw`

¯—i| Rxeb I RMr m¤ú‡K© GKB `„wófw½, g~j¨‡eva Ges mgvb `¶Zv wb‡q †e‡o IVvi GUvB †kªô mgq| cieZx© Rxe‡bi wfwË G ch©v‡qB iwPZ nq| ZvB RvZ-cvZ-ag©-eY©, abx-wba©b, msL¨v¸i“-msL¨vjNy, †MvÎ-†Mvôx, bvix-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l mKj †`‡ki mKj wkïi g‡a¨ †hb †`k I mgvR, Rxeb I RMr m¤ú‡K© GKB `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva M‡o I‡V †mRb¨ GKB avivi cÖv_wgK wk¶v KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv `iKvi| 1945 mv‡j RvwZmsN MwVZ nevi ci †_‡K †mB wek¦mfv Ges Zvi A½msMVbmg~n GB j‡¶¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| ZvB Zvi GKwU msw¶ß cÖwZ‡e`b GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z Kiv AcÖvmw½K n‡e bv|

wk¶v †h gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii GKwU, †mUv AvR †_‡K 57 eQ‡ii Av‡M 1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b M„nxZ gvbevwaKvi mb‡`i 26 b¤^i avivq †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| ILv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôeveryone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory and unitary.Õ| evsjv‡`k GB wek¦ms¯’vi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ ivóª| myZivs RvwZms‡Ni IB wm×vš— Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡ evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi Ici eZ©vq| Avevi 1959 mv‡j AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b wkï AwaKvi mb‡`i 7 b¤^i avivq D³ `vwe cybe©¨³ K‡i ejv nq, ÔThe child is entitled to receive education, which shall be free and compulsory, at least in the elementary stages. He (or she) shall be given an education which will promote his (or her) general culture and enable him, on the basis of equal opportunity, to develop his (or her) abilities, his (or her) individual judgment and his (or her) sense of moral and social responsibility and to become a useful member of society.Õ|

RvwZmsN †mB ‘elemental and funmental stageÕ †Kvb †kªwY ch©š— n‡e Zv bv ej‡jI, wkï AwaKv‡ii 7 b¤^i avivq ¯úó fvlvq e‡j‡Q †h eywbqvw` I †gŠwjK ¯—i ch©š— wk¶vq Ômy‡hv‡Mi mgZvÕ weavb Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB †gŠwjK I eywbqvw` ¯—‡i wkï‡`i hw` wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vc×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v †`qv nq, Zvn‡j mgv‡R †kªwY wefvRb Av‡iv cÖKU I my`„p n‡e Ges †ewi‡q Avmv QvÎQvÎxiv wewfbœ ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡bvfve I `„ófw½i AwaKvix n‡e|

Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †¶‡Î †mB †kªwY wefvwRZ RMvwLPzwo wk¶vB Pvjy Av‡Q| G‡`‡k cÖvq 11 ai‡bi cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg kbv³ Kiv hvq| †hgb miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, D”P-we`¨vjq msjMœ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, D”Pgv`ªvmv msjMœ Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv, Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv, wcwUAvB msjMœ cix¶Y we`¨vjq, m¨v‡UjvBU we`¨vjq, wKÛviMv‡U©b ¯‹zj, GbwRI cwiPvwjZ c~Y©v½ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq| Avevi gv`ªvmvi †¶‡Î 4wU cÖavb aviv we`¨gvb( mybœx gv`ªvmv, KIwg gv`ªvmv, Ge‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv I mvaviY `vwLj-Avwjg-dvwRj-Kvwgj gv`ªvmv| Gi m‡½ GLb hy³ n‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR gva¨g, K¨v‡WU I wKÛviMv‡U©b gv`ªvmv| GQvov Av‡Q iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i wewfbœ ÔG †j‡fj I †j‡fjÕ ¯‹z‡ji bv‡g Ô†KvwPs †m›UviÕ, †h¸‡jv wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb bv‡g †iwRw÷ªK…Z| Gi dj †h RvwZi Ici ïf n‡Z cv‡i bv, AwaKvsk wk¶v Kwgkb ev KwgwUB Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡jI †Kv‡bv `„p c`‡¶c †bevi mycvwik K‡i wb, eis Av‡cvlKvgx wKQy mycwik K‡i‡Q| †hgb, RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU 1997Õi cÖwZ‡e`‡bI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÔcÖv_wgK wk¶vi Gme aviv wk¶vgvb I ˆewk‡ó¨i wePv‡i wfbœ| d‡j wk¶vRxe‡bi ïi“ †_‡K wkï‡`i †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ †hgb ZviZg¨ M‡o I‡V, †Zgwb `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨I wfbœZv ˆZwi nq| Zv‡Z GKwU HK¨e× RvwZMV‡bi cÖwµqv e¨vnZ nq| Avgv‡`i msweav‡b ¯úófv‡e mggv‡bi me©Rbxb †gŠwjK wk¶v wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v‡¶‡Î eZ©gvb ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NwU‡q Aš—Z cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i mevi Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g GKB gvb I ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ GKB avivi wk¶vjv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Avek¨K|Õ IB ch©š—B, †Kv‡bv KwgkbB ej‡Q bv †h wfbœ wk¶v Kvh©µg msweavb j•N‡bi kvwgj| GgbwK †Kv‡bv miKvi †_‡KI †Kv‡bv †NvlYv Av‡m wb †h Zviv GKwU me©Rbxb GKB c×wZi MYgyLx wk¶vc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ÔGZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨ msweav‡bi †h A½xKvi Zv ev¯—evqb Ki‡eÕ|

Ae¯’vi DbœwZ †Zv `~‡ii K_v Ae¯’vi Av‡iv AebwZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖv_wgK wk¶vq wkw¶Z Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK, †kªwYMZ ˆelg¨ GZ`~i ch©š— †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q †h, †`k AvR HK¨e× nevi cwie‡Z©, GK mvsNvwZK nvbvnvwbi ch©v‡q DcbxZ| G †_‡K DËiY bv-NU‡j †`‡ki mvg‡b †h Av‡iv KZ wec` A‡c¶v K‡i Av‡Q Zv †K ej‡e ? G †_‡K DËi‡Yi c_ AvR †_‡K 57 eQi Av‡M RvwZms‡Ni †mB cÖ¯—vebvi g‡a¨B jywK‡q Av‡Q| Z_v Ôeywbqvw` I †gŠwjK ¯—i ch©š— wk¶v n‡Z n‡e eva¨Zvg~jK, A‰eZwbK, me©Rbxb, ˆelg¨nxb Ges †m wk¶v n‡e gvZ…fvlvq|Õ weMZ 57 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni IB me©Rbmgw_©Z wm×vš—wU G‡`‡k Av‡Rv Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq wb| Gi †P‡q `yf©v‡M¨i welq Avi Kx n‡Z cv‡i ?

RvwZmsN 1948 mv‡j IB wm×vš—wU MÖnY K‡i Pzc K‡i e‡m _v‡K wb| wewfbœ mg‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b AbywôZ wk¶v msµvš— †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi gva¨‡g welqwU‡K Av‡iv ¯^”Q K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| †hgb 1960 mv‡ji 14 b‡f¤^i †_‡K 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©š— c¨vwi‡m RvwZms‡Ni A½msMVb UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization) “Convention against Discrimination in Education” kxl©K GK `xN© Av‡jvPbv mfvq wgwjZ nq Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k eywbqvw` wk¶vi †¶‡Î †h ˆelg¨ weivR Ki‡Q Zvi Pzj‡Piv we‡k­lY K‡i 14 wW‡m¤^i 1960 mv‡j me©m¤§Zfv‡e †ek wKQz wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| IBme ˆel‡g¨i aib Ges Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ wKQz my`~icÖmvix mycvwikI K‡i| UNESCOÕi IB me©m¤§Zfv‡e M„nxZ mycvwikmg~n RvwZms‡Ni †h‡Kv‡bv m`m¨ iv‡óªi Rb¨ Aek¨ cvjbxq| wk¶vq Ôˆelg¨Õ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq wKsev Kxfv‡e ˆel‡g¨i m„wó nq †m m¤ú‡K© Article-1-G ejv nq, Ôthe term discrimination includes any distinction, exclusion, limitation or preference which being based on race, colour, sex, language, religious, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic condition or birth, has the purpose of effect or nullifying or impairing equality of treatment in education and in particular.

a) Of depriving any person or group of persons of access to education of any type or any level,

b) Of limiting any person or group of persons to education of an inferior standardÕ (4 : 1960 mv‡ji BD‡b‡¯‹v †NvlYv)

GKwU iv‡óª emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ KZfv‡e ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq, D³ †NvlYvq Zv ¯úó fvlvq D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½, fvlv QvovI ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i iv‡óª emevmKvix †h‡Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx| ivóª hw` †Kv‡bv we‡kl Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e m`q nq, Zvn‡j Zv Ab¨‡K ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i| mvaviYZ msL¨v¸i“ m¤cÖ`vq G my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i| d‡j msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq| ivóªcwZ Gikv` KZ…©K 8g ms‡kvabx GKwU ˆelg¨ m„wóKvix AvBb| IB ms‡kvabx‡Z ÔBmjvgÕ‡K ivóªag© †NvlYv K‡i Ab¨ ag©vej¤^x gvby‡li cÖwZ ˆelg¨ I Aegvbbv cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Article-4 G ejv nq, ÔThe State Parties to the Convention undertake furthermore to formulate, develop and apply a national policy, which by methods appropiate to the circumstances and to national usage, will tend to promote equality of opportunity and of treatment in the matter of education and particular: (a) To make primary education free and compulsary; make secondary education in its different forms generally available and accessible to all; make higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity; assure compliance by all with the obligation to attend school prescribed by law; (b) To ensure that the standards of education are equivalant in all public institutions of the same level and that the conditions relating to the quality of education provided are also equivalent.Õ

1952 mv‡j BD‡b‡¯‹v fvi‡Zi gy¤^vB‡q ‘Regional Conference on Free and Compulsory Primary Education in South Asia and the Pacific’ bv‡g GKwU Avš—R©vwZK †mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb K‡i Ges GKwU wbw`©ó ¯—i ch©š— A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi ci GKwU wek¦Rbxb, A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v Zz‡j a‡i| UNESCO GKB ai‡bi GKwU Avš—R©vwZK †mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb K‡i KivwP‡Z 1959 mv‡ji 28 wW‡m¤^i †_‡K 1960 mv‡ji 9 Rvbyqvwi ch©š—, hv KivwP cwiKíbv bv‡g L¨vZ| ÔRegional Meeting of Representative of Asia Member State on Primary and Compulsory and Free Primary Education of seven years or more within a period of not more than twenty years (1960-1980).Õ| 1962 mv‡j 2-10 GwcÖj †UvwKI‡Z Gwkqvi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi wk¶vgš¿xMY GK ˆeV‡K wgwjZ n‡q KivwP cwiKíbv ev¯—evq‡bi LyuwUbvwU welq wb‡q wePvi-we‡k­lY K‡ib Ges eva¨Zvg~jK-A‰eZwbK-me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K mvgwMÖK wk¶v KvVv‡gv Ges †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ e‡j †NvlYv †`b| ejv nq, ÔcÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K mgMÖ wk¶ve¨e¯’v †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB : GwU‡K mgMÖ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi eywbqvw` ¯—i wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z n‡e|Õ Ôwbi¶iZv `~ixKiYÕ-Gi Ici wk¶vgš¿x‡`i GK wek¦ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq †Zniv‡b 1965 mv‡ji 4-16 †m‡Þ¤^‡i| †m m‡¤§j‡bi cÖavb e³e¨ wQj ÔmvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mv¶iZv AR©b AwZ Ri“wi|Õ wk¶vgš¿x‡`i cÂg m‡¤§j‡b MINEDAP-V: Those Responsible for Economec Planning in Asia and the Pacific.Õ GB †m­vMvb DÌvcb K‡i †h ÔmK‡ji Rb¨ wk¶vÕ Ges wm×vš— †bq(

1. †Kej †`‡k bq, cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki Af¨š—‡i emvemiZ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ weivRgvb wk¶v‰elg¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e,

2. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m‡¤§j‡b wb‡Pi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš—¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv nq :

K. ÔmK‡ji Rb¨ weÁvbÕ †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e ;

L. wk¶v I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e ;

M. RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK ÁvbfvÊv‡ii DbœwZi m‡½ wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z n‡e ;

N. GKBm‡½ bZzb wk¶v Kvh©µg Dchy³fv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ avivevwnKfv‡e wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi aviv Pvjy ivL‡Z n‡e ;

O. AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv evwo‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e, BZ¨vw`|

BD‡b‡¯‹vi 20Zg mvaviY m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1985 mv‡j †mvwdqvq| †mLv‡b MINEDAP-V-Gi wbi¶Zv `~ixKiY Ges me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi Ici we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Ac©Y Kiv nq| G e¨vcv‡i Kvh©Ki Kg©cš’v wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ BD‡b‡¯‹vi gnvcwiPvj‡Ki Ici `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq| †mLv‡b D³ D‡Ïk¨ ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ Asia-Pacific Programme of Education for All (APPEAL) bv‡g GKwU Kg©cš’v MÖnY Kiv nq| 1987 mv‡ji 23 †deª“qvwi bqvw`wj­‡Z APPEAL AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| RvwZms‡Ni wm×vš— Abymv‡i 1986 mvj mvivwe‡k¦ Avš—R©vwZK mv¶iZv eQi wn‡m‡e we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i D`hvwcZ nq| ÔAvš—R©vwZK mv¶iZv eQiÕ-Gi g~j †m­vMvb wQj :

1. wbi¶iZv eZ©gv‡b cÖavb f~gÊjxq mgm¨v ;

2. wbi¶iZv cÖavbZ Abybœqb I `vwq‡Z¡i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| myZivs Dbœqb I gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi cÖavb kZ© wQj wbi¶iZv `~i Kiv ; Ges

3. wbi¶iZv †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi fvM¨ ev c~e©wba©vwiZ †Kv‡bv welq bq, hv `~i Kiv hvq bv| mgvR weeZ©‡bi gnvmo‡K GK GKUv mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, Avš—wiKZv I `~i`„wó Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖZ¨q (Commitment) wb‡q †j‡M _vK‡j Zv `~i Kiv m¤¢e I `~i Kiv n‡”QI|

APPEAL-Gi mv‡o wZb eQ‡ii AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Ômevi Rb¨ wk¶vÕi Ici IB wek¦ m‡¤§j‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶vq mevi AwfMg¨Zv Ges mevi cÖwZ mgvb g‡bv‡hv‡Mi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq Ges beŸB `k‡Ki Rb¨ mKj we`¨vjqMvgx wk¶v_x©i Rb¨ DbœZgv‡bi cÖv_wgK wk¶v †`qvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq Ges cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †¶‡Î wm×vš— M„nxZ nq †h, ÔPrimary Schooling can take the form of different modes of delivery (formal schools, traditional centres of learning, community centres etc.) but should be unitary in its outcome of standards and potentials for further education.Õ| A_©vr †hfv‡eB †`qv †nvK, cÖv_wgK wk¶v n‡e unitary A_©vr mevi Rb¨ mgvb Ges GKgyLx| 2000 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †h Uv‡M©U †eu‡a †`qv n‡jv, Zv n‡jv Ôeach country will strive to ensure that at least 80 percent of all 14 years old boys and girls attain a common level of learning achievement of primary education set by the respective national authorities.Õ|

Ôwk¶v cvIqvi AwaKvi mK‡ji Av‡QÕ( RvwZms‡Ni GB †NvlYv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 1990 mv‡ji 5-9 gvP© _vBj¨v‡Û UNESCO’i ZË¡veav‡b AbywôZ nq ÔWorld Declaration on Education For AllÕ m‡¤§jb| Ômviv we‡k¦ mKj eq‡mi bvix-cyi“‡li Rb¨ wk¶v n‡jv †gŠwjK AwaKviÕ GB Av`‡k© ejxqvb n‡q m‡¤§j‡b Article-3 Gi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Kiv nq †h mKj wkï, hyeK Ges eq¯‹ gvby‡li eywbqvw` wk¶v cvIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| wk¶v †¶‡Î mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨ mKj m`m¨ iv‡óªi `„p msKí MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| ÔAn active commitment must be made to removing educational disparity, Udeserved groups: the poor, street and working children, rural and remote populations, nomads and migrant workers, indenigious people, ehnic, racial and linguistic minority, religious, those displaced by war; and people under occupation, should not suffer any discrimination in access to learning opportuinityÕ| GQvov †g‡q‡`i wk¶v‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e Ges kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡`i wk¶vi g~javivq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|[?]

cwiwkó 6

wmWI Ges GgwWwR mb`

wmWI : (CEDAW: Conference for Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women)| Avgiv wmWIÕi bvix‡`i wei“‡× wewfbœ‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ wb‡h Av‡jvPbvq bv-wM‡q, wk¶v‡¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡k bvix-cyi“‡li g‡a¨ weivRgvb ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y wmWIÕi cÖ¯—ve¸‡jv †`L‡Z cvwi| mb‡`i 10 b¤^i AvwU©‡Kj ÔEqual rights in EducationÕ-G ejv n‡q‡Q( ÔGovernments will act to eliminate discrimination against women in education. This includes giving women equal access to education and vocational guidance; the same curriculum, examinations, standards for teaching and equipment; and equal access to scholarships and grants.Õ

wmWIÕi GB A½xKvi wk¶v‡¶‡Î mK‡ji ˆelg¨nxb mgvb AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi AvwU©‡Kjmg~n (17.K,L,M) Ges gvbevwaKvi i¶v welqK AvwU©‡Kj¸‡jvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †h, †Kej gvÎ ag©, RvwZ, wj½ I †kªwYi wfwˇZ Kv‡iv cÖwZ †Kv‡bviKg ˆelg¨ Kiv Pj‡e bv| evsjv‡`k wmWIÕi †NvlYvi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv cÖKvk K‡i wk¶vi †¶‡Î cÖv_wgK ¯—i †_‡K D”PZi ¯—‡i wj½ ˆelg¨ n«vmKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ wKQy wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i Ges wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †g‡q‡`i msL¨v cÖvq 50%-G DbœxZ n‡jI gva¨wgK, D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ †_‡K Avgiv GL‡bv A‡bK `~‡i| ga¨c‡_ cov †Q‡o †`qvi msL¨v (drop outs) †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i A‡bK †ewk, D”P¯—‡i GB e¨eavb µgk ea©gvb| gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i weÁvb wb‡q cov QvÎxi msL¨v Zvrch©gqfv‡e A‡bK Kg| KvwiMwi, K…wl I cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vq QvÎx fwZ© nvi †ek Kg, †gvUvgywU 9-10%| D”P¯—‡i bvix wk¶‡Ki msL¨v µgk Kg‡Z _v‡K| mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, gva¨wgK ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z bvix wk¶‡Ki msL¨v gvÎ 14%| GB P¨v‡jĸ‡jv mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv bv-Ki‡Z cvi‡j GB kZvãx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv Avš—R©vwZK ¯—‡i eyw×e„wËK PP©vq A‡bK wcwQ‡q co‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ we`¨gvb Áv‡bi dvivK EˇivËi †e‡oB Pj‡e| Avgiv ZvB g‡b Kwi, wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g GB ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ GKw`‡K †hgb cÖwZeQ‡i †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj ev‡RU cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e, Ab¨w`‡K GRb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv MÖn‡YiI cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

nvRvi eQ‡ii Awfj¶¨ I evsjv‡`k : ( MDG: Millenium Development Goal)

GKwesk kZvãx‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B AvMvgx kZ‡Ki P¨v‡jÄ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ †gvKvwejv Kivi j‡¶¨ RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M MÖnY Kiv nq ÔnvRvi-eQ‡ii Dbœqb Awfj¶¨Õ ev GgwWwR| wbgœwjwLZ 8wU Awfj¶¨ `dvq `dvq ev¯—evq‡bi R‡b¨ RvwZms‡Ni mKj m`m¨ iv‡óªi miKvi‡K cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z ejv nq| wek¦ †_‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e `ª“Z `vwi`ª¨-¶zav, wj½-ˆelg¨ wbg©~j K‡i mKj wek¦evmx‡K wkw¶Z K‡i Zz‡j wek¦‡K wbg©j †ivMgy³ cwi‡ek Dcnvi †`qv hv‡Z AwP‡iB m¤¢e nq| ms‡¶‡c Awfj¶¨¸‡jv n‡”Q :

1. Eradicate extreme povery abd hunger

2. Achieve universal primary educarion

3. Promote gender equality and empowerment

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Comat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental suatainability

8. Make global partnetship for development

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ AvMvgx 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †hme j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv n‡jv : ˆ`wbK 1 Wjv‡ii Kg AvqKvix RbM‡Yi msL¨v I ¶zavZ© gvby‡li msL¨v‡K Aš—Z 50% G bvwg‡q Avb‡Z n‡e (Awfj¶¨ 1) ; mKj †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e (Awfj¶¨ 1) ; cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vq we`¨gvb bvix-cyi“‡li ˆelg¨ Ac‡bv`b Ki‡Z n‡e ; wkïg„Zy¨i †¶‡Î wj½-ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb ; wkï Acywói wj½-ˆel‡g¨i wbg~©jxKiY ; gvZ…g„Zy¨i nvi kZKiv 75 fvM Kwg‡q Avbv ; mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖmeKvjxb-¯^v¯’¨‡mev cvIqv wbwðZKiY Ges `wi`ª I Amnvq gvbyl‡`i, we‡kl K‡i bvix I wkï‡`i wei“‡× PvwjZ `v½v-msNl©-mwnsmZv cy‡ivcywifv‡e wbg©~j Ki‡Z bv-cvi‡jI h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖwZnZKiY| Gme j¶¨gvÎv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GgwWwR wKQy wb‡`©kK m~PKI wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

Z…Zxq Awfj¶¨wU (bvix-cyi“l mgZv Z¡ivwš^ZKiY Ges bvixi ¶gZvqb) evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ AZxe Ri“wi, cÖZ¨vwkZ j¶gvÎv AR©‡bi cÖv_wgK avc n‡jv( Ô2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v ¯—‡i Ges 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ D”PZi ¯—‡i wj½-ˆelg¨ Ac‡bv`b|Õ evsjv‡`k Aek¨ fwZ©i †¶‡Î cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v ¯—‡i GB ˆelg¨ Ac‡bv`‡b ¯^w¯—Ki mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡jI wk¶vqZb †_‡K ÔS‡icovi nviÕ-G QvÎxiv GL‡bv GwM‡q| GLv‡b Avgiv †Kej GgwWwRi wk¶v-msµvš— welq¸‡jvi IciB Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv mxwgZ ivLjvg|

cwiwkó 7

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mvsweavwbK wm×vš—

Avgiv GZ¶Y †`Ljvg GKwU wbw`©ó ¯—i ch©š— wk¶v‡K A‰eZwbK, eva¨Zvg~jK, ag©-eY©-†kªwY-wj½-Rb¥ wbwe©‡k‡l me gvby‡li mvg‡b wk¶vi mgvb my‡hvM cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wek¦ms¯’vmg~n 1948 mvj †_‡K c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mgv‡ek, m‡¤§jb I wm‡¤úvwRqvg K‡i Avm‡Q| DbœZ †`kmg~‡n Gi wmsnfvM ev¯—evwqZ n‡jI Avgv‡`i †`‡ki g‡Zv AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi AwaKvsk †`‡k Zv AvR Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i wb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k Avš—wiK ivR‰bwZK cÖZ¨q I mw`”Qvi m‡½ Zvi ev¯—evq‡b mhZœ n‡jI mvgvwRK, ag©xq I A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y Zvi ev¯—evqb m¤¢e nq wb| Avgv‡`i †`k Zvi evB‡i bq| eis mvsweavwbKfv‡e 5g †kªwY ch©š— eva¨Zvg~jK, A‰eZwbK, me©Rbxb wk¶v Pvjy Kivi wm×vš— †NvwlZ n‡jI Zv A‡bKLvwb Ac~Y© i‡q‡Q, hw`I wKQy mvdj¨ †hgb †g‡q‡`i bxU fwZ©i nvi †Q‡j‡`i‡K AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q| †Kb ? wek¦ms¯’vmn †`‡ki †ek wKQz M‡elK Zv wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Avevi wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci ¯^vaxb nIqv A‡bK †`kB RvwZmsN I UNESCO’i wm×v‡š—i wec‡¶ wM‡q RvZ-cvZ-ag©-eY©-wj½-†kªwY wfwËK I wewfbœ avivi ˆelg¨g~jK wk¶ve¨e¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z ivóªhš¿‡K e¨envi Ki‡Q|

†h‡nZz ag© gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GKUv e‡ov Ask `Lj K‡i Av‡Q, †m‡nZz wk¶vq a‡g©i ¯’vb Kx n‡e, G wb‡q A‡bK †`‡kB `xN©w`b a‡i ZK©weZK© Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| ZvB GKwU AvaywbK, MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wk¶ve¨e¯’vq a‡g©i ¯’vb Kx n‡e, c„w_exi cÖvq cÖwZwU RvwZ-ivóªB G wel‡q mywbw`©ó wm×vš— wb‡q‡Q, hv Avgiv Dc‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|

Avgiv GZ¶Y GKgyLx me©Rbxb I A‰eZwbK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ I Zv Kvh©Ki Kivi wewfbœ Kg©ZrciZvi GK msw¶ß BwZnvm Zz‡j aijvg| GK_v AvR me©m¤§Zfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q †h GKwU HK¨e× RvwZmËv MV‡bi gva¨‡g †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× nevi Rb¨ †kªwY-ag©-eY©-m¤cÖ`vq, RvZ-cvZ, abx-wba©b-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l GKwU we‡kl ch©vq ch©š— GKgyLx, me©Rbxb I A‰eZwbK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖwZôvi weKí †bB| Gi Ab¨_v n‡j A_©vr cÖv_wgK wk¶v wewfbœ ˆelg¨g~jK †mªv‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡j mgv‡R emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi fvegvbm, RvwZmËvi m¤ú~Y©Zv †eva‡KB †Kej LwÊZ Kiv nq bv, RbM‡Yi wewfbœ Ask‡K D‡Ïk¨nxb msNvZgq ˆecix‡Z¨i g‡a¨I †V‡j †`qv nq| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev`x I mv¤cÖ`vwqK kw³i DÌvb Ges †`ke¨vcx AvZ¥NvZx mš¿vm I †evgv nvgjvi g‡Zv fqven NUbv GB wbg©g m‡Z¨i w`‡K A½ywj wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|

cwiwkó 8

Kg©kvjv, gZwewbgq I mv¶vrKvi †_‡K cÖvß gZvgZ I mycvwik

Avgiv †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mvaviY gvbyl, DbœqqbKg©x I †bZv, gvbevwaKvi-mwµq gvbyl, wk¶vbyivMx mgvR m‡PZb bvMwiK, wk¶K I Qv·`i mv‡_ gZvgZ wewbgq I Av‡jvPbv mfvq wgwjZ nB| GQvov wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡jR cwi`k©bKv‡j wk¶K, cÖavb wk¶K, cwiPvjbv KwgwUi m`m¨ Ges mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯—‡ii ¸wYR‡bi mv‡_ gZwewbgq Kwi| Gme gZwewbgq †_‡K D‡V Avmv gZvg‡Zi GKwU mvivsk GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

Av‡jvPbv mfv †_‡K cÖvß gZvgZ I mycvwik

cÖvK-cÖv_wgK

1. cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶v 4 eQi †_‡K ïi“ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î 1-3 eQi ch©š— wkï gvZ…‡Kv‡jB _vK‡e| Gmgq wkï‡`i wk¶vi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv wVK bq|

cÖv_wgK

1. †KD †KD e‡jb, cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡KB Bs‡iwR _vKv DwPZ, †KD e‡jb wØZxq †kªwY †_‡K, Avevi †KDev Bs‡iwR _vKvB DwPZ bq e‡jb|

2. cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡kvbv ¯‹z‡ji g‡a¨B mxgve× _vKv DwPZ|

3. bxwZwk¶v wØZxq †kªwY †_‡KB _vKv `iKvi, †KD †KD e‡jb 4_© †kªwY †_‡K|

4. eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvUeQi †gqvw` nIqv DwPZ|

5. cÖv_wgK wk¶v 1g-8g †kªwY ch©š— nIqv DwPZ|

6. 5g †kªwY †_‡K Z_¨cÖhyw³ Aš—f©y³ _vKv DwPZ|

7. cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡`i (we‡kl K‡i bvix wk¶K‡`i) Avevm‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

8. cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶K‡`i wbweo cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi|

gva¨wgK

1. gva¨wgK cix¶vq gvbeÈb n‡Z cv‡i GiKg( evsjv-200, Bs‡iwR-100, MwYZ-100, weÁvb-200 (hvi g‡a¨ wdwRK¨vj I ev‡qvjwRK¨vj welq Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e), mvgvwRK weÁvb-200 (Gi g‡a¨ f~‡Mvj, ivóªweÁvb, b„ZË¡, mgvRweÁvb _vK‡e), gvbweKZv-100 (Gi g‡a¨ BwZnvm I `k©b _vK‡e), dvBb AvU©m-100 A_©vr me©‡gvU b¤^i = 1000|

2. gva¨wgK ¯—‡i ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ_v‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Gi ¯’‡j k~b¨¯’vb c~iY, wecixZ kã, nu¨v/bv BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z cv‡i|

3. gva¨wgK ch©vq lô †_‡K Øv`k ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i, Gici _vK‡e D”Pwk¶v ¯—i|

4. gva¨wg‡K Bs‡iwR 200 b¤^‡ii bv n‡q 100 b¤^‡ii n‡Z cv‡i|

wk¶K cÖwk¶Y I wb‡qvM welqK

1. wk¶K‡`i Rb¨ †`‡k I we‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. eZ©gv‡b †h wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b A‡bK Am½wZ Ges Ae¨e¯’vcbv †`Lv hvq| hvi d‡j cÖwk¶Y wb‡qI wk¶Kiv fv‡jv wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gme Am½wZ `~i K‡i wbqwgZ cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avgv‡`i gš—e¨ : wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µ‡g †ek AmsMwZ I Ae¨e¯’vcbv we`¨gvb| Gi d‡j cÖwk¶Y wb‡qI wk¶v`v‡bi gvb evo‡Q bv( Ggb Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q, we‡kl K‡i cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ¯—‡i hviv wk¶v`‡b e¨vc„Z| Avgv‡`i ch©‡e¶Y n‡jv( wk¶K‡`i cÖvß cÖwk¶Y K¬vmi“‡g ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡”Q bv| d‡j †KvwU †KwU UvKvi AcPq n‡”Q| GwU †Kej cÖ‡gvk‡bi Dcvq ev PvKzwi ¯’vqxKi‡Yi Dcvq wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Avgiv Avkv ivLwQ, Avgv‡`i 2q c‡e©i cÖ¯—vebvq G wb‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e|

gv`ªvmv/ag©wk¶v

1. ag©wk¶v‡K ¯‹zjcvV¨ bv KivB DwPZ| GwU Ava¨vwZ¥K welq| agx©q wk¶v wewfbœ a‡g©i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ wefvRb ˆZwi K‡i|

2. mKj a‡g©i g~jbxwZ wb‡q me©Rbxb GKUv ag©xq wk¶v _vK‡Z cv‡i|

3. ¯‹y‡j †h wm‡jevm Av‡Q gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z †mB wm‡jevm Pvjy Ki‡j wk¶vi e¨eavb A‡bK K‡g hv‡e|

4. gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K g~j wk¶vi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

Avgv‡`i gš—e¨ : Avgiv gv`ªvmv wk¶v wb‡q we¯—…Z Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Ges G m¤ú‡K© my¯úó mycvwik K‡iwQ, hvi mv‡_ Dc‡ii gš—e¨¸‡jvi mv‡_ Lye GKUv gZv‰bK¨ †bB|

Ab¨vb¨

1. Avgv‡`i wk¶v nIqv DwPZ ag©wbi‡c¶|

2. †`‡k †h 11 iK‡gi wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q Zv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

3. wk¶v-ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶vwe` QvovI Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi e¨vw³‡`i mgš^‡q KvRUv Kiv DwPZ|

4. G‡`‡ki Drcv`‡bi cÖavb Drm n‡jv K…wl| GRb¨ K…wlwfwËK wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. cvV¨cy¯—‡K †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK welq¸‡jv wek`fv‡e Avb‡Z n‡e Ges Gme Z‡_¨i ¯^”QZv _vK‡Z n‡e|

6. wkóvPv‡ii Rb¨ 50-100 b¤^i _vKv DwPZ|

7. wj½ wk¶v, bvMwiK AwaKvi GB welq¸‡jv cvVµ‡g _vKv `iKvi|

8. †RjLvbvq †hme bvix K‡qw` i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`iI wk¶vi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

9. mykxj mgv‡Ri mgš^‡q GKUv wk¶v-Kwgkb MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|

10. eZ©gv‡b †h †MÖwWs wm‡÷g Pvjy n‡q‡Q Zv ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

11. KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ wk¶vi cvkvcvwk †jvKvqZ wk¶v‡KI ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

12. wj½mgZv Avb‡Z wKQy kã †hgb QvÎ-QvÎx, wk¶K-wkw¶Kv( G¸‡jv e¨envi bv K‡i wk¶v_x©, wk¶K GB Uvg©¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

13. wk¶v‡¶‡Î ev‡RU Av‡iv evov‡Z n‡e Ges wk¶K‡`i †eZbfvZvmn Ab¨vb¨ myweavw` ˆelg¨nxbfv‡e evov‡Z n‡e|

14. †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ e¨w³ wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡”Q wK bv Zv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv `iKvi|

15. QvÎQvÎx‡K wk¶vbyivMx wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ AwffveK‡`i, we‡kl K‡i MÖv‡g emevmKvix AwffveK‡`i m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|

16. msweavb‡K mnRfv‡e cvV¨m~wP‡Z Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D”P-gva¨wgK ch©š— cvV¨m~wP‡Z gvbevwaKvi I AvBb welq m¤ú„³ Kiv DwPZ|

17. cvV¨m~wP‡Z cwi‡e‡ki K_v _vK‡e, b`x-MvQ-cvwL-cvnvo BZ¨vw`i K_v _vK‡e, hv‡Z QvÎQvÎxiv G¸‡jvi mv‡_ fv‡jvfv‡e cwiwPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

18. wk¶K‡`i Revew`wnZvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

19. we`¨vj‡q QvÎQvÎx Abycv‡Z wk¶‡Ki msL¨v wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

20. ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri Mfwb©s ewW‡Z mywkw¶Z †jvK‡K Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZôv‡bi Ici †_‡K cÖkvm‡bi ¶gZv Kwg‡q KwgwU‡K ¶gZv w`‡Z n‡e|

21. †KvwPs †m›Uvi e‡Üi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

22. cÖPwjZ cix¶vc×wZ cwieZ©b I eZ©gvbavivq cvewjK cix¶v ivLv wVK wK bv Zv cybwe©‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

23. QvÎQvÎx‡`i weÁvbgb¯‹ wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU _vbvq Aš—Z 1wU fv‡jv ¯‹z‡j †Uwj‡¯‹vc ivLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

24. fv‡jv wk¶K MÖv‡g _vKvi mye¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wk¶K‡`iI MÖv‡g hvIqvi Rb¨ gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e|

25. wk¶v-cÖwZôv‡b RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i hy³ _vKv DwPZ wK bv Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

26. mn-welqmg~n wk¶vi g~j‡mªv‡Zi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

27. wk¶K‡`i mg‡qvc‡hvMx †eZb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

28. gva¨wgK ¯—‡i evsjv I Bs‡iwR Dfq gva¨gB _vK‡Z n‡e| D”Pwk¶v evsjv fvlvq †`qv n‡e wK bv Zv we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|

29. Avw`evmx, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx Ges c_wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv `iKvi|

30. cvV¨m~wP‡Z wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i Dc‡hvMx welq ivLv DwPZ|

31. Avw`evmxiv hv‡Z gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶vMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB e¨e¯’v _vKv DwPZ|

32. wk¶ve¨e¯’v †Kgb nIqv DwPZ Zv msweav‡b Aš—fy©³ _vKv `iKvi|

33. wk¶ve¨e¯’v n‡e cÖvwZôvwbK, eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK|

34. wk¶K‡`i fv‡jv wk¶v`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i DrmvwnZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖavb wk¶K‡`i mv‡_ ˆeV‡Ki gva¨‡g wk¶v‡¶‡Îi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv `iKvi|

mewgwj‡q Avgiv cÖvq †`o kZvwaK gZvgZ I mycvwik †c‡qwQ mviv †`k †_‡K gZvgZ wewbg‡qi wfwˇZ| GLv‡b †Kej G¸‡jvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq¸‡jvi mvivsk DÌvcb Kiv n‡jv| A‡bK e³e¨ wQj Awfbœ I cybive„wËg~jK, †hgb wk¶K cÖwk¶Y, wk¶K †eZb I Abvb¨ myweavwa, wk¶vi gvb wb‡q DrKÉv, gvbm¤úbœ wk¶K wb‡qvM wb‡q DrKÉv, wk¶vi †¶‡Î bvix-cyi“l ˆelg¨, ag©wk¶v, wkóvPvi I bxwZ wk¶v, Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vq Bs‡iwR fvlvi ¯’vb I wk¶vi evnb wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwRi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Kvh©KviZv BZ¨vw` cÖm‡½|

Avgv‡`i e³e¨ : Avgiv DÌvwcZ wel‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`‡bi h_vh_ ¯’v‡b Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ &Ges gZvgZ e¨³ K‡iwQ| †hme welq wb‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv nq wb, †hgb wk¶K cÖwk¶Y, eq¯‹ wk¶v, cÖkvmwbK I cwiPvjbv welqvw`, cix¶Y I g~j¨vqb c×wZ BZ¨vw`, †mme mgm¨v wb‡q Avgiv Avgv‡`i 2q c‡e© wek` Av‡jvPbv Kie| wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i e³e¨ Lye my¯úó| bxwZ wn‡m‡e wk¶v`v‡bi me©‡¶‡Î GgbwK D”PZi M‡elYv‡ZI gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e evsjv| Z‡e Áv‡bi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kvLv, †hgb wPwKrmv weÁvb ev AvBb kv‡¯¿ bvbvwea Kvi‡Y evsjv fvlvq wk¶v w`‡j hw` g‡b nq wk¶vi gvb n«vm cv‡”Q ev h‡_vchy³fv‡e wk¶K wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡Qb bv, †m †¶‡ÎB †Kej Bs‡iwR‡Z wk¶v`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †mB mv‡_ wk¶‡Ki Ici Ges IB kv¯¿mg~n wk¶vi mv‡_ `vwqZ¡kxj KZ…©c¶ †hgb miKvi, wek¦we`¨vjq cÖf„wZ ms¯’vi Ici `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i GKwU cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g †mme `~i Kiv Ges `ª“Z evsjv‡Z GB welh¸‡jv cov‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

wk¶v MÖnY m¤ú‡K© Ôwk¶v my‡hvM bq AwaKviÕ( GB bxwZ‡Z Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi| eq‡mi †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q ev Ae¯’vb †_‡K, Zv †m c_wkïB †nvK Kx eq¯‹ gvbylB †nvK, mK‡jiB wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Aek¨B my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

cwiwkó 9

wewkóRb‡`i gZvgZ

mvaviY wk¶K, AwffveK I mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯—‡ii wk¶vbyivMx gvbyl‡`i gZvgZ MÖn‡Yi cvkvcvwk, †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Av‡jvPbv mfv K‡i ev Av‡jvPbv mfvi evB‡i mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g †ekwKQy wewkóR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Avgiv cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶ve¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© cÖwZwµqv I AwfgZ msMÖn Kwi| Avgiv †mme ¸wYR‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv Zz‡j aiwQ Ges Zv‡`i gZvg‡Zi msw¶ßmvi (webv gš—‡e¨) DׄZ KiwQ|

gqgbwms‡n AbywôZ Kg©kvjv

17 GwcÖj 2006, gqgbwmsn †Rjv cwil` wgjbvqZb

mfvcªavb : Aa¨¶ G.†K.Gg. kvgmyj Avjg

W. ARq ivq, gyL¨ M‡elK

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W. †kL wRbvZ Avjx, Aa¨vcK, gqgbwmsn K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq

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Avwgi Avn‡¤§` †PŠayix, Aa¨¶, gyKzj wb‡KZb

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cÖ‡dmi †gvKviig †nv‡mb, cÖwk¶Ywe`, Aa¨¶ (AemicÖvß), wUwU K‡jR

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W. gvi“dx Lvb, Aa¨¶, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg K‡jR

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Aa¨¶ kvnve DÏxb, gymwjg evwjKv D”P-we`¨jq I K‡jR

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kvnv`vr †nv‡mb Lvb wnjy, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡ I mwPe, eûiƒcx bvU¨ †Mvôx

GB cÖ¯—ve¸‡jvi ev¯—evqb m¤¢e bq, hw`-bv ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi †mKy¨jvi me©Rbxb GKgyLx wk¶v cÖeZ©‡bi ivR‰bwZK cÖZ¨q _v‡K| GRb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi Øvi Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

mvweŸi AvRv`, A¨vW‡fv‡KU, †Rjv RR †KvU©, gqgbwmsn

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†di‡`Šm Aviv gvngy`v, wk¶K I mvaviY m¤úv`K, gwnjv cwil`, gqgbwmsn

GB cÖ¯—ve ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ ivRbxwZwe`‡`i wb‡q Av‡jvPbvq em‡Z n‡e| Ôwk¶v my‡hvM bq AwaKviÕ( GB cÖZ¨q ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q bv| Avgvi g‡b nq, mykxj mgvR msm‡` bv-†M‡j Gi ev¯—evqb m¤¢e n‡e bv|

bRi“j Bmjvg Pzbœy, A¨vW‡fv‡KU, †Rjv RR †KvU©, gqgbwmsn

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Rbve Aveyj Kv‡mg, †Rjv wk¶v Awdmvi (AemicÖvß)

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†Mvjvg †gv¯—dv, mgš^qKvix, AviwWGm

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W. ARq ivq, gyL¨ M‡elK

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G.†K.Gg. kvgmyj Avjg, mv‡eK Aa¨¶, Avb›`‡gvnb K‡jR

mfvcwZi fvl‡Y wZwb e‡jb, GiKg GKwU D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvBBwW I M‡elK‡`i ab¨ev`| wk¶vi mew`K ¯úk© K‡i GKwU c~Y©v½ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi iƒc‡iLv Zz‡j aiv GKwU cÖksmbxq KvR| Z‡e ev¯—evq‡bi mgm¨v Av‡Q| wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡j ivR‰bwZK A½xKv‡ii `iKvi i‡q‡Q| Avgiv PvB weÁvbgb¯‹, Kzms¯‹vinxb, BwZnvm m‡PZb, ˆelg¨nxb GKwU wk¶ve¨e¯’v, †hLv‡b mK‡ji Rb¨ wk¶v MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _vK‡e| GKUv wbw`©ó ¯—i ch©š— eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶ve¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi| mK‡ji Rb¨ miKvi‡K eva¨Zvg~jK A‰eZwbK wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ¯—vweZ iƒc‡iLvwU‡K RbwcÖq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cyw¯—KvKv‡i †`‡ki me©Î Qwo‡q †`qv, GKwU Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AbyK~j mgq G‡j nqZ ev¯—evq‡bi my‡hvM Avm‡e| GB Avkv‡ZB KvR Kiv|

PÆMÖv‡g AbywôZ Kg©kvjv

29 GwcÖj 2006, BwÄwbqvm© Bbw÷wUDkb wgjbvqZb, PÆMÖvg

mfvcªavb : Aa¨vcK Abycg †mb

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bygvb Avn¤§` Lvb, wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, AvBBwW

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Gici AvBBwWi mgš^qKvix kvnbvR mygx cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶ve¨e¯’vwUi iƒc‡iLvi msw¶ßmvi Zz‡j a‡ib|

wRqvDwÏb Zv‡iK Avjx, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡, gvbevwaKvi †bZv

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Aveyj †gv‡gb, wk¶K, mvsevw`K, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡

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¯‹z‡j †hme wRwbm _vKv `iKvi Zv n‡jv( nji“g, †Ljvi gvV, cvVvMvi, jvB‡eªwi, M‡elYvMvi| QvÎ-wk¶‡Ki AbycvZ Kx n‡e Zvi GKUv w`K wb‡`©kbv _vKv `iKvi| wk¶K cÖwk¶Y‡K Av‡iv m„wókxj K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|

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kxjv †gv‡gb, ms¯‹…wZ Kgx© I wk¶K, dzjwK, PÆMÖvg

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W. Gm. G. mvgv`, A_©bxwZwe`, cÖv³b gyL¨ mwPe

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Aa¨vcK Abycg †mb, mgvRweÁvb wefvM, PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq

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W. ARq ivq, gyL¨ M‡elK

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Gg Avi LvBi“j Dgvg, mfvcwZ, AvBwWBwe, h‡kvi

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wmivRM‡Ä AbywôZ Kg©kvjv

31 †g 2006, †cŠimfv wgjbvqZb, wmivRMÄ

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• ¯‹z‡j bxwZwk¶v bv‡g †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ welq Aš—f©y³ nIqv DwPZ bq|

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• M‡elYvwbf©i cÖwZ‡e`bwUi c×wZMZ Dc¯’vcbv AZ¨š— mg„× I ˆeÁvwbK| msweav‡b wk¶v m¤ú‡K© †h K_v I wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q Zv ev¯—evqb nq wb, d‡j wk¶v‡¶‡Î bvbv ai‡bi ˆbivR¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q| wk¶vi bv‡g miKvi hZ¸‡jv cÖKí nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q Zvi AwaKvskB wk¶vi Dbœq‡b Kv‡R Av‡m wb|

• wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q †hb wk¶v_©x wek¦gv‡bi wk¶v AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mwUB nIqv DwPZ wk¶vi j¶¨| wk¶vhZb¸‡jv‡Z G ai‡bi my‡hvM Avgv‡`i m„wó Ki‡ZB n‡e( wk¶‡Ki gv‡b, fv‡jv cvV¨cy¯—K iPbvq I wk¶vi DcKi‡Y| wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z B-jvwb©s cÖ_v Pvjy I Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_vI Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb wk¶K wb‡qvM cÖ_v ΓwUc~Y©( G‡¶‡Î ¯^”QZv Avb‡Z n‡e| wb‡hv‡Mi mgq Aš—Z kZKiv cÂvk fvM ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e K¬vm †bIqvi `¶Zvi Ici|

• wk¶K‡`i †kªwYK‡¶ Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv `iKvi, Qv·`iI †hb GB g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z f~wgKv _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU hyrmB QvÎ-wk¶K AbycvZ wba©vwiZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb, hv‡Z wk¶KMY cÖwZwU wk¶v_©xi ¯^Zš¿ mgm¨vi Ici bRi w`‡Z cv‡ib|

• A‡b‡K e‡j‡Qb D”P-gva¨wgK c‡e© e„wËg~jK wk¶vq evwYwR¨K wk¶v‡KI Aš—f©~³ Kiv `iKvi| †hgb, Ôsmall business managementÕ †Kvm©| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, gva¨wg‡K 100 b¤^‡ii A_©bxwZ I †gŠwjK e¨emvq bxwZ wel‡q 100 b¤^‡ii GKwU welq weÁvb kvLvq Aš—f©y³ Kiv `iKvi|

• wk¶v‡¶‡Î cvewjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× I †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i Av‡iv †ewk K‡i m¤ú„³ Kiv `iKvi e‡j A‡b‡K gZcÖKvk K‡ib|*

cwiwkó 10

wk¶v wb‡q Ávbx gvbyl‡`i fvebv

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AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb

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G. Gb †nvqvBU‡nW

MwYZÁ `vk©wbK G. Gb †nvqvBU‡nW ms¯‹„wZ I we‡klÁ Áv‡bi Ici AwaK ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z e‡jb, ÔA merely well informed man is the most useless born in God’s earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction.|Õ wZwb wk¶v‡K GKwU cweÎ ag©xq (religious) welq e‡j we‡ePbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔThe essence of education is that it be religious. Pray, what is religious education? A religious education is on education which inculcates duty and reverence. Duty arises from our potential control over the course of events. Where attainath knowledge could have changed the issue, ignorance has the guilt of viceÕ**

evUª©vÛ iv‡mj

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¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`

wewkó mgvR ms¯‹viK I wPš—vwe` we‡eKvb‡›`i g‡Z, gvbyy‡li g‡a¨ †h c~Y©Z¡ cÖ_g †_‡KB Av‡Q ZviB cÖKvk mvabv‡K e‡j wk¶v| Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨ c_ †_‡K IB evav¸‡jv‡K mwi‡q †`Iqv| wkï‡`i wk¶v w`‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i cÖwZ AMva wek¦vmm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e wk¶K‡K( cÖ‡Z¨K wkïB Abš— (Ck¦ixq) kw³i AwaKvix, †mB myß kw³‡K RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡eKvb‡›`i `„wó‡Z wk¶vi Ab¨ w`K¸‡jv n‡jv(

• ...wewfbœ wPš—vkw³‡K Ggbfv‡e wb‡Ri K‡i wb‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z Rxeb I PwiÎ M‡o I‡V, gvbyl ˆZwi nq|

• wk¶v n‡e BwZevPK( cwRwUf AvBwWqv¸‡jv mÂvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

• `ye©jZv m„Rb cÖK…Z wk¶v bq|

• AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi wk¶v cÖ`vb|

• RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y wk¶v, Avi `wi‡`ªi Rb¨ wk¶vi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨|

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

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gnvZ¥v MvÜx

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ˆmq` Aveyj †nv‡mb

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...cÖvBgvix we`¨vjq¸‡jvi Ae¯’v wbZvš— †kvPbxq| RvwZi m~wZKvMvi n‡”Q H¸‡jv, †mLv‡bB RvwZi fwel¨r( †mLv‡bB gyw³i evnb m„wó nq ; fwel¨r gvby‡li wfwË cËb nq †mBLv‡b| ...Awfkvc n‡”Q( AZx‡Zi AÜ †gvn| ...wK wn›`y, wK gymjgvb, Df‡qB Zv‡`i AZx‡Zi BwZnv‡mi cv‡b ZvwK‡q eZ©gv‡bi A¶gZv I ˆ`‡b¨i j¾v‡K †X‡K ivL‡Q| wn›`y g‡b Ki‡Q, cÖvPxb wn›`y AvaywbK RM‡Zi wKQyB nvwmj Ki‡Z evKx iv‡L wb| Avevi gymjgvb g‡b Ki‡Q( cÖvPxb gymjgvb mf¨Zvi Pi‡g †cuŠ‡QwQj| ZvB wn›`y Pv‡”Q cÖvPxb wn›`yZ¡‡K cybR©xweZ Ki‡Z, gymjgvb Pv‡”Q cÖvPxb Bmjvg‡K cybtcÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z| ...(Avi GKwU) Awfkvc n‡”Q( Avgv‡`i DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß ms¯‹vi-aviYv I Z¾vZ avZ| wn›`y I gymwjg Df‡qiB aviYv I ms¯‹vi c„_K| wn›`yi aviYv wn›`yi cÖvPxb BwZnvm ag©kv¯¿ n‡Z Ges gymjgv‡bi aviYv gymwj‡gi BwZnvmI ag©kv¯¿ n‡Z Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| EfqB Avevi Rb¥jvf K‡i hy‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i|Ó*

KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb

wewkó wk¶vwe`, eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖvYcyi“l KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb e‡j‡Qb, Avgiv MZ wÎk `k‡K KZUv ms¯‹…Zevb, wkw¶Z, mf¨ Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z ¯^q¤¢i n‡Z †c‡iwQ †m K_v Avwg ej‡Z cvie bv, †m wel‡q ej‡Z cv‡ib Avgv‡`i wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ Ges A_© welqK gš¿Yvjq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cwimsL¨vb we`¨vi RbK KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ej‡Zb, Ô†Kvb RvwZ KZUv mf¨, Zv wbY©q Kivi me‡P‡q DrK…ó gvcKvwV n‡”Q Zvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v, cvV¨cy¯—K I mvaviY mvwnZ¨|Õ Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vq †h ˆ`b¨`kv cwiù~U Zv †_‡K AuvP Kiv `ytmva¨ bq KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi gvcKvwV‡Z Avgiv KZUv mf¨ n‡qwQ| †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb, Ô...(RvwZi) fwel¨r ¯’vvwqZ¡ I DbœwZi Rb¨ wkï, wK‡kvi... G‡`i Dchy³fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i w`‡Z nq| GB †k‡lv³ KvRwU eZ©gvb wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Dc‡iB me©vwaK wbf©i K‡i| ZvB wk¶ve¨e¯’vi GZ ¸i“Z¡|Õ KvRx mv‡ne Av‡iv ej‡Zb, Ôgv‡qi †cU †_‡K c‡oB wkïi wk¶v Avi¤¢ nq| wKš‘ GiI Av‡M wcZvgvZvi g‡bve„wË, cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©... BZ¨vw`i cÖfve wKQyUv DËivwaKvi-m~‡Î wkïi Dci e‡Z©| GB Kvi‡Y eq¯‹‡`i wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|Ó KvRx mv‡ne g‡b Ki‡Zb, †h wk¶v eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Av‡Q Zv wbR‡`‡k Avgv‡`i cievmx K‡i †Zv‡j, Ô...Avgiv we‡`kxi m‡½ Aek¨B m¤úK© ivLe, wKš‘ ZvB e‡j wb‡Ri †`‡k wb‡RivB we‡`kx e‡b †h‡Z ivRx bB| †h wk¶v Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †jvK‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z †kLvq ev Zv‡`i‡K †kvlY Kivi cÖe„wË †RvMvq, †m `yó wk¶v †_‡K Avgv‡`i kZn¯— `~‡i _vKv `iKvi|Õ

weÁ cwimsL¨vbwe` eûKvj Av‡M †h Avk¼v cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb †mB `yó wk¶vB AvR `yó¶‡Zi g‡Zv `yó gvby‡li gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri Kuv‡a †P‡c e‡m‡Q|

myfvlP›`ª emy

wk¶v m¤ú‡K© †bZvRx myfvlP›` emy e‡j‡Qb, Avgiv cÖvqB ïwbqv _vwK( QvÎvbvs Aa¨qbs Zct( Aa¨qbB QvÎRxe‡bi Zcm¨v| GB eP‡bi †`vnvB w`qv QvÎw`‡Mi †`k‡mevi Kvh© nB‡Z wbi¯— ivwLevi †Póv A‡b‡KB Kwiqv _v‡Kb| Aa¨hb †KvbI w`b Zcm¨v nB‡Z cv‡i bv| Aa¨q‡bi A_© KZK¸‡jv MÖš’ cvV I KZK¸‡jv cix¶v cvk| Bnvi Øviv gvbyl ¯^Y©c`K jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i( nq‡Zv eo PvKzix cvB‡Z cv‡i( wKš‘ gbyl¨Z¡ AR©b Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| cy¯—K cvV Kwiqv Avgiv D”Pfve ev Av`k© wk¶v Kwi‡Z cvwi( GK_v mZ¨ wKš‘ †mme fve †h ch©š— Avgiv Dcjwä I ü`q½g Kwiqv Kv‡h© cwiYZ bv Kwi‡ZwQ †m ch©š— Avgv‡`i PwiÎ MVb nB‡Z cv‡i bv| Zcm¨vi D‡Ïk¨ mZ¨‡K Dcjwä Kiv( kªeY, gbb, wbw`a¨vmb cÖf„wZ Dcv‡q Z`fvweZ nBqv m‡Z¨i mwnZ wgwkqv hvIqv| †m Ae¯’vq gvbyl hLb †cuŠQvq ZLb Zvnvi Rxe‡bi iƒcvš—i nq| †m ZLb Rxe‡bi cÖK…Z A_© I D‡Ïk¨ eywS‡Z cv‡i Ges Aš—j©ä b~Zb kw³ I Av‡jv‡Ki Øviv †m b~Zb c‡_ b~Zbfv‡e Zvnvi Rxeb wbqwš¿Z K‡i| Giƒc mvabvq wmw×jvf Kwi‡Z nB‡j Aí eqm nB‡ZB KvR Avi¤¢ Kiv|(

kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

RbwcÖq K_vmvwnwZ¨K kirP‡›`ªi `„wó‡Z †h wk¶vc×wZi ga¨ w`‡q GKRb wk¶v_©x gvbyl n‡q I‡V ZvB cÖK…Z wk¶v| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb Bs‡iR cÖewZ©Z wk¶v †_‡K Zv cvIqv m¤¢e bq| Ò†`ok eQi a‡i Zvwjg †`Iqv Pj‡Q, wKš‘ gvbyl Avi njvg bv| ...†h wk¶vq gvbyl mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© gvbyl n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i( Zv Zviv Avgv‡`i †`q wb, †`‡e bv Ges Avgvi wek¦vm w`‡Z cv‡iI bv| ...†c‡qwQ †Kej GB wk¶v( hv‡Z wb‡R‡`i me©wel‡q AeÁv Ges Zv‡`i hv wKQy mg‡¯—i c‡iB Avgv‡`i Mfxi kª×v R‡b¥ †M‡Q|

cwð‡gi mf¨Zvi GKUv g¯— g~jgš¿ n‡”Q Ôstandard of livingÕ e‡ov Kiv| ...I‡`i mgvRbxwZi †h ÔinterpretationÕ-B †`qv hvK, Zvi Avmj K_v n‡”Q abx nIqv| ...G abx nIqvi A_© Z †Kej msMÖn KivB bq| m‡½ m‡½ cÖwZ‡ekx‡KI †Zgb abnxb K‡i †ZvjvI Gi Ab¨ D‡Ïk¨|Ó wZwb Ab¨Î cybivq e‡j‡Qb, Ô...G †`‡ki ivRvi gv_vi †Kvwnbyi †_‡K cvZv‡ji Z‡j Kqjv ch©š—, †hLv‡b hv wKQy Av‡Q wKQyB Zvi `„wó Govq wb| ...GB Zvi mf¨Zvi g~j wkKo| GB w`‡qB †m Zvi mgvR-‡`‡ni mg¯— mf¨Zvi im †kvlY K‡i|

BD‡ivc I fvi‡Zi wk¶vi we‡iva Avm‡j GBLv‡b,( GB g~‡j| Avgv‡`i FwlevK¨ hZ fvjB †nvK Zviv †b‡e bv, KviY Zv‡Z Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb †bB| †m Zv‡`i mf¨Zvi we‡ivax| Avi Zv‡`i wk¶v Zviv Avgv‡`i †`‡e bv( K_vUv ïb‡Z Lvivc wKš‘ mZ¨| Avi w`‡jI Zvi †hUzKz wf¶v †mUzKz bv †bIqvB fv‡jv|Õ wZwb Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb, Ô...we`¨v Ges we`¨vjq GK e¯‘ bq| wk¶v I wk¶v cÖYvjx G-`y‡Uv Avjv`v wRwbm| myZivs †Kvb GKUv Z¨vM KivB AciUv eR©b Kiv bq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i we`¨vjq QvovB we`¨vjv‡fi eo c_| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z K_vUv D‡ëv g‡b n‡jI mZ¨ nIqv Am¤¢e bq|Õ*

m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy

AvaywbK †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vq‡bi RbK m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy wk¶v wb‡q cÖPzi †jLv wj‡L‡Qb, eû e³…Zv w`‡q‡Qb| mvivRxeb wZwb gvZ…fvlv evsjvq Ávb-weÁvb PP©vi K_v I wk¶v`v‡bi K_v e‡j G‡m‡Qb| wkï‡`i wk¶v wb‡qI wZwb A‡bK fvebv-wPš—v K‡i‡Qb| wkï‡`i cov‡bv wb‡q cÖvq lvU eQi Av‡M wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔÁvb D‡b¥‡li ci wkï hLb Zvi Pvicv‡ki RM‡Zi w`‡K ZvwK‡q †`‡L ZLb gb Zvi Pig we¯§‡q f‡i I‡V| Pvicv‡k hv wKQy †m †`‡L, meB Zvi Kv‡Q inm¨gq e‡j g‡b nq, Zvi †KŠZ~njx g‡b KZ cÖkœB bv Rv‡M| GR‡b¨ wkï‡`i wk¶vi fvi hv‡`i nv‡Z Av‡Q, Zv‡`i DwPZ mvaviYZ nv‡Zi Kv‡Q †hme wRwbm cvIqv hvq, hv †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i gb‡K AvKl©Y K‡i( †h‡Kvb dzj, jZvcvZv, cvwL Ggwb me UzK‡iv-wRwb‡mi Ici bRi w`‡Z †kLv‡bv| KvR Aek¨ k³| wk¶K‡`i wb‡R‡`i gb‡K †QvU‡`i †KŠZ~njx g‡bi i‡m iwm‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Zvi Rb¨ PvB wk¶K‡`i GKUv ¯^vfvweK ¶gZv AR©b Kiv, hv‡Z Zuviv Qv·`i m‡½ mn‡R wgk‡Z cv‡ib|Õ

ÔcÖK…wZi m‡½ cwiPq ivL‡Z †M‡j wkïi g‡b mevi Av‡M RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e †KŠZ~nj Zv‡`i bZzb bZzb wRwbm msMÖ‡ni fvi w`‡Z n‡e| ...Avwg †`wL weÁvb m¤ú‡K© Aíeq¯‹ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Ggb me eo eo K_v ejv nq, hv ïb‡j Avgv‡`iB cÖv‡Y AvZ¼ Av‡m|...

Avmj K_v, weÁvb †Kb Avgv‡`i wk¶v †`Iqv nq ? ev¯—e m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i aviYvUv LuvwU n‡e e‡j| ...weÁvb Avgv‡`i GUzKzz wkL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ †h mZ¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q, weÁvb †m mZ¨‡KB D˜NvwUZ K‡i †`q| Avgv‡`i g‡bi evB‡i †Kvb wKQ~ N‡U †M‡jB †mUv †Kvb †`e`vb‡ei KxwZ© n‡e Ggb g‡b Kivi †Kvb KviY †bB| ...AmyL Ki‡jB hw` Avgiv g‡b Kwi †h, G wbZvš— ˆ`‡ei NUbv, †`eZvi mš‘wó mvab Qvov Avgv‡`i Avi wKQ~B Kivi †bB G‡Z, Z‡e Avgv‡`i wU‡K _vKv k³ n‡e|Õ

Qv·`i Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv I e¨_©Zv cÖm‡½ weÁvbvPvh© `vqx K‡i‡Qb gyL¨Z wk¶K‡`i, Ô`vqx Avgiv wk¶Kiv, Avgiv Zv‡`i mvg‡b e¯‘i cvnvo Zz‡j a‡iwQ Avi †P‡qwQ †mB cvnvoB Zviv D˜MxiY Ki“K| e¯‘i g‡g© †h mZ¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q, †mB m‡Z¨i Øv‡i †Zv Avgiv Qv·`i †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvwi wb| ...d‡j QvÎ-wk¶K m¤úK© `uvwo‡q‡Q kªwgK I KjKviLvbvi gZ| c‡` c‡`B ZvB QvÎiv AvR we‡`ªvn K‡i|

Zey me mgm¨v‡K mgvavb Kievi Rb¨... wk¶v wel‡q m‡PZbZv RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ...Avi Zv cÖ_‡gB AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e wk¶K‡`i| ...Rvwb, eo eo KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvb bv Avgv‡`i wk¶Kiv| wKš‘ †QvU e¨vcv‡iI Avgv‡`i wKQy Kievi Av‡Q|Õ[?]

†gNbv` mvnv

wewkó wk¶vwe` †gNbv` mvnvi g‡Z, Ôwk¶v welqwU‡K GKUz we‡kl K‡i Zwj‡q †`L‡Z n‡e| wk¶v bv †c‡j gvby‡li Kvh©Kix kw³ †R‡M DV‡Z cv‡i bv, gvbyl mgv‡Ri †mevq jvMevi Dchy³ nq bv| ...wk¶vi Av`‡k©i Avi GKwU w`K Av‡Q( gvby‡li cÖ”Qbœ kw³‡K RvwM‡q †Zvjv Ges †`‡ki me©cÖKvi Kg©‡Kw›`ª‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi gZ kw³ msMÖn Kiv| †h wk¶v‡Z Avgv‡`i e„nËi c„w_exi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM bv N‡U †m wk¶v Am¤ú~Y©| ïay AZx‡Zi Áv‡b Kzjv‡e bv, AZx‡Z hvnv Ávb e‡j MY¨ nZ GLb Zvnv Am¤ú~Y©| ...eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi g~jgš¿ n‡”Q weÁvb| ...†eu‡P _vK‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i cÖK…wZi mv‡_ msMªvg Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖK…wZi mv‡_ msMÖv‡g Rqx n‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i weÁv‡bi †mev Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ[?]

KvRx Ave`yj I`y`

eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡ KvRx Ave`yj I`y` e‡j‡Qb, ÔeZ©gvb RM‡Z gvby‡li Rxeb eo RwUj I A¯^w¯—c~Y© n‡q c‡o‡Q| ...Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AvaywbK wPË †h KZ wek„s&Ljv-c~Y© Zvi wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hv‡e †`‡ki wk¶vi Ae¯’v GKUz g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †`L‡j|...

†h fvlv Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv bq Zvi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶vjvf Ki‡j Zv‡Z A‡bK ΓwU †h Awbevh© n‡q c‡o G-wel‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wPš—vkx‡jiv †evanq GKgZ| wKš‘ wk¶vi evn‡bi mygxgvsmv n‡jI wk¶vi Ae¯’v †h Avkvbyiƒc my›`i nevi c‡_ `uvov‡e †m-Avkvq Avkvwš^Z nIqv k³ GB GKwU Kvi‡Y †h, wk¶v`vb ev MÖnY Ki‡e †h gb Zvi Ae¯’vi hw` wKQy A¯^vfvweK _v‡K Z‡e ïay wk¶v`v‡bi fvlvi cwieZ©‡b evwÃZ djjvf bv nIqvB m¤¢eci| GB mye¨ew¯’Z g‡bi Afve bvbv Kvi‡Y wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mycÖKU n‡q D‡V‡Q...| wKš‘ mgm¨v hw` GB n‡Zv Z‡e e¨vcvi †gv‡UB KwVb n‡Zv bv, †Kbbv Áv‡bi †¶‡Î hviv cÖ‡ekv_©x Zv‡`i ΓwU bMY¨| ZvB g‡bi MʇMvj Agv‡`i †`‡k Gi PvB‡ZI RwUj( G e¨vwa‡Z nqZ †ekx K‡i fyM‡Qb wk¶v_©x‡`i ¸i“¯’vbx‡qivB|

GB e¨vwa †`‡ki ¸i“¯’vbxq‡`i AvµgY K‡i‡Q GBme w`K †_‡K : cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨ Rxeb-hvcb cÖYvjxi msNl© ; GKv‡ji cÖvP¨ Rxe‡b †h me wPš—vaviv ax‡i ax‡i AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡Q( †`‡ki e„nËi Rxe‡bi m‡½ †m-m‡ei wK †hvM †m-me Abyave‡b Awb”Qv ; `vwi`ª¨|

...wKš‘ cvðvZ¨ cÖfve I `vwi`ª¨ Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b †h-wek„•Ljv G‡b w`‡q‡Q Zvi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ekx wek„•Ljv G‡b w`‡q‡Q GKv‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k †hme wPš—vkx‡ji Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Zuv‡`i cÖfve| cÖwZfvevb kw³gvb wbðqB wKš‘ Zuvi mvnPh© ev AbyewZ©Zv Ki‡Z nq mRvMfv‡e, †Kbbv kw³gvb e‡jB e¨w³‡Z¡i we‡klZ¡ weewR©Z wZwb bb, Avi †m-we‡klZ¡ hyMa‡g©i cÖfv‡e MwVZ ; ZvB GKhy‡Mi gnvcyi“‡li AbyewZ©Zv Ab¨hy‡Mi †jvK‡`i Ki‡Z nq h‡_ó m‡PZb n‡q...| ...wn›`y-gymjgvb mgm¨vI evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vi GK we‡kl Aš—ivq| ...wKš‘ Gi GK dj d‡j‡Q †h cvV¨cy¯—‡K me †kªYxi †jv‡Ki wcÖq e¨w³‡`i Kvwnbx wjwce× Ki‡Z wM‡q K_v¸‡jv n‡q hv‡”Q A‡bKLvwb A_©nxb ; wk¶KivI fvmv-fvmv ai‡b mevB‡K fvi e‡j KZ©e¨ †kl Ki‡Qb| mv_©K Rxeb-hvÎvi Rb¨ wePvicivqYZv Avgv‡`i PvB-B ZvÕ hZ fyj-ΓwUi wfZi w`‡qB †m wePvi PjyK( †mB eo cÖ‡qvRb wk¶Kiv Ggwb MʇMv‡j mgvav Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv, ev Ki‡Qb bv|

...wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ ÁvbvR©b wbðqB, wKš‘ m`ycv‡q A‡_©vcvR©bI N„Yvi mvgMÖx bq| wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ hw` nq gvby‡li wfZiKvi myß m„wó-kw³‡K m‡PZb Kiv Z‡e †h-wk¶v gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq RxweKv Avni‡Yi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ K‡i bv †m-wk¶v †Kb Av‡`Š wk¶v bv‡g L¨vZ n‡e, G cÖkœ Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡b RvM‡j wk¶K‡`i nuywkqvi n‡q DV‡Z n‡e A‡bKLvwb| wKš‘ `vwqZ¡I gvbyl MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i B”QyK n‡q ev Awb”QyK n‡q| †`‡ki RbmvaviY hLb †`‡ki wkw¶Z‡`i cÖ`Ë wk¶vi g~j¨ hvPvB Ki‡Z PvB‡eb ZLb †m-cix¶v hw` Zuviv kª×vi fv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e †mUvB n‡e †`‡ki Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi| ...mgvR ev †`‡ki wewPÎ Rxeb-hvÎvI †Zgwb wk¶K‡`i ey‡K ¯ú›`b RvMv‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ me©v‡MÖ wZwb wk¶K( gvby‡li g‡bi jvjb, k„•Ljv-weavb, Zuvi eo KvR, Ges †mB Rb¨ wZwb ¯^‡`k-†cÖwgK ev we‡kl-ag©-†cÖwgK BZ¨vw` hvB †nvb ZviI Dc‡i wZwb ˆeÁvwbK, wePvieyw× Zuvi †kªô Aej¤^b( GK_v we¯§„Z n‡j gvby‡li †mevI Avi Zuvi Øviv nq bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wk¶K-mgvR AvR g‡bvRxex bb, eo-†Rvi fvecÖeY( g‡b nq, wk¶v-e¨vcv‡i G GK welg m¼U|Õ*[?]

GQvov Avgv‡`i Kv‡ji Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wewkó KwZcq wk¶vwe‡`i wk¶v welqK fvebv-wPš—v wb‡q †jLvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖvmw½Kx‡Z D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv|

cwiwkó 11

Ôag© I bxwZwk¶vÕ : D”P-gva¨wgK wk¶vµg

mviwY 16.1 : Ôag© I bxwZwk¶vÕ : D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i wk¶vi cVbxq welqe¯‘

Ôag© I bxwZwk¶vÕ kvLv |†gvU b¤^i |gš—e¨ | |1. evsjv |200 | | |2. Bs‡iwR |100 |A‡b‡K Bs‡iwR‡K 200 Kivi c‡¶ gZ w`‡q‡Qb | |3. gvbeZv I mg-AwaKvi : Avgv‡`i †jvKHwZn¨1 |50 | | |†gvU |350 | | |A_© I bxwZ welq (3wU), Avewk¨K |600 | | |1 b¤^i welq |200 | | |2 b¤^i welq |200 | | |3 b¤^i welq |200 | | |Hw”QK welq (1wU)2 |200 | | |cÖhyw³ ev e„wËg~jK welq (1wU)3 |100 | | |†gvU |1250 | | |1. gvbeZv I mg-AwaKvi : Avgv‡`i †jvKHwZn¨

GB cvV¨wel‡q Aš—f©y³ n‡e mKj gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi, bvix-cyi“l mg-AwaKvi, evsjv‡`‡ki ¶y`ª RvwZMZ Rb‡Mvôx I ag©©xq msL¨vjNymn bvix-cyi“l mg-AwaKvi, ¶y`ª RvwZMZ Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv-ms¯‹…wZ-ag© wek¦vm BZ¨w`| gvbevwaKvi I gvbeZvev` m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i †jvKR HwZn¨| RvwZmsN‡NvwlZ gvbevwaKvi I bvix AwaKvi mb`, wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b bvixi AwaKvi I ¶gZvqb m¤ú‡K© †NvlYv I A½xKvicÎ BZ¨vw`|

2. Hw”QK welqmg~n (†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU)

MwYZ, cwimsL¨vb, f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ, hyw³we`¨v, ivóªweÁvb, mgvRweÁvb, g‡bvweÁvb, ¯^v¯’¨weÁvb I kvixiwe`¨v (Health science & Physiology), wPwKrmvwe`¨v (Medicine), kvixwiK wk¶v I µxov, bvU¨Kjv, msMxZ, AvBbwe`¨v, fvlv : Aviwe/cvwj/ms¯‹…Z/D”PZi evsjv/D”PZi Bs‡iwR, Pvi“ I Kvi“Kjv, AvBbwe`¨v, BZ¨vw`|

3. cÖhyw³ ev e„wËg~jK welq (†h‡Kv‡bv 1wU)

wnmveweÁvb, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v, K…wlwk¶v, e¨emvq cwiwPwZ (basic trade), Mv‡g©›Um †Uªwbs, eqb I ZuvZwkí, iÄb, euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, ivRwgw¯¿i KvR, g„rwkí ev Kzgv‡ii KvR, Kvgv‡ii KvR, avZe wkí, ˆe`y¨wZK KvR, †gKvwb·, I‡qwìs, A‡Uv‡gvevBjm, Kv‡c©w›Uª, wmivwg·, BÛvw÷ªqvj B‡jKUªwb· I B‡jKwUªwmqvb, gy`ªY, Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvwRkb I MÖvwd·, avÎxwe`¨, K…wl I K…wlhš¿we`¨v, †U·UvBj K„r‡KŠkj (textile technology), Pvgov K…r‡KŠkj (leather technology), BZ¨vw`| | |cwiwkó 12

evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK wk¶vi µgweKvk

ARq ivq I kwn`yj Bmjvg

1. cwð‡gi Rvbvjv w`‡q Gj Av‡jv : k„•L‡ji mv‡_ Áv‡bi k„•Ljv

GK_v A¯^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv †h AvaywbK Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©v, gy³eyw×i PP©v G‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvm‡bi c_ †e‡qB G‡m‡Q, kZ cÖwZK~jZvi ga¨ w`‡q| Kx ai‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ek †c‡q cvðv‡Z¨ gy³wPš—v I AvaywbK weÁv‡bi weKvk N‡UwQj Zv Avgv‡`i Aíwe¯—i Rvbv| †hme Dcv`vb GB weKv‡k mnvqK f~wgKv †i‡LwQj, Zvi †Kv‡bvwUiB Aw¯—Z¡ `w¶Y Gwkqv †Zv e‡UB cÖv‡P¨i †Kv‡bv †`‡kB Dcw¯’Z wQj bv, wQj bv AbyK~j D`vi †mKy¨jvi cwi‡ek| †h mg‡q wbDUb Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡jb ZLb G‡`‡k PjwQj AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbKvj (1642-1727)( †h Kvj i¶YkxjZvi Kvj, cðvrgywLZvi Kvj, ag©vÜZvi Kvj, Ávb-weÁv‡b Pwe©ZPe©‡bi Kvj bv‡g BwZnv‡m cwiwPZ| gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb I weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i †MvovcËb Kv‡j mgvR cwieZ©‡bi ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq †Q` c‡o ; ¶wqòz Avavmvgš—Zš¿ wbR©xe n‡q c‡o, Avi bZzb mgvRe¨e¯’vI M‡o I‡V wb| GB cwigÊj I Ave‡n Áv‡bi bZzb weKvk ¯^Ztwm× cÖwµqvq nq bv, †Kbbv mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv Pvwn`v wQj bv|

Gme Kvi‡YB AvaywbK wPš—v I weÁvbI cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q cwðgx wek¦ †_‡K, Avi Zv N‡U‡Q Bs‡iR KZ©„K AvaywbK †mKy¨jvi wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e| RM`xk P›`ª RM`xk P›`ª n‡q DV‡Zb bv hw` bv wZwb †m›U †Rwfqvm© K‡j‡Ri ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡Zb| GQvov wQ‡jb mnvbyf~wZkxj KwZcq e¨w³ I Bs‡iR cÖkvm‡Ki mhZœ cÖqvm| G ai‡biB GKRb Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb DBwjqg †RvÝ (Willium Jones), Gkxq we‡kl K‡i fviZxq wel‡qi Ici Aa¨qb I M‡elYv cwiPvjbv j‡¶¨ jÛb iq¨vj †mvmvBwU (London Royal Society)Õi g‡W‡j KjKvZvq cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae †e½j (Asiatic Society of Bengal), 1784 mv‡j| †RvÝ ¯^qs wQ‡jb cwÊZ I cÖvP¨we`¨vwekvi`| †mvmvBwU cÖwZôvi g~‡j wQj ÔTo Study Man and Nature of AsiaÕ, A_©vr Gwkqvi RbM‡Yi BwZnvm, cÖZœZË¡ , wkíKjv, weÁvb, cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨ Ges gvbyl I cÖK…wZ wb‡q Aa¨qb, Abykxjb I M‡elYv| mxwgZ my‡hvM wb‡qI †mvmvBwU cÖwZôvj‡Mœi ci †_‡KB M‡elYv I ¯^”Q wPš—vi ga¨ w`‡q Áv‡bi bvbv kvLvq Gi Kg©ZrciZv Qwo‡q †`q| AvaywbK weÁvb PP©v‡ZI †mvmvBwU AMÖYx f~wgKv iv‡L, we‡kl K‡i G‡`‡ki ÔDw™¢`Kzj I cÖvYxKzj cwiwPwZ (Flora and Fauna) wb‡q †mvmvBwU Zvrch©gq Ae`vb iv‡L| †mvmvBwUi Avš—wiK †Póvq weªwUk fvi‡Z weÁvbPP©vi bvbv cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K( G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡j­L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡jv : ÔIndian Museum, Trignometrical Survey of India, Geological Survey of India, Indian Meteorological Department, Zoological Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India, Indian Science Congress, Indian National Institute of Science, Archeological Survey of India...Õ BZ¨vw`|

cÖvq Pvi `kK a‡i evsjvi Ávb-weÁvb M‡elYvi dj c«Kv‡ki evnK wn‡m‡e †mvmvBwUi Rvb©vj GKwU D‡j­L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| e½fvlx‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g ke-e¨e‡”Q`K cwÊZ gaym~`b ¸ß Zuvi A¨vbvUwgK¨vj cÖeÜvw` Ges f~c„ô mgx¶vwe` I dwjZ MwYZwe` ivavbv_ wkK`vi Zuvi mv‡f©msµvš— hveZxq djvdj I MvwYwZK cÖeÜvw` †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| AvaywbK weÁv‡bi evOvwj cw_K…re„›`, †hgb m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq, wc. Gb. †Nvl, †R.wm. †evm, wc.wm. ivq, g‡n›`ª jvj miKvi, BD. Gb. eªþPvix Ges Av‡iv c‡i KjKvZvwbevmx gv`ªvRx weÁvbx wm. wf. igb cÖgyL weÁvbx Zuv‡`i M‡elYvi djvdj wek¦evmx‡K GB Rvb©v‡ji gva¨‡gB AewnZ K‡ib|

GLv‡b D‡j­L¨ †h Bs‡iR miKv‡ii cvkvcwk G‡`‡k ÁvbPP©vi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvaywbK wk¶v we¯—v‡i c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e wgkbvwiiv (cZ©ywMR, w`‡bgvi, Bs‡iR cÖgyL) Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZwôZ ¯‹zj K‡jRmg~n D‡j­L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| G cÖm‡½ kªxivgcy‡ii †Kixmn Av‡iv `yÕRb wgkbvwii, hviv kªxivgcyi Îqx bv‡g L¨vZ, Kg©ZrciZv ¯§iYxq| Zuv‡`i cÖwZwôZ kªxivgcyi K‡jR AvaywbK wk¶v cÖmv‡i Zvrch©gq Ae`vb iv‡L| wgkbvwi‡`i D‡`¨v‡M ZrKv‡j mviv evsjv‡`‡k 1804-1910-Gi g‡a¨ 109wU we`¨vjq ¯’vwcZ nq, †hLv‡b weÁvb I KvwiMwi wk¶v`v‡biI D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡qwQj| GQvov evsjv M`¨ iPbvq kªxivgcyi K‡jR I †dvU© DBwjqg K‡j‡Ri f~wgKvi K_v Avgv‡`i meviB Rvbv| GK_vI ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, AvaywbK wk¶v cÖmv‡i I Zvi ga¨ w`‡h †mKy¨jvi wPš—vavivi weKvk I Ávb-weÁvb PP©vi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z cÖwZwôZ we`¨vqZb I K‡jR¸‡jvi f~wgKvi K_v| Gi g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g D‡j­L‡hvM¨ wk¶v cÖwZôvbwU n‡jv wn›`y K‡jR( g~jZ †emiKvwi †Póvq( †WwfW †nqvi, ivg‡gvnb, we`¨vmvMimn GZ‡Ïkxq `vbkxj e¨w³e‡M©i mnvqZvq cÖwZwôZ nq 1817 mv‡j| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj, Ô...to instruct the sons of respectable Hindoos in the European and Asian Languages and Sciences.Õ[?] GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l© Bs‡iwR fvlvq cvðvZ¨ Ávb-weÁv‡bi m‡e©vËg cv`cx‡V cwiYZ nq, Avi GB K‡j‡Ri Qv·`i †`Lv hvq Ebwesk kZvãxi evsjvi be RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e| cÖ_gw`‡K ïay wn›`y Qv·`i Rb¨ msiw¶Z _vK‡jI, 1855 mv‡j GwU †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R iƒcvš—wiZ n‡j Gi Øvi RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ nq| ïay †cÖwm‡WwÝ bq, †m mgq cÖwZwôZ A‡bK miKvwi I †emiKvwi K‡jR AvaywbK wk¶v we¯—v‡i we¯—i Ae`vb †i‡LwQj, G‡`i g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi bvg D‡j­L bv Ki‡jB bq, h_v, ivRkvnx K‡jR, XvKv K‡jR, RMbœv_ K‡jR, eªR‡gvnb K‡jR (ewikvj), Avb›`‡gvnb K‡jR (gqgbwmsn), Kzwgj­v wf‡±vwiqv K‡jR, KvigvB‡Kj K‡jR (iscyi), Gg. wm. K‡jR (wm‡jU), we.Gj K‡jR (Lyjbv)... BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov KjKvZvi K‡qKwU cÖwm× K‡jR †Zv wQjB| 1857 mv‡j KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡j Gme K‡j‡Ri wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP wba©viYmn mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡bi `vwqZ¡ Gi Ici eZ©vq| 1857 †_‡K wesk kZvãxi †Mvov ch©š— G ai‡bi K‡j‡Ri msL¨v DˇivËi e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| mviwY `ªóe¨|

mviwY 9 : Dbwesk kZvãxi Øv‡i evsjvq K‡j‡Ri msL¨v

cÖ‡`k/†cÖwm‡WwÝ |ermi |K‡j‡Ri msL¨v |KvwiMwi/†gwW‡Kj |45 eQ‡i e„w×i nvi (%) | |evsjv |1857 |14 |1 | | | |1902 |71 |1 |79.2 | |e‡¤^ |1857 |2 |1 | | | |1902 |6 |1 |57.1 | |DËi cÖ‡`k |1857 |4 |1 | | | |1902 |32 |1 |84.8 | |gv`ªvR |1857 |3 |1 | | | |1902 |55 |1 |92.9 | |weªwUkkvwmZ evsjvq AvaywbK wk¶v I Ávb-weÁvb PP©vq KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq (1857) I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi (1921) f~wgKv †gvUvgywU mK‡ji Rvbv, ZvB GLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv bv| 1857 mv‡j †hLv‡b mviv Dcgnv‡`‡k gvÎ 3wU wek¦we`¨vjq wQj †mLv‡b 1922 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GB msL¨wU 12-‡Z DbœxZ nq| Gmgq mgMÖ fveZe‡l© wek¦we`¨vj‡q QvÎ msL¨v wQj 66 nvRv‡ii g‡Zv, Gi g‡a¨ weÁvb welq wb‡q coZ 6 nvRvi|[?]

2. †gK‡j cÖYxZ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b

Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvaywbK wk¶v bv‡gi †h ¯—iwfwËK wmuwofvOv wk¶v AeKvVv‡gv Pvjy i‡q‡Q, Bs‡iR Avmvi Av‡M GiKg †Kv‡bv wk¶vc×wZi Aw¯—Z¡ G †`‡k wQj bv| 1835 mv‡j Ugvm †gK‡ji myweL¨vZ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g GB ÔAvaywbK c×wZÕi Øv‡iv`NvUb n‡jI 1854 mv‡ji ÔDWÕ-Gi weL¨vZ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ga¨ w`‡q G e¨e¯’vwUi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| Agiv g~j cÖwZ‡e`‡b †gK‡ji wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi M~p Kvi‡Yi K_v D‡j­L K‡iwQ| Bs‡iR‡`i mvgªvR¨ev`x ¯^v_© i¶vB Gi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ wQj| ZeyI ej‡Z n‡e †h GB e¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡qB Avgiv AvaywbK wk¶vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q DwV, cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z ïi“ Kwi cwð‡gi Ávb iv‡R¨| †mB A‡_© Gi GKwU HwZnvwmK g~j¨ Aek¨ i‡q‡Q|

GB wmuwofvOv c×wZwUi eqm gvÎ 150 eQi| ïay G‡`‡k bq mvivwe‡k¦ AvR †gvUv`v‡M GB wk¶vc×wZwUB Pvjy Av‡Q| Z‡e Bs‡iR Avg‡jB GB AvaywbK wk¶v KvVv‡gvwU e¨vcK HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| †gK‡jiI Av‡M AvaywbK wk¶v cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM G‡mwQj 1792 mv‡j Pvj©m MÖv‡›Ui mycvwi‡ki gva¨‡g| mgvR cwieZ©b I Bs‡iR‡`i mvgªvR¨ev`x ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~‡j †gK‡j (1835) †_‡K mv‡R©›U Kwgkb (1944) ch©š— †ek K‡qKwU Kwgkb MVb Kiv n‡qwQj| †hgb DBwjqvg GWvg‡mi wk¶v welqK Rwic (1836), nv›Uvi Kwgkb (1882), KvR©b wk¶v KwgwU (1902), bv_vb KwgwU (1914), m¨vWjvi Kwgkb (1917), nvU©M Kwgkb (1929), mvcÖ“ Kwgkb (1934), DW-G¨v‡evU KwgwU (1936-37) BZ¨vw`| GB Kwgkb ev KwgwU¸‡jv cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wk¶v wb‡q e¨vcK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ bvbviKg mycvwik K‡i| ejvB evûj¨, †mme mycvwik mvgªvR¨ev`x ¯^v‡_©i w`‡K j¶ †i‡L Kiv n‡qwQj, Ges ¯^vaxb RvwZmËv weKv‡ki mnvqK wQj bv|

3. Bs‡iR‡`i KvQ †_‡K DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cvIqv wk¶ve¨e¯’v

bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q †e½j †cÖwm‡Ww݇Z Bs‡iR kvmK †`k Qvovi Kv‡j †h e¨e¯’vwU Avgiv DËivwaKvi wn‡m‡e †c‡qwQjvg Zv n‡jv :

• cÖ_g avc ev cÖvBgvwi : 1g-4_© †kªwY (eqm 6-10) ;

• wØZxq avc ev ga¨ Bs‡iwR ev gvBbi (Middle English School) : 4_©-6ô †kªwY (eqm 10-12)| ZLb GB ¯—i‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔgvBbiÕ ;

• Z…Zxq avc ev D”P Bs‡iwR (Higher English School) : 7g-10g †kªwY (eqm 13-16)| ZLb GB ¯—i‡K ejv n‡Zv cÖ‡ewkKv (Matriculation) ;

• PZz_© avc ev gva¨wgK ev K‡jRxq ¯—i (Intermediate Science or Arts) ;

• Gici wQj :

K. K‡j‡R `yÕeQ‡ii wWwMÖ (mvaviY ev †Kv‡bv wel‡q Abvm©mn)

L. wek¦we`¨vj‡q `yÕeQ‡ii D”PZi wWwMÖ GgG/GgGmwm| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡q mœvZK Abvm© †Kvm© wQj 3 eQie¨vcx Ges mœvZ‡KvËi GgG/GgGmwm †Kvm© wQj 1 eQie¨vcx (D`vniY XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq)|

Z‡e wewfbœ mg‡q cÖv_wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i (Bs‡iR Avg‡j †h ¯—iwU‡K ejv n‡Zv gva¨wgK ev Aš—e©Z©xKvjxb( Intermediate) bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc jW© KvR©‡bi wk¶vbxwZ‡Z D”P-gva¨wg‡Ki cÖ_g el©wU‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jk‡bi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i ¯‹zj wk¶v GKv`k †kªwY ch©š— Kiv n‡qwQj Ges wØZxq eQiwU‡K mœvZK †kªwYi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i mœvZK †Kvm©‡K wZbeQi †gqvw` Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ G e¨e¯’v †ewkw`b †U‡K wb( evOvwj ga¨weË wkw¶Z †kªwY GB e¨e¯’vi wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| GB e¨e¯’v‡K Zuviv wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i| Gi d‡j b¨vkbvj ¯‹zj, b¨vkbvj †gwW‡Kj ¯‹zj, KvwiMwi we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` M‡o I‡V| m¨vWjvi Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡k GB e¨e¯’v cwiZ¨³ nq Ae‡k‡l|

4. cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶v I evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vbxwZ

Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶vi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv cÖ_‡gB cvwK¯—v‡bi AwfÁZv we‡ePbvq †be| Zvi KviY HwZnvwmK| Avgiv 1947 †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©š— cvwK¯—vb bvgK GKwU iv‡óªi Aš—f©y³ wQjvg| Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k, ZrKvjxb c~e©-cvwK¯—vb cvwK¯—v‡bi ¶gZvi †K›`ªwe›`y cwðg-cvwK¯—vb †_‡K GK nvRvi gvB‡jiI †ewk `~‡i Aew¯’Z wQj Ges iv‡óªi bxwZwba©vi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li †Kv‡bv ¶gZv wQj bv| wk¶v, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mvgwiK bxwZ m¤ú‡K© mg¯— wm×vš— cwðg cvwK¯—vb †_‡KB AvmZ| GB A‡ji gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zv wQj Aek¨cvjbxq| ZvB cvwK¯—v‡bi wk¶vbxwZ (hw` wKQy †_‡K _v‡K) Avgv‡`i

wk¶vwPš—v‡K eûjvs‡k cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| ZvB cvwK¯—v‡bi wk¶vwPš—vi GKwU cÖZ¨q mywbw`©ó Kiv †gv‡UB A‡hŠw³K n‡e bv|

1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi 12 eQi ci mvgwiK kvmK wdì gvk©vj AvBqye Lvb 1958 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i Gm. Gg. kix‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wk¶v Kwgkb MVb K‡ib| wKš‘ IB 12 eQi cvwK¯—v‡b †Kv‡bviKg wk¶vc×wZ wQj bv, GK_v mwZ¨ bq| weªwUk cÖewZ©Z wk¶v KvVv‡gvi kix‡i bZzb cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi fvev`k© I `k©‡bi GKUv cÖ‡jc jvMv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ wQj| miKvi wbqwgZ I AwbqwgZfv‡e wewfbœ wk¶v m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡i| miKvi MwVZ KwgwUi gva¨‡g wk¶vmsµvš— wm×vš—MªnY KiZ Ges Zv AwW©b¨v‡Ýi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Kuv‡a Pvwc‡q w`Z| †mme Aa¨v‡`k‡K mvsweavwbK AvB‡b cwiYZ Kivi j‡¶¨ AvBqye Lvb kixd Kwgkb MVb K‡ib| wKš‘ 1962 mv‡j †m Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡j QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L AvBqye Lvb Zv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| Gici 1967 mv‡j b~i Kwgkb MVb K‡i wk¶vmsµvš— wKQy AvBb cÖYq‡bi †PóvI e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, cvwK¯—v‡bi 24 eQi G‡`‡ki wk¶v †Kv‡bv mywPwš—Z wk¶vbxwZi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq wb| Zey, Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, wk¶v m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g AvgjvZvwš¿Kfv‡e wk¶v m¤ú‡K© wKQy wm×vš— †bqv n‡qwQj| Zvi †QvÆ GKwU BwZnvm GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv AcÖvmw½K n‡e bv|

cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi ciciB †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wk¶v gš¿Yvjq 1947 mv‡ji 27 b‡f¤^i KivwP‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi wk¶K I wk¶vwe`‡`i GKwU m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡i| cuvPw`b †m m‡¤§jb P‡j| ZwoNwo GB m‡¤§jb WvKvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj( Ôto reviewing the existing educational system in Pakistan and evaluating a comprehensive programme for its re-orientation in conformity with the ideals and aspirations of the new born state.’| D‡Ïk¨ gnr †m wel‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB, KviY civaxb †`‡ki wk¶v`‡k©i wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb †`‡ki wk¶v Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| bZzb iv‡óªi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi m‡½ Zvi m½wZmvab Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb| m‡¤§j‡b me©m¤§Zfv‡e †h wm×vš—wU M„nxZ nq Zv n‡jv( ÔThe Educational system in Pakistan should be inspired by Islamic Ideology emphasizing among any of its characteristics those of Universal brotherhood, tolerance and justice.Õ| m‡¤§j‡b ÔAn Advisory Board of Education for PakistanÕ bv‡g GKwU msMVb MwVZ nq Ges †mB †evW© cÖwZ eQi cvwK¯—v‡bi wewfbœ kn‡i m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nq Ges 1947 mv‡j M„nxZ IB wm×v‡š—i Av‡jv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi wk¶vKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi KvR cÖvq m¤ú~Y© K‡i| 1948 mv‡ji 7-9 Ryb KivwP‡Z †ev‡W©i cÖ_g mfv AbywôZ nq| D³ mfvi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨m~wP wQj( ÔTo consider the question of providing facility for religious instruction in private schools which receive grant-in-aid from Government.Õ| †evW© wm×vš— †bq, ÔThat religious instruction should be compulsory for Muslim students in schools and also for student of other communities should they so desire.Õ| evwYR¨ I wk¶vgš¿x dRjyi ingv‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ †ev‡W©i Z…Zxq mfv AbywôZ nq XvKvq 14-16 wW‡m¤^i 1949 mv‡j| mfvcwZi fvl‡Y wZwb ب_©nxb K‡É 1947 mv‡ji wk¶vm‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ me©Rb¯^xK…Z Bmjvwg fvev`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi `„p msKí e¨³ K‡i e‡jb, ÔIt is essential that they should undertake an intensive study of the life of the Prophet of Islam and the Holy Quran, for it is only by such a study that the Muslims as well as non Muslims can appreciate the Universality of Proper Understanding, make an effective contribution to the development of the education of the state of which they are citizens.Õ| GKB e³„Zvq wZwb cvwK¯—v‡b emevmKvix Agymwjg‡`i D‡Ï‡k e‡jb, ÔNor do I mean that non-Muslims should study the holy Quran in Arabic, what I mean is that they should study fundamental principals of Islam on which we have based our educational ideology.Õ| KviY Zuvi K_vq ÔNon Muslims who have accepted Pakistan as their state have done so with the knowledge that it should be so run as to enable the Muslims to live their own way of life and to play their legitimate role in creation of a new world.Õ| ga¨hy‡M ag©xq Dcvmbvjq¸‡jv †hgb wk¶vi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv, cwieZ©bkxj c„w_exi wesk kZvãxi wØZxqfv‡M G‡m †evW© D³ mfvq †mB avivq gmwR`¸‡jv‡K wk¶vi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi wm×vš— †bq| wm×vš— †bqv nq †h, Dchy³ wk¶vq wkw¶Z Bgvg‡`i gmwR‡`i Bgvg c‡` wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e| ZvB wm×vš— nq, Ôin order to make sure that the right type of men are appointed imams the appointment should be controlled by the state through its educational agencies.Õ| wk¶vi †¶‡Î e„wUk miKvi fviZe‡l©i mKj a‡g©i cÖwZ †h wbi‡c¶Zvi bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQj, ¯^vaxb cwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq( GB hyw³‡Z †evW© me wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ôag©ZË¡Õ wefvM †Lvjvi wm×vš— †bq|

wk¶vgš¿x, W. gvngy` nvmv‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ †ev‡W©i cÂg mfv AbywôZ nq evnvIqvjcy‡i 1953 mv‡ji 4-5B gvP©| D‡Øvabx fvl‡Y evnvIqvjcy‡ii nhiZ Avgxi-G-Avjv agx©q wk¶v m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, Ôit is only proper that religious education that can discipline one to distinguish right from wrong, differentiating his own rights from those of others, it teaches good fellowship and a sense of brotherhood for humanity at large.Õ| wKš‘ mfvcwZi fvl‡Y gvngy` nvmvb GB MZvbyMwZK fvl‡Yi mv‡_ GKgZ bv n‡q Bmjv‡gi MwZgqZv I gy³wPš—vi BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ mevi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i e‡jb †h, †hme aviYv g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i, wKš‘ hv †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv, hvi mZ¨vmZ¨ cix¶v Kiv hvq bv, †mme fvebv g„Z| ÔWe must also warn ourselves against obscurantism masquerading as Islam, and carrying us backwards rather then forward.Õ| mevB‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z e‡jb, ÔThose who have taken the trouble to study the message of Islam know that its sprit is dynamic rather than static and throughout its glorious history Islam has encouraged experiment and freedom of enquiry in all spheres of life, including that of education.Õ|

c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi mgMÖ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi e¨vcK i`e`j I cybM©V‡b mycvwik †ck Kivi Rb¨ c~e©-cvwK¯—vb miKvi 1957 mv‡ji 3 Rvbyqvwi c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi gyL¨gš¿x AvZvDi ingvb Luv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 7 m`‡m¨i GKwU Kwgkb wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖ_g ˆeVK D‡Øva‡bi mgq †`k I RvwZi cybM©Vb I Dbœq‡b wk¶vi Acwimxg ¸i“‡Z¡i K_v mevB‡K g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡q e‡jb, Ôthe system must be based on equal opportunities for all, must not encourage an exclusive type of education based on class distinction or class value.Õ| wZwb gv`ªvmv wk¶vi cybg~©j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© mvnmx gZcÖKvk Ki‡jI 1947 mv‡ji wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ fvev`‡k©i wel‡q wbðyzc wQ‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K Avevi, wZwb ag©wk¶v I gv`ªvmv wk¶vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i ag©wk¶vi Ici ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq ¯—‡i Ôag©ZË¡Õ wefvM †Lvjvi cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, ÔA reappraisal of the Madrasa type of education is also called for this education does not do any good either to individual or to the society. No confusion should, however, be made between Madrasa and religious education. Let us have religious education by all means. Theory can be taught without the present wasteful and primitive type of education. Adequate provision should be made at the university stage for bearing classical subjects such as Arabic and Persian as Greek and Latin are taught in British University.Õ| Kwgk‡bi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ W. Kz`iZ-G-Ly`v GKwU Avjv`v mycvwi‡k e‡jb, Ô...what really are our requirements? Some people say that in a Muslim state the education should give a chance to the country to become and live the necessity of making the country religious through education and thus the much expected improvement will come’| wKš‘ W. Ky`iZ-G-Ly`v Zv g‡b K‡ib bv| eis e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ wZwb cÖvK-cÖvBgvwi †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq ¯—i ch©š— GKwU wk¶vaviv cÖPj‡bi cÖ¯—ve †`b| ag©wk¶v‡K wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡ib wb| Zvi Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v avivi cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| Z‡e ag©wk¶vi bv‡g cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Aviwe I D`©yi cÖPjb m¤ú‡K© wZwb `„p I ¯úó fvlvq e‡jb, ÔA severe blow to primary education was dealt a few years ago, by introducing Arabic and Urdu as a compulsory subject in primary schools’| e¯‘Z Rbve AvZvDi ingvb I W. Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`vi e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB( Df‡qB mgZvwfwËK GKB avivi GKwU wk¶vc×wZi c‡¶, DfqB gv`ªvmv wk¶vi wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQ‡jb| GB e³e¨ †_‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi †K›`ªxq ag©vÜ wk¶v Av`‡k©i mv‡_ ZrKvjxb c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi †mKy¨jvi wk¶v Av`‡k©i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ ¯úó n‡q I‡V|

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, mvgwiK Ky¨Õi gva¨‡g ¶gZv `LjKvix AvBqye Lvb 1958 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i Gm. Gg. kix‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wk¶v Kwgkb MVb K‡ib| Kwgkb D‡Øva‡bi mgq AvBqye Lvb `„pZvi m‡½ ÔAvgv‡`i Ava¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡ev‡aiÕ Av‡jv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Pjgvb wk¶vc×wZ †X‡j mvRvevi AvnŸvb Rbvb| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gyLe‡Ü Kwgkb Av‡iv ¯úófv‡e e‡j, ÔThe moral and spiritual value of Islam combined with the freedom, integrity and strength of Pakistan should be the ideology which inspires our educational system.Õ| kixd Kwgkb ag©wk¶v‡K wZbwU ¯—‡i wef³ K‡i :

K. eva¨Zvg~jK ¯—i : 1g-8g †kªwY ;

L. ˆbe©vPwbK ¯—i : 9g-10g †kªwY ;

M. M‡elYv ¯—i : D”P-gva¨wgK †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq ch©š—|

cvwK¯—v‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv bxwZ cÖYq‡b wZbwU †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZ j¶Yxq( ag©, ga¨hyMxq gymwjg a¨vb-aviYv Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi ALÊZv| e¯‘Z GB aviYvi wecix‡ZB Avgiv GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ mgvR I iv‡óªi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx GKwU weKí wk¶ve¨e¯’vi K_v GLv‡b Zz‡j a‡iwQ hvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q me©RbxbZv (Universalism) I gvbeZv‡eva (Humanism), †h `vwe Avgiv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ †dviv‡g Zz‡j aievi †Póv K‡iwQ|

cÖL¨vZ BwZnvmwe` nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK AvB. GBP †Kv‡ikx, whwb 1947 mv‡j KivwP‡Z AbywôZ wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb, 1975 mv‡j Zuvi †jLv ÔThe Education of PakistanÕ eB‡Z †j‡Lb †h, Ôm‡¤§j‡bi Av‡jvPbv I wm×vš—mg~‡n †gŠwjKZvi we›`ygvÎ †Quvqv wQj bvÕ| Z‡e we›`ygvÎ †Quvqv bv-_vK‡jI D³ m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ ga¨hyMxq mv¤cÖ`vwqK wm×vš—wUB mgMÖ cvwK¯—v‡bi wk¶vbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i G‡m‡Q Ges wk¶vi GB cðv`gyLx cÖwZwµqvkxj fvev`k©wU µgvš^‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi wk¶vKvVv‡gv‡K AvaywbK, ˆeÁvwbK I †mKz¨jvi wk¶vi c_ †_‡K µ‡gB `~‡i mwi‡q G‡b‡Q|

5. fvi‡Zi AwfÁZv

Gevi fvi‡Zi wk¶ve¨e¯’v I Zvi AwfÁZvi w`‡K Avgiv `„wó †`e| 1948 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤^i fviZ miKvi cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK me©cjx­ ivavK…ò‡Yi †bZ…‡Z¡ 10 m`‡m¨i Ôwek¦we`¨vjq KwgkbÕ MVb K‡i I 1949 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m Gi wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nq| wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶vi Ici wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ w`‡jI Kwgkb gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶vi Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© wKQz mycvwik iv‡L| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b ag©wk¶v m¤ú‡K© fviZxq msweav‡bi KwZcq aviv D‡j­L K‡i †m¸‡jvi Ici, we‡kl K‡i 19 (1), 21 Ges 22 (1)-(2) aviv¸‡jvi Ici Kwgkb Zvi wbR¯^ gZvgZ e¨³ I ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i| 19 (1) avivq ejv nq, ÔSubject to public order, morality and health and the other provision of this part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion’| G avivwU e¨w³i we‡eK, ag©wek¦vm, ag©vPiY I ag©vPv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ K‡i| 21 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔNo person may be compelled to pay any tax, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.Õ| 22 (1) avivq ¯úófv‡e D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ÔNo religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of state fund.Õ| miKvwi A‡_© cwiPvwjZ †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b †Kv‡bv ag©wk¶v †`qv hv‡e bv| GB avivi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v K‡i Kwgkb gš—e¨ K‡i †h, †h‡nZz fvi‡Z eûa‡g©i gvbyl evm K‡i, †m‡nZz miKvwi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b mevi ag©wk¶v †`qvi Avkv †gv‡UB ev¯—em¤§Z bq| fvi‡Zi msweavb cÖ‡YZv W. Av‡¤^`Kv‡ii g‡Z, Ôivóª‡K GB `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z ejvi A_© n‡jv Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Ki‡Z ejv|Õ Z‡e GKRb e¨w³i mš—vb-mš—wZ‡`i wKsev †Kv‡bv ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi m`m¨‡`i ag©wk¶v †`qvi AwaKviI †mLv‡b ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| 19 b¤^i avivq G m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔProvided that nothing in this clause shall apply to an educational institution which is administered but has been established under the endowment or trust which requires that religious instructions shall be imparted in such institutions.Õ| 22 (2) avivi g~j e³e¨ miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z wKsev miKvwi mvnvh¨cÖvß †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †Kv‡bv ag©xq Abyôv‡b †hvM`v‡b eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| ÔNo person attending any educational institutions recognized by the state or recieving aid out of state funds shall be required to take part in any religious institutions attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institutions or in any premises attached there to unless such person of if such person in his minor guardian has given his consent there to.’

Gfv‡e ivavK„òY Kwgkb GKwU AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª a‡g©i Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi ci a‡g©i Ace¨envi, MYZš¿ I ag©, ag©wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ fviZevmxi g‡bvfve, ˆbwZK wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, cÖkœ Kivi ¯^vaxbZv (freedom of Inquiry), a‡g©i g~j¨, GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ iv‡óª a‡g©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, c„w_exi cÖavb ag©MÖš’¸‡jv Aa¨q‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges ag©`k©‡bi wewfbœ w`K cy•Lvby•Lfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Kwgkb g‡b K‡i †h, Ôto be secular is not to be religiously illiterate. It is to be deeply spiritual and not narrowly religious.Õ| ev¯—eZvi wbwi‡L Kwgkb g‡b K‡i †h, `Religion cannot be imparted in the form of lessons. It is not be treated as one a number of subjects to be taught in measured hourly doses. Moral and religious instruction does not mean moral improvement.’

†`Lv hvq †h, †`kfv‡Mi ci †_‡K fviZ GKwU ˆeÁvwbK, MYZvwš¿K, weÁvbgb¯‹ wk¶v I msweavb iPbvi c‡_ GwM‡q †M‡Q| msweav‡bi 45 b¤^i avivq A‰eZwbK, eva¨Zvg~jK, me©Rbxb wk¶v cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgv wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj| 14 eQi ch©š— A‰eZwbK eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v †h iv‡óªi GKUv we‡kl KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡i D³ avivq 10 eQ‡ii mgqm~wP wba©viY K‡iwQj| GKUv RvwZi R‡b¨ Aš—Z 6 †_‡K 14 eQi ch©š— wk¶vi GKwU me©Rbxb, wfwËf~wg I Kvh©KvwiZv _vKv `iKvi| ivavK…òY Kwgkb I fviZxq msweavb Zv fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjw× K‡i| GB eqmmxgv‡K µgvMZ e„w× K‡i wbgœ I D”P-gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶v‡KI eva¨Zvg~jK, A‰eZwbK I me©Rbxb Kivi `vwe D‡V‡Q|

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B e‡jwQ †h, K¬vmwfwËK †h KvwiKzjvg †MvUv Dcgnv‡`‡k we`¨gvb Zv wKš‘ †gvUvgywU mviv we‡k¦B Abym„Z n‡”Q| 1987 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯—vb Zvi wbR¯^ a¨vb-aviYv wb‡q wk¶ve¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cÖqvm cvq, hv wb‡q Avgiv Av‡M Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| c¶vš—‡i cvk©¦eZ©x †`k fvi‡Z ¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v wel‡q ms¯‹vi Avbvi j‡¶¨ ZvivPuv` KwgwU (1948), ivavK…ò Kwgkb (1948), gy`vwj‡qi Kwgkb (1952-53), Avš—R©vwZK ch©‡e¶K †Mvôxi wi‡cvU© (1954), †`-Kwgkb (1954), †KvVvix Kwgkb (1964-66), m¤ú~Y©vb›` KwgwU (1968) BZ¨vw` Kwgkb¸‡jv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv Pvwj‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi mycvwik K‡i weªwUk cÖewZ©Z AvaywbK wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K GKwU m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki `wi`ª Rbmvavi‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv wQj mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvIqvi cÖwZkÖ“wZgq I cÖ¨vMgvwUK, cvwK¯—v‡bi g‡Zv †cQ‡b nuvUv wQj bv| d‡j AvaywbK fviZel© wbg©v‡Y Gme mycvwik wQj dj`vqK| bvbviKg ZK©-weZ‡K©i aviv Aek¨ GL‡bv eRvq i‡q‡Q, hv GKwU Pjgvb mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨| Zuv‡`i `„wó cÖMwZkxj GKwU wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖwZôv|

6. Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZv I wk¶vbxwZmg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv

Aek¨ weªwUk Avg‡jI cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Ges †PóvI Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, 1944 mv‡j mv‡R©›U Kwgkb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK, me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vc×wZ Pvjyi cÖ¯—ve †`b Ges AvMvgx 40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GB cwiKíbv‡K av‡c av‡c Kvh©Ki Kivi Dci †Rvi †`b| cvwK¯—vwb Avg‡j 1949 mv‡j gIjvbv Avµvg Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ East Bengal Educational System Reconstruction CommitteeÕi 1951 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ mycvwi‡k weªwUk Avg‡ji 1g-4_© †kªwYwfwËK ¯—i‡K 1g-5g †kªwYwfwËK 5 eQi †gqvw` ¯—‡i DbœxZ Kivi mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj| weªwUk Avg‡ji gvBbi ¯‹z‡ji (Middle English School) aviYv cwiZ¨³ nq| A_©vr gvBbi ¯‹z‡ji 5g †kªwY‡K cÖvBgvwii mv‡_ Avi lô †kªwY‡K nvB¯‹z‡ji mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| myZivs cÖ‡ewkKv ¯—i n‡jv 6ô-10g †kªwY ch©š— 5 eQi †gqvw`| A_©vr ¯‹zjwk¶vi Kvj n‡jv †gvU 10 eQie¨vcx| cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i 1g †kªwY‡Z fwZ© nIqvi b~¨bZg eqm 6 ermi| †m wn‡m‡e GKRb wk¶v_©xi cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶v cv‡mi b~¨bZg eqm wba©vwiZ n‡qwQj 16 eQi| wKš‘ GB mxgv Av¶wiKfv‡e gvbv nq wb| 13 ev 14 eQi wj‡L AwffveKiv g¨vwUªK cvm Kwi‡q‡Qb mš—vb-mš—wZ‡`i| ¯‹zj ev †evW© KZ…©c¶ AvcwË K‡i wb| Avµvg Lv‡bi mycvwi‡k `yÕeQi K‡jRxq ¯—i‡K Ôgva¨wgKÕ (Intermediate)-‡K Aejyß K‡i Gi GKwU eQi ¯‹z‡ji 10g †kªwYi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i 11k †kªwY ch©š— evovb, Avi GKwU eQi wWwMÖ †Kv‡m©i mv‡_ hy³ K‡i wWwMÖ †Kvm© 2 eQ‡ii ¯’‡j 3 eQi †gqvw` Kiv nq| Avµvg Lv‡bi mycvwikgvjv Aek¨ M„nxZ nq wb, Z‡e cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¯—i 4 eQ‡ii RvqMvq 5 eQi †gqvw` Kiv nq|[?]

1954 mv‡j 21 `dv wfwËK wbe©vPb ¶gZvmxb gymjxg jxM miKv‡ii cZb NwU‡qwQj, †mLv‡bI me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi GKwU `vwe wQj| wKš‘ 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g †`k ¯^vaxb bv-nIqv ch©š— RbM‡Yi †m `vwe c~iY nq wb|

7. evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q : GwM‡q hvIqvi cvjv

evsjv‡`‡k 1947 mv‡j 190 eQ‡ii weªwUk mvgªvR¨ev`x kvm‡bi Aemvb nq Ges fviZel© a‡g©i wfwˇZ fviZ I cvwK¯—v‡b wef³ nq, Avi ZLbKvi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k, ZLbKvi c~e©evsjv, cvwK¯—v‡bi Aš—f©y³ nq| wKš‘ evOvwj gymjgv‡bi cvwK¯—vb m¤ú‡K© †gvnf½ n‡Z †`wi nq wb, we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ‡kœ| 1948 †_‡KB ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| 1952 mv‡ji 21 †deª“qvwi Zv Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i Gÿs knx‡`i i‡³i wewbg‡q Ae‡k‡l evsjvfvlv Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖ_g msweav‡b ¯’vb cvq| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q G‡`‡k Bmjvwg RvZxqZvev‡`i wei“‡× evsjvfvlv I mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZwbf©i evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i DÌvb N‡U Ges `xN© 24 eQ‡ii ivR‰bwZK msMÖv‡gi ci 1971 mv‡j 9 gv‡mi gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡i G‡`‡k µgvMZ ¯^vqËkvmb, MYZš¿, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I mgvRZvwš¿K a¨vb-aviYvi cÖmvi NU‡Z _v‡K| ¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j cÖYxZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g msweav‡b, hvi wfwˇZ ivóª cwiPvwjZ n‡e, evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv Ges mgvRZš¿( GB PviwU `k©b g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯’vb cvq|

7.1 Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb

bZzb iv‡óªi bZzb fvev`‡k©i w`‡K j¶ †i‡L GKwU bZzb wk¶vbxwZ cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Ri“wi n‡q †`Lv †`q| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ 1972 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB W. Kz`iZ-G-Ly`vi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU D”P¶gZvm¤úbœ wk¶v Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq, 1973 mv‡ji 8 Ryb Kwgkb Zvi Aš—e©Z©xKvjxb wi‡cvU© Ges 1974 mv‡ji †g gv‡m P~ovš— wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i| GB cÖ_g cvwK¯—v‡bi MZvbyMwZK ag©wfwËK Av`k© †_‡K m‡i G‡m Kwgkb RvwZ‡K Dcnvi †`q GKwU †mKz¨jvi I me©Rbxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v| gyw³hy‡×i Av`‡k©i cÖwZ kª×v cÖKvk K‡i 2.4 avivq Kwgkb AZ¨š— ¯úó fvlvq e‡j, ÔevOvwj RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi my¯úó †eva wk¶v_©xi wP‡Ë RvMÖZ K‡i Zv‡K mybvMwiKiƒ‡c M‡o †ZvjvB n‡e Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg j¶¨|Õ (c„ôv 5)|

Kwgkb cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”P I KvwiMwi wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Zvi my¯úó gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i| mßg Aa¨v‡q ÔcÖv_wgK wk¶vÕ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges 7.4 avivq D‡j­L K‡i †h, Ô†`‡k RbMY‡K RvZxq Kg© I Dbœq‡b MVbg~jK f~wgKvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wkw¶Z K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j GKwU me©Rbxb wk¶vc×wZi Avek¨K|Õ G chv©‡qi wk¶v †h eva¨Zvg~jK nIqv `iKvi Kwgk‡bi c‡ii ev‡K¨B Zv cÖKvwkZ nq| †mLv‡b ejv nq, ÔGB eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Ggb ch©v‡qi nIqv `iKvi hv‡Z wk¶v_©x fwel¨‡Z ¯^vaxb bvMwi‡Ki my‡hvM myweavi mبenvi I Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z m¶g nq| c„w_exi DbœZ †`kmg~‡n AvU †_‡K evi eQ‡ii eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi †gqv` Pvjy Av‡Q|Õ ZvB Kwgkb g‡b K‡i †h, ÔAvU eQ‡ii Kg †gqv`x ¯‹zj wk¶vq me D‡Ïk¨ mdj Kiv m¤¢e bq Ges Aóg †kªYxi ci e„wËg~jK wk¶v I Ab¨vb¨ †hme †Kvm© cÖeZ©‡bi mycvwik Avgiv K‡iwQ †m¸‡jvi myóy wfwË iPbvI m¤¢e bq|Õ ZvB Kwgkb AZ¨š— `„pZvi m‡½ e‡j †h, ÔmybvMwiKZ¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB AvU eQ‡ii wk¶v AZ¨vek¨K|Õ GB Dcjwä †_‡K Kwgkb mycvwik K‡i †h, ÔcÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K cÂg †kªYx ch©š— †h A‰eZwbK wk¶v Pvjy i‡q‡Q Zv 1980 mv‡ji g‡a¨ eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Aóg †kªYx ch©š— A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v 1983 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ Gfv‡e Aóg †kªwY ch©š— A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Kivi GK avivevwnK mgqmxgv †eu‡a †`q Kwgkb| wKš‘ †mUv AvB‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z wewfbœ miKvi 18 eQi mgq †bq| wKš‘ Av‡Rv evsjv‡`‡k 8 eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci me wk¶v Kwgkb I KwgwU 5 eQ‡ii RvqMvq 8 eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯—i wba©viY Ki‡jI weGbwc miKv‡ii wk¶vbxwZ 2003 mv‡ji bv‡g wk¶v Kwgkb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †gqv` 5 eQi ivLviB mycvwik K‡i‡Q| KvKZvjxq g‡b n‡jI 1944 mv‡ji mv‡R©›U Kwgkb 40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †h ˆeÁvwbK, me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Pvjy Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡iwQj, Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mgqmxgv †mLv‡bB †kl nq| miKvwi e¨‡q cÖ_g †_‡K Aóg †kªwY ch©š— weÁvbm¤§Z GKB †gŠwjK cvV¨m~wPwfwËK GKgyLx Ges Awfbœ ai‡bi wk¶v cÖPj‡bi mycvwik K‡i Ges ló †_‡K Aóg †kªwY ch©š— Ôag©wk¶vÕ A_ev bxwZ welqK wk¶v Avek¨K welq wn‡m‡e cvV¨m~wPfy³ Kiv nq| (cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wk¶v m¤ú‡K© `ªóe¨, Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974 |[?]

Ly`v Kwgk‡bi Avi GKwU e¨wZµgx ch©‡e¶Y wQj †h D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—‡i A‡bK cvV¨wel‡qi cybive„wË nq Ges 9g-12k †kªwY‡Z †`qv Pvi eQ‡ii cvV¨ †Kvm© wZb eQ‡i A_©vr 9g-11k †kªwY‡Z †kl Kiv m¤¢e| G‡Z GK eQi wk¶v_©xi Rxeb †_‡K †eu‡P hvq Ges cybive„wËiI Aemvb nq| ZvB 11k †kªwYi ¯‹zj wk¶v Ges 3 eQie¨vcx mvaviY mœvZK wWwMÖ †Kvm© cÖPwjZ nIqv `iKvi| Z‡e ev¯—eZvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Kwgkb mycvwik K‡i, ÔbxwZMZfv‡e G cÖ¯—ve mg_©b‡hvM¨ n‡jI Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq Zv ev¯—evq‡bi c‡¶ eû evav AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e...| ...mewKQy we‡ePbv K‡i Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—ve n‡”Q GKv`k †kªYxi gva¨wgK ¯‹zj m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvKv‡j †`‡ki wKQy msL¨K wk¶vqZ‡b cix¶v-wbix¶v PjyK| cix¶vi dj m‡š—vlRbK cÖgvwYZ n‡j wØZxq cwiKíbvq G e¨vcv‡i wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i Zvi µg iƒcvq‡Yi Kvh©µg w¯’i Kiv hv‡e|Õ

myZivs hZw`b bv cix¶v mdj cÖgvwYZ n‡”Q, gva¨wgK wk¶v n‡e beg †_‡K Øv`k †kªwY

ch©š—| Kwgk‡bi mycvwik Ôgva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶v AwaKvsk wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ cÖvwš—K wk¶v Ges ¯^ímsL¨K wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ D”Pwk¶vi cÖ¯‘wZce© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|Õ †mRb¨ gva¨wgK wk¶v‡K `yÕwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq :

K. e„wËg~jK wk¶v ; Ges

L. mvaviY wk¶v|

A_©vr Øv`k †kªwYi me Qv‡Îi D”Pwk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i wb D³ Kwgkb| Kg©gyLx wk¶v, KvwiMwi wk¶v I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi Ici ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i D”Pwk¶v †Kej †gavex wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLvi mycvwik K‡i‡Q Kwgkb| gva¨wgK wk¶vq ag©wk¶v‡K GKwU Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e ¯’vb w`‡q‡Q|

G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i e³e¨ n‡jv †mB jW© KvR©‡bi Avgj †_‡K gva¨wgK‡K GKv`k †kªwY ch©š— Avi mœvZK †Kvm©‡K 3 eQi †gqvw` Kivi cix¶v-wbix¶v A‡bK n‡q‡Q, hv mgv‡R †kl ch©š— M„nxZ nq wb| gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK wg‡j gva¨wgK ¯—i 9g-12k †kªwYi GB wk¶vµg mgvR †g‡b wb‡q‡Q| G wb‡q Avi cix¶v-wbix¶v evÃbxq bq| fvi‡ZI, we‡kl K‡i cwðge‡½ GKv`k †kªwYi ¯‹zj dvBbvj wk¶vµg djcÖm~ nq wb Ges Ae‡k‡l Zv cwiZ¨³ n‡q‡Q( hw`I †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv iv‡R¨ Pvjy Av‡Q| cÖv_wgK wk¶v m¤ú‡K© Ly`v Kwgk‡bi mycvwik AvgivI mg_©b Kwi Ges Avgv‡`i cÖ¯—vweZ wk¶v iƒcK‡í Aš—f©y³ K‡iwQ| cÖm½Z D‡j­L Kiv Am½Z bq †h, ¯^vaxbZvi ci cvk¦©eZx© fviZ miKviI Qq †_‡K †PŠÏ eQi ch©š— AvU eQ‡ii me©Rbxb, eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖwZôv Kivi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges msweav‡bi 45 b¤^i avivg‡Z h_vm¤¢e `ª“ZZvi m‡½ Kvh©Ki Kivi wm×vš— wb‡qwQj| Kv‡RB BwZnvm cÖgvY K‡i 8 eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶vi `vwe A‡bK w`‡bi| G `vwei wcQ‡b wbðqB Dchy³ I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© hyw³I wQj Ges Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AvR Av‡iv †ewk K‡i Abyf~Z n‡”Q|

GB wi‡cv‡U© cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶v †_‡K D”Pwk¶vmn wk¶vi wewfbœ cÖ‡kœ mywbw`©ó I DËg hy‡Mvc‡hvMx †ek wKQz mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj| Zvi mewKQzB MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQj, GK_v ejv hvq bv| gv`ªvmv wk¶vi mxgve×Zv I AvaywbK hy‡Mi A‡bvc‡hvMx ejv m‡Ë¡I Gi AvaywbKvq‡bi mycvwik Ges D”Pwk¶v m¤^‡Ü wKQy gš—e¨ mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I g~j mycvwik¸‡jv †h BwZevPK (positive) wQj, cÖMwZi c‡¶ wQj, G wel‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖ¯—vemg~‡ni hw` wKQy ev¯—evqb n‡Zv, Zvn‡j Gi mgv‡jvwPZ mycvwik¸‡jv‡K ms‡kvab K‡i Av‡iv DbœZ, hy‡Mvc‡hvMx, weÁvbm¤§Z wk¶vKvVv‡gv M‡o DV‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb I †RjnZ¨vi gva¨‡g ivóªKvVv‡gvi †h cwieZ©b nq, †mLv‡b Kz`iZ-G-Ly`vi mycvwikgvjv ev¯—evq‡bi †Kv‡bv Dcvq _v‡K wb| †Kbbv GB HwZnvwmK NUbv¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡qB Avgv‡`i cðvrhvÎv ïi“ n‡q hvq( †mKy¨jvwiRg †_‡K ag©vÜZvi w`‡K| Avi wi‡cvU©wU h_vixwZ wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi AvK©vB‡f ¯’vb jvf K‡i| Ly`v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`bwU †gvUvgywUfv‡e RvwZmsN I Zvi A½ msMVbmg~‡ni (UNESCO, UNICEF BZ¨vw`) mKj wk¶v mb‡`i m‡½ m½wZc~Y©|

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B e‡jwQ †h, K¬vmwfwËK †h KvwiKzjvg †MvUv Dcgnv‡`‡k we`¨gvb, Zv wKš‘ †gvUvgywU mviv we‡k¦B Abym„Z n‡”Q| 1987 mv‡j †`kwefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯—vb Zvi wbR¯^ a¨vb-aviYv wb‡q wk¶ve¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cÖqvm cvq, hv wb‡q Avgiv Av‡M Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Gevi cvk©¦eZ©x †`k fvi‡Zi w`‡K ZvKv‡bv hvK| fvi‡Z ¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v wel‡q ms¯‹vi Avbvi j‡¶¨ ZvivPuv` KwgwU (1948), ivavK…ò Kwgkb (1948), gy`vwj‡qi Kwgkb (1952-53), Avš—R©vwZK ch©‡e¶K †Mvôxi wi‡cvU© (1954), †`-Kwgkb (1954), †KvVvix Kwgkb (1964-66), m¤ú~Y©vb›` KwgwU (1968) BZ¨vw` Kwgkb¸‡jv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv Pvwj‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi mycvwik K‡i weªwUk cÖewZ©Z AvaywbK wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K GKwU m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki `wi`ª Rbmvavi‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv wQj mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖ“wZgq I cÖ¨vMgvwUK, cvwK¯—v‡bi g‡Zv †cQ‡b nuvUv wQj bv| d‡j AvaywbK fviZel© wbg©v‡Y Gme mycvwik wQj dj`vqK| bvbviKg ZK©-weZ‡K©i aviv Aek¨ GL‡bv eRvq i‡q‡Q, hv GKwU Pjgvb mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨| Zuv‡`i `„wó cÖMwZkxj GKwU wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖwZôv|

8. Avgv‡`i cðvrhvÎv ïi“

8.1 wewfbœ wk¶v Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b

wRqvi D‡`¨vM : 1975 mv‡ji 7 b‡f¤^i GKwU i³v³ †mbv Afy¨Ìv‡bi †fZi w`‡q ivóª ¶gZvq mgvmxb n‡q wRqvDi ingvb 1978 mv‡ji 14 †m‡Þ¤^i XvKvq GKwU ÔRvZxq wk¶v Kg©kvjvÕ D‡Øvab K‡i weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Ges K…wl I KvwiMwi wk¶vi ckvcvwk A_©vr †mKy¨jvi wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K Ôe¨v‡jÝ Kivi Rb¨Õ ch©vß ag©xq wk¶v I PwiÎ MV‡bi Ici mwe‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb| wk¶vgš¿x KvRx Rvdi Avn‡g‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU Ôwk¶v cwil`Õ (Education Council) MwVZ nq| wRqvDi ingv‡bi D³ †NvlYvi cÖwZ AbyMZ †_‡K Zuvi wb‡`©wkZ wk¶vbxwZ cÖYq‡bi j‡¶¨ GKwU †QvÆ cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i GB wk¶v cwil`|

Gikv` KZ©„K ag©‡K eva¨Zvg~jKKiY : AmvsweavwbK c‡_ ¶gZv `LjKvix (1984) ZrKjxb †mbv cÖavb û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` ¶gZv `Lj K‡i Zuvi c~e©m~wii g‡Zv Avãyj gwR` Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wk¶v Dc‡`óv cwil` MVb K‡ib| Ôevsjv‡`‡ki wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZÕ Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ wZwb cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K Aviwe fvlv eva¨Zvg~jK †NvlYv K‡ib| AZtci ZuviB Av‡`‡k 1987 mv‡ji 23 GwcÖj Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖv³b DcvPvh© W. gwdRDwÏb Avn‡g‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ 28 m`‡m¨i GKwU ÔRvZxq wk¶v KwgkbÕ MwVZ nq, †hwU 1988 mv‡j wi‡cvU© cªKvk K‡i| Kwgk‡bi g‡Z wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv( ÔmKj gvbyl Avj­vni m„wó( GB wek¦vm I kª×vi Dci wfwË K‡i wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I Avš—R©vwZK mg‡SvZvi g‡bvfve m„wó, mKj wPš—v I ag© †cÖiYvi Drm wn‡m‡e m„wóKZ©vi Dci `„p wek¦vm Rb¥v‡bv Ges m„wóKZ©vi Dci GKwbô wek¦v‡mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi ˆbwZK I AvwZ¥K g~j¨‡eva Rb¥v‡bv|Õ †mB D‡Ïk¨ mvg‡b †i‡L Kwgkb cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K ag©wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ K‡i Ges lô-Aóg †kªwY‡Z Aviwe A_ev Ab¨ GKwU fvlv Aš—f©y³ Kivi mycvwik K‡i| Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ Gikv` miKvi beg I `kg †kªwY ch©š— ag© wk¶v cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv eva¨Zvg~jK K‡ib|

RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU 1997-Gi cÖwZ‡e`b : AvIqvgx jx‡Mi kvmbvg‡j 1997 mv‡j cÖ‡dmi Gg. kvgmyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq ÔRvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUÕ| KwgwU gyLe‡Ü MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 17 b¤^i Aby‡”Q‡`i cÖwZ wek¦v‡mi K_v e¨³ K‡i Ges e‡j Ôivóªxq msweav‡b mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi m‡½ wk¶v‡K m½wZc~Y© GKwU MYgyLx I me©Rbxb †h wk¶ve¨e¯’vi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z RbM‡Yi Avkv AvKv•¶v, †`‡ki BwZnvm, ms¯‹…wZ, g~j¨‡eva, ag©xq wek¦vm, ¯^vaxbZv Ges gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv cÖwZdwjZ n‡e GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ|Õ Kwgkb 3.1 avivq cÖv_wgK wk¶v †gqv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×vš— †`q †h, ÔcÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªYx‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK Ges lô †_‡K Aóg †kªYx‡K D”P-gva¨wgK ¯—i bvgKiY Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ 3.2 avivq mycvwik Kiv nq †h, Ômve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †gqv` µgvš^‡q e„w× K‡i 2003 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Qq eQi, 2006 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mvZ eQi Ges 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvU eQi Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i Bs‡iwR fvlvi ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© KwgwU mywPwš—Z gZcÖKvk K‡i| 5.3 avivq Kwgkb wk¶v_©x‡`i gvZ…fvlvq cÖ‡qvRbx `¶Zv AvqË Kivi ci Zv‡K wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR †kLvevi mycvwik K‡iwQj| Bs‡iwR AvR AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avš—R©vwZK fvlvi gh©v`v jvf K‡i‡Q| KwgwU ej‡Q, ÔB‡Zvg‡a¨ 1991 mvj †_‡K miKv‡ii GK wbe©vnx Av‡`ke‡j cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K Bs‡iRx Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q, A_P AwaKvsk MÖvgxY we`¨vj‡q Dchy³ wk¶‡Ki Afv‡e Bs‡iRx wk¶v †hb‡Zb cÖKv‡i mgvav Kiv n‡”Q| eZ©gvb cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Z…Zxq †kªYx †_‡K Bs‡iRx wk¶vi Ges cÖPwjZ Bs‡iRx wk¶v`v‡bi gvb DbœZ Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|Õ

cÖv_wgK wk¶vq we`¨gvb wewfbœ aviv m¤ú‡K© kvgmyj nK KwgwU g‡b K‡i, ÔAvgv‡`i †`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡¶‡Î wewfbœ aviv †hgb RvZxq cÖv_wgK wk¶v, wKÛviMv‡U©b wk¶v, Be‡Z`vwq gv`ªvmv wk¶v, wewfbœ GbwRI cwiPvwjZ we`¨vjq cÖf„wZ wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q| gvb I ˆewk‡ó¨i wePv‡i Gme wfbœ|Õ Gi d‡j RvwZi Kx ¶wZ nq Kwgk‡bi †Pv‡L ZvI aiv c‡o| ejv nq, Ôd‡j wk¶vRxe‡bi ïi“ †_‡KB wkï‡`i †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ †hgb ZviZg¨ M‡o I‡V, †Zgwb `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨I wfbœZv ˆZwi nq| Zv‡Z GKwU HK¨e× RvwZ MV‡bi cÖwµqv e¨vnZ nq| Avgv‡`i msweav‡b ¯úófv‡e mggv‡bi mve©Rbxb †gŠwjK wk¶v wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v‡¶‡Î eZ©gvb ˆel¨‡g¨i Aemvb NwU‡q Aš—Z cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i mevi Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g GKB gvb I ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ GKB avivi wk¶vjv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Avek¨K|Õ

gva¨wgK wk¶v‡K wZbwU Dce¨e¯’vq fvM Kiv nq :

1. mvaviY wk¶v Dce¨e¯’v ;

2. †fv‡Kkbvj wk¶v Dce¨e¯’v ; Ges

3. gv`ªvmv wk¶v Dce¨e¯’v|

1 Ges 2 Dce¨e¯’vq beg I `kg †kªwY‡Z Avewk¨K 600 b¤^‡ii wel‡qi cuvPwUi g‡a¨ ag©wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq|

A‡bK fv‡jv fv‡jv K_v _vK‡jI GB Kwgk‡bi g~j`k©b cðvrgyLx| weÁvb wk¶v‡K †`Lv n‡q‡Q Rxe‡bi myLmyweav jv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e, Gi †h g~jkw³ wk¶v_©x‡K AbymwÜrmycivqY I we‡k­lYag©x Ges wRÁvmygbb ˆZwi Kiv, †mw`KwU Zz‡j aiv nq wb| eis wk¶v_©x hv‡Z AwZgvÎvq ag©fxi“, ag©vkªqx AÜwek¦vmx wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡V, †mw`‡K †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|

RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb 2003-Gi cÖwZ‡e`b : me©‡kl Pvi`jxq †RvU miKvi 2002-Gi 21 A‡±vei Aa¨vcK gwbi“¾vgvb wgqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 25 m`‡m¨i GKwU ÔRvZxq wk¶v KwgkbÕ MVb K‡i| Kwgkb 2004-Gi gv‡P© cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i| wgqv Kwgkb cuvP eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶vi aviv‡K mg_©b K‡i Zv‡K ÔmymsnZÕ Kivi mycvwik K‡i| ÔcÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨Õ m¤ú‡K© Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡qi 3.2.1 avivq ejv nq, Ôwk¶v_©xi g‡b me©kw³gvb Avj­vnZvjvi cÖwZ AUj Av¯’v I wek¦vm M‡o †Zvjv, †hb GB wek¦vm Zvi wPš—v I K‡g© Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK, mvgvwRK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i|Õ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g 1990 mv‡j eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb cvm Kiv n‡jI Zvi c~Y© ev¯—evqb GL‡bv eû`~‡i| wgqv Kwgkb cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ Abyfe K‡i ÔAwej‡¤^ cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`߇i GKwU kvLv †Lvjv cÖ‡qvRbÕ g‡b K‡i Ges cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vµ‡gi `¶Zv AR©bKvix wKQz c×wZi D‡j­L K‡i Ges wkïwk¶v g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i Avwe®K…Z wkï‡`i Rxe‡b `¶Zv AR©‡bi aviv‡K cÖavbZ cvuPwU †¶‡Î wef³ K‡i| †hgb ms‡e`bkxjZv, fvlvMZ †hvM¨Zv, mvgvwRKxKiY, kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv I eyw×e„wËK †hvM¨Zv( G meB Mreuvav K_v I Pwe©ZPe©b| GB Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki me PvB‡Z AwbóKi K‡qKwU n‡jv :

1. wk¶v_©x‡K, we‡kl K‡i wkï wk¶v_©x‡K AwZgvÎvq ag©vÜ K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqvm, hvi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡b AbymwÜrmv I gy³wPš—vi weKvk n‡e bv, wRÁvmy gb wb‡q wk¶v_©x M‡o DV‡e bv|

2. wk¶vi j¶¨ KL‡bv †`‡ki ÔRbMY‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ KivÕ n‡Z cv‡i bv| wk¶v‡K cyuwRev`x A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡Z MY¨ Kiv Ges RbMY‡K gvbem¤ú` (human capital), A_©vr wewb‡qv‡Mi DcKiYiƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv GKwU hvwš¿K I †kvlYev`x `„wófw½| wk¶vi j¶¨ Kx nIqv DwPZ Zv Avgv‡`i g~j cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q| Zey ejv hvq, wk¶vi cÖavbZg j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡e wk¶v_©xi Aš—‡i †h AwgZ m¤¢vebv I cÖwZfv jywK‡q Av‡Q, Zv‡K h_vh_ wk¶v cÖYvwji ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ K‡i †Zvjv, K‡g© I eywׇZ GKwU m„wókxj g‡bi AwaKvix gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv|

3. cðvrc` ag©wfwËK gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K RvZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv Ges GB wk¶v‡K †mKy¨jvi wk¶vi mgK¶ K‡i †Zvjvi Ac‡Póv, hv †`‡ki †gŠjev`x kw³‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kwgkb mycvwik K‡i‡Q(

K. dvwRj I Kvwgj bv‡gi wk¶v‡K mvaviY wk¶vi wWwMÖ I gv÷vm© wWwMÖi mv‡_ mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv Kiv|

L. G gnr D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji j‡¶¨ GKwU gv`ªvmv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi cÖ¯—ve|

4. eZ©gvb gva¨wgK c‡e© K‡qKwU wefvRb i‡q‡Q (Kjv, evwYR¨, weÁvb, BZ¨vw`) Zvi Aejywß NwU‡q GKwU GKÎxK…Z gva¨wgK wk¶vµg Pvjy Kivi mycvwik|

5. cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ch©š— mKj †kªwY‡Z ag©‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv|

GB mycvwi‡ki e‡j ejxqvb n‡q †RvU miKvi gva¨wgK ¯—‡i Z_vKw_Z GKgyLx wk¶v Pvjyi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q, A_P gv`ªvmvmn Ab¨ ai‡bi gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K Gi AvIZvq Avbv nq wb| dvwRj I Kvwgj‡K wWwMÖ I gv÷v‡m©i mgZzj¨Zvi ¯^xK…wZi mKj Av‡qvRb mgvß K‡i †d‡j‡Q miKvi| GQvov KIwg gv`ªvmvi wk¶v‡KI miKvi ¯^xK„wZ †`‡e e‡j A½xKvi K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii GB cÖ‡Póvi wei“‡× B‡Zvg‡a¨B bvbv †dvivg †_‡K cÖwZev` DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q|[?]

9. Ab¨‡`‡k wk¶ve¨e¯’vq a‡g©i ¯’vb

GZ¶Y Avgiv cvwK¯—vb Avgj †_‡K evsjv‡`k ch©š— wk¶vi g~j‡mªvZwU ai‡Z †Póv Kijvg| cuPvËi c~e©eZ©x Aa¨vq‡K ev` w`‡j, †mUv †h g~jZ ag©xq mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvq cyó, GwU eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv| GB g‡bvfve †hgb RvwZmsN Ges Ab¨vb¨ wek¦ ms¯’vq M„nxZ wm×v‡š—i cwicš’x, †Zgwb Avgv‡`i msweav‡biI we‡ivax| 2000 mv‡ji 31 †g ch©š— ms‡kvwaZ msweav‡bi 28 (1) avivq AZ¨š— ¯úófvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ô†Kej ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvix-cyi“l‡f` ev Rb¥¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©b Kwi‡eb bv|Õ welqwU GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi g~jbxwZi Aš——M©Z, ZvB ivóª Kv‡iv ag©xq e¨vcv‡i bvK Mjv‡e bv, GUvB cªZ¨vwkZ| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i msweavb mKj bvMwi‡Ki Ôag©xq ¯^vaxbZvÕi M¨vivw›U w`‡q‡Q 41 b¤^i avivq| D³ avivi (1) Dcavivq ejv n‡q‡Q ÔAvBb, Rbk„•Ljv I ˆbwZKZv-mv‡c‡¶ (K) cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki †h †Kvb ag© Aej¤^b, cvjb ev cÖPv‡ii AwaKvi iwnqv‡Q ; (L) cÖ‡Z¨K ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq I Dc-m¤cÖ`v‡qi wbR¯^ ag©xq cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vcb, i¶Y I e¨e¯’vcbvi AwaKvi iwnqv‡Q|Õ Dcaviv (2)-G ejv n‡q‡Q, Ô†Kvb wk¶v-cÖwZôv‡b †hvM`vbKvix †Kvb e¨w³i wbR¯^ ag©-msµvš— bv nB‡j Zuvnv‡K †Kvb ag©xq wk¶vMÖnY wKsev †Kvb ag©xq Abyôvb ev Dcvmbvq AskMÖnY ev †hvM`vb Kwi‡Z nB‡e bv|Õ

cÖm½Z hy³ivóª I A‡óªwjqvi msweav‡bi ag©-msµvš— wm×v‡š—i w`‡K GKevi `„wó †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b mKj bvMwi‡Ki wbR wek¦vm Abyhvqx Ck¦i Dcvmbvi AwaKvi msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q| KviY nivm gvb (Horace Mann: 1796-1859) Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M mvaviY ¯‹zj (common school) cÖwZôvi hyw³ wn‡m‡e e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔThe United States was different from the more homogeneous nations of western Europe: It was compound of people of different religious beliefs and of varying ethnic origins and languages, cross cut by special and of the conflicting interests of the United States was to develop the unifying bond of a common culture, there needed to be a common basic education, to develop a sense of national identity and purpose.Õ|

evsjv‡`‡kI bvbv ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq, eû RvZcv‡Zi gvbyl evm K‡i, evm K‡i ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi A‡bK gvbyl, hviv RxebvPv‡i, ms¯‹…wZ‡Z I fvlvq evOvwj g~j RbMY †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| ZvB nivm gv‡bi wm×vš—wU evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨I cÖvmw½K| wewfbœ †mªv‡Zi cÖv_wgK kvLvi wk¶v Pvjy _vKvi d‡j wkky‡`i †hvM¨Zvi gvb`‡Ê †hgb ZviZg¨ M‡o I‡V, †Zgwb `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨I wfbœZv ˆZwi K‡i| Gi d‡j †h GKwU HK¨e× RvwZ MV‡bi cÖwµqv e¨vnZ nq Zv †h‡Kv‡bv mvaviY Ávb m¤úbœ gvbyl ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb|

nivm gvb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, RvZxq iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU GKgyLx, mvaviY wk¶vi eywbqv` ˆZwi Kiv `iKvi| gvb cÖ`wk©Z †mB c_ a‡i AvR gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mgvR cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ mevi Rb¨ GKB †gŠwjK wk¶v¯—i Pvjy n‡q‡Q| KviY Av‡gwiKvi msweavb ej‡Q, ÔIf the state is given power to direct religious matters the fredom of religion would cease.Õ| KviY ivóª hw` Kv‡iv ag©wek¦v‡mi Ici wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j a‡g©i ¯^vaxbZvB wejyß n‡e|

A‡óªwjqvi msweav‡bI ag©-msµvš— GKB iKg K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| msweavb ej‡Q, ÔThe commonwelth shall not make any law for establishing any religion for imposing any religious observance or for prohibiting the free excercise of any religion and no religious text shall be requried as a qualification for any office of public trust under the commonwelth.Õ| Gfv‡e cª‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki wbR wbR wek¦vm cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv nq| Av‡iv ejv nq, ÔIt recognises the right of every man and women to worship or not to worship God according to the dictates of his or her own conscince.Õ| †mRb¨B eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj DbœZ MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªB iv‡óªi BnRvMwZK wµqvKjvc †_‡K ag©‡K Avjv`v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †mBm‡½ Kv‡iv ag©wek¦v‡mi Ici †Kv‡bviKg n¯—‡¶‡ci c_I eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUvB GKUv AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi mvsweavwbK AvBb|

cÖvmw½Kx

* GB evsjviB MÖv‡gi Kwe PÊx`vm cuvP kÕ eQi Av‡M iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb GB Mvb, hv Av‡Rv Avgiv Avgv‡`i †PZbvq aviY K‡i AvwQ|

* †gK‡j cÖYxZ GB wk¶v c×wZi bvg wQj ‘Filteration Theory’. In a statement †gK‡j e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔWe must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern( a class of persons Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes in opinions in morals and intellect.Õ

* KwgwU GKwU abvZ¥K mycvwik K‡i Ges ev¯—evq‡bi j‡¶¨ wKQy wb‡`©k †`q| KwgwUi mycvwik g›`ªx cwil` KZ©„K M„nxZI nq, hv ev¯—evq‡bi c‡_| GwU ev¯—evq‡bi j‡¶¨ AwZ m¤cÖwZ msm‡` GKwU wej cvm n‡q‡Q| Gi cvkvvcvwk KIwg gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡KI miKvi ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½I msm‡` GKwU wej cvm n‡q‡Q|

* The state shall adopt effective measures for the purpose of (a) Establishing a uniform, mass oriented and universal system of education and extending free and compulsory education to all children to stage as may be determined by law.

( Primary Education Statistics in Bangladesh, 2001, DPE, Dhaka, May, 2002

( wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi I‡qemvBU|

* BANBEIS (Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics), 2004

( wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi I‡qemvBU

*G eQi (2006) nVvr K‡i cv‡mi nvi `yÕwU gva¨wgK cix¶v‡ZB R¨vwgwZK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gevi †`‡ki 7wU †evW© †_‡K †gvU cix¶v_©x 4,18,883 R‡bi g‡a¨ AskMÖnY K‡iwQj 4,12,024 Rb| me©‡gvU cvm K‡i‡Q 2,63,358 Rb| Mo cv‡mi nvi 63.92%| XvKv †ev‡W© cv‡mi nvi m‡e©v”P 74.76% Ges me©wbgœ ivRkvnx †ev‡W© 56.76 %| QvÎxi msL¨v wQj 1,08,969 Rb| QvÎ I QvÎxi cv‡mi nvi n‡jv h_vµ‡g 64.83% I 63.53%| Gevi GB nvi wQj 60.83% I 58.12%| wRwcI-5 †c‡q‡Q 9,450 Rb, hv MZ K‡qK eQ‡ii msL¨v‡K wecyjfv‡e AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ QvÎx‡`i msL¨v 3,829 Rb| D”P-gva¨wg‡Ki djvd‡j GB nVvr e„w× gvb wb‡q bvbv cÖ‡kœiI Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i LvZv g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZ I gvb m¤ú‡K©|

* ˆ`wbK RbK‡Éi cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx (9B RyjvB, 1999)| Ab¨ GKwU m~Îg‡Z GB msL¨v 9,561|

* Primary Education Statistocs-2001, DPE, Dhaka, 2002

* 2005 mv‡ji UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj evsjv‡`k (wUAvBwe)-Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b `yb©xwZ‡Z wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU we‡kl GKwU Ae¯’vb wQj|

* GB ¯§viKwjwci mviK_v¸‡jv wQj : Ô...RvZxq wk¶ve¨e¯’vi mwnZ gv`ªvmvi cÖv_wgK ¯—iwU‡K mgcwimi I GKxf~Z Kiv Ges cieZ©x ¯—i¸‡jv‡KI mgcwimi I h_vm¤¢e mgwš^Z Kiv Ges evsjv fvlv‡K wk¶vi evnbiƒ‡c e¨envi Kiv|Õ

* G gš—e¨wU mwVK bq| wk¶v`k©b wb‡q bvwZ`xN© Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q, Ges ejv n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i wk¶v`k©‡bi g~j wfZUvB n‡e gvbweKZv‡eva( Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨Õ| wkï‡`i mvgvwRKxKiY Gi A_© Kx ?

* GB ch©‡e¶Y wVK bq| mKj kvLvi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK 4wU welq i‡q‡Q 450 b¤^‡ii †Kvi †Kvm©| gvbweK kvLvi Qv·`i Aek¨ cvV¨ i‡q‡Q weÁvb I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm, weÁvb kvLvi Qv·`i co‡Z n‡e mgvR I mf¨Zvi BwZnvm, Avi evwY‡R¨i Qv·`i wb‡Z n‡e Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU| (mviwY 3.2)

* ch©‡e¶YwU wVK bq| msL¨vjNy ejv nq wb( ejv n‡q‡Q, Aevsjvfvlx I ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi wkï‡`i Rb¨ hZ`~i cviv hvq cÖv_wgK c‡e© Zv‡`i gvZ…fvlvq cvV w`‡Z n‡e| (mviwY 3.1)

( G Øviv wVK Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv ¯úó bq|

* G gš—e¨wU wVK bq| gv`ivmv wk¶v‡K Avgiv DrmvwnZ Kwiwb| weš‘ Gi Aw¯—Z¡ GKwU ÿv¯—eZv| welqwU wb‡q Avgiv we¯—i we‡k­lY K‡iwQ| G wel‡q Agv‡`i my¯úó mycvwik i‡q‡Q|

* GB AvbyôvwbK Av‡jvPbv mfvi evB‡iI gyL¨ M‡elK W. ARq ivq bvbv mg‡q wewfbœ QvÎQvÎxi mv‡_ gZwewbgq K‡ib|

** Aims of Education, A. N. Whitehead.

* Pwj­‡ki `k‡K K_v¸wj ejv n‡jI g‡b n‡”Q wZwb †hb eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡UB K_v¸wj ej‡Qb|

( wm‡j‡U QvÎ m‡¤§j‡b evsjv 1336 mv‡j †cÖwiZ Ôåvš— Av`k©Õ wk‡ivbv‡g fvlY|

* K_vmvwnwZ¨K kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq evsjv 1328 mv‡j wkecyi BwÄwbqvwis K‡j‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ Ôwk¶vi we‡ivaÕ bv‡g fvlY w`‡q‡Q‡jb| †m mgq fvi‡Z weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi †cª¶vc‡U GB fvlYwU cÖ`Ë nq|

* evsjv 1338 mv‡j gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri lôevwl©K Awa‡ek‡b Ôwk¶vi m¼UÕ bv‡g cwVZ cÖeÜ|

[i] jvjb, myaxi PµeZ©x, c¨vwcivm, KjKvZv, 2q ms¯‹iY, 2001

[ii] wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU© Ges gv`ªvmv I ag©xq wk¶v cÖm‡½, c„ôv 21, e`i“wÏb Dgi

[iii] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974

[iv] Convention against Discrimination in Education, Adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on 14 December 1960

[v] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974

[vi] evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vq ˆelg¨ : cÖm½ gv`ªvmv wk¶v I K¨‡WU K‡j‡Ri mnve¯’vb, gBbyj Bmjvg, evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’v, m¤úv`bv †nvm‡b Aviv kv‡n`, m~PxcÎ, XvKv, 2002|

[vii] Strategic Plan for Higher Education in Bangladesh, UGC of Bangladesh, April 2006

[viii] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974

[ix] RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb 2003, cÖKvk Kvj, 1974 (gvP©)

[x] gv`ªvmv wk¶v : evsjv‡`k, Ave`yj nK dwi`x, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv Ges `vi“j Djyg †`Ie›`-Gi wk¶v `k©b,,09:lopq¢£º»ÊÍÎ×Ø « îã×ʽʵ¤›’Œ?vi\µQIQBµ

h{Gyh?G“

hx!¾OJQJh{Gyh?G“OJQJ msKjK †kL gynv¤§` Ave`yj ReŸvi Rvnvbvev`x|

[xi] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974

[xii] cÖwZ‡e`b : RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU, 1997, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, 1997

[xiii] RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb 2003, cÖKvk Kvj, 1974 (gvP©)

[xiv] Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi BwZnvm, Ave`ym mvËvi, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv

[xv] Report of the East Bengal Educational System Reconstruction Committee, 1949, East Bengal Goverbment. gv`ªvmv wk¶v m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb gv`ªvmv wk¶v : GKwU ch©‡e¶Y mgx¶v, gywRe †gn`x, evsj‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN, 2001

[xvi] †fv‡ii KvMR, 13B †m‡Þ¤^i, 2006| dvwRj-Kvwg‡ji wWwMÖ I gv÷vm© gvb : Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †cÖw¶Z we‡ePbv, gvIjvbv †nv‡mb Avjx, wk¶v Av‡›`vjb g Av‡qvwRZ 29-09-06 Zvwi‡L AbywôZ ÔKIwg gv`ªvmvi ¯^xK…wZ `vb Ges dvwRj-Kvwg‡ji mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi mggvbÕ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i cwVZ|

[xvii] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974| RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb 2003, cÖKvk Kvj, 1974 (gvP©)| cÖwZ‡e`b : RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU, 1997, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, 1997

[xviii] Outlook, January, 2006 ()

[xix] iqUvi. Rvbyqvwi 2, 1999

[xx] Education Commission ib India, 1966, †KvVvix Kwgkb (1964-66)

[xxi] Education sector in Viet Nam-ADB’s Road Map: Toward Secondary Education or All, 2003

[xxii] evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vq ˆelg¨ : cÖm½ gv`ªvmv wk¶v I K¨‡WU K‡j‡Ri mnve¯’vb, gBbyj Bmjvg, evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’v, m¤úv`bv †nvm‡b Aviv kv‡n`, m~PxcÎ, XvKv, 2002|

[xxiii] cÖwZ‡e`b : RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU, 1997, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, 1997

[xxiv] Report of the East Bengal Educational System Reconstruction Committee, 1949, East Bengal Goverbment.

[xxv] Outlook, January, 2006 ()

[xxvi] Education sector in Viet Nam-ADB’s Road Map: Toward Secondary Education or All, 2003

[xxvii] Declaration on Education For All education/ efa/ ed for all/ background/jomtien

[xxviii] wkï I weÁvb, m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy, wK‡kvi evsjv (kvi`xq), 1357 (m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy iPbv msKjb, e½xq weÁvb cwil`, KwjKvZv 700 006, 1399)

[xxix] RvZxq DbœwZi Dcvq, †gNbv` mvnv, be¨fviZ, 34 LÊ, c„ 376, AMÖnvqY, 1329 (1922)

[xxx] wk¶v m¼U, KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, kvk¦Z e½, c„ôv 245, wek¦we`¨vjq MÖš’ wmwiR, eª¨vK cÖKvkbv, XvKv, 1983 (2q ms¯‹iY)

[xxxi] Education sector in VietNam-ADB’s Road Map: Toward Secondary Education or All, 2003

[xxxii] wek kZ‡Ki esjv‡`k : weÁvb PP©vi µgweKvk, ARq ivq, GKz‡ki cÖeÜ, esjv GKv‡Wgx, 2000|

[xxxiii] wk¶v `k©b I wk¶vbxwZ Ges weÁvb wk¶v : wKQy AwbqZ fvebv, ARq ivq, evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’v, †nvm‡b Aviv m¤úvw`Z cÖeÜ msKjb, 2002

[xxxiv] Kzz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, 1974

[xxxv] dvwRj-Kvwg‡ji wWwMÖ I gv÷vm© gvb : Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’vi †cÖw¶Z we‡ePbv, gvIjvbv †nv‡mb Avjx, wk¶v Av‡›`vjb g Av‡qvwRZ 29-09-06 Zvwi‡L AbywôZ ÔKIwg gv`ªvmvi ¯^xK…wZ `vb Ges dvwRj-Kvwg‡ji mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi mggvbÕ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i cwVZ| wk¶v wb‡q `yÕPvi K_v, ARq ivq, wk¶v Av‡›`j‡bi RvZxq m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZi fvlY, 24 wW‡m¤^i, 2004

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